Steric Effects on Reaction Rates. Part IX. Force-Field Parameters for Bridgehead and Rigid Tertiary Carbenium Ions

Molecular-mechanics calculations for strain of carbenium ions are tested using Bentley's unified reactivity scale for bridgehead solvolysis as reference. Excellent correlations are obtained for solvolytic bridgehead reactivity with the calculated steric-energy difference (ΔE_st) between substrate (R? H or R? OH) and cation (R⁺). After adjustment of appropriate force-field parameters, the approach is successfully extended to the rigid, but planar cations derived from structures 15 – 20 ; however, the general set of parameters cannot be applied to highly strained systems such as the cation formed from 17 . With all of the 18 sets of parameters tested, the 2-endo-norbornyl derivative 16 , is adequately correlated, while the exo isomer 15 exhibits enhanced reactivity by a factor of ca. 10² to 10³.     

Steric Effects on Reaction Rates. IV. Evaluation of the Ketone Model for the Solvolysis Transition State of Secondary p-Toluenesulfonates

The rates of solvolysis of secondary p-toluenesulfonates in acetic acid or 97% trifluoroethanol are interpreted in terms of strain changes between substrate and the corresponding ketone. Such strain changes are obtained from force-field calculations (ΔE_st) and from equilibration of alcohols and ketones (ΔG_ox). This simple model reproduces the behaviour of substrates reacting by kc-pathways to afford unstrained carbenium ions. Anchimeric assistance and leaving group hindrance in the transition state are recognized in clear-cut cases by deviations from the expected reactivity. However, the model breaks down when highly strained carbenium ions of the cyclobutyl or 7-norbornyl type are involved.     

Steric Effects on Reaction Rates. Part XII. Force-Field Calculations for the Solvolysis of Cyclobutyl and Tricyclyl Derivatives

Force-field parameters have been developed for the molecular-mechanics calculation of tertiary carbenium ions with tricyclane structure, for tertiary cyclobutyl and cubyl cations. The cyclobutyl parameters are also applicable to tertiary 7-norbornyl cations. Satisfactory plots are obtained for correlation of the rates of solvolysis with the differences in steric energies between carbenium ions and the corresponding bromides.     

Steric Effects on Reaction Rates – III. Application of Force-Field Calculations to Chromic Acid Oxidation of Alcohols

The rates of oxidation with chromic acid of 15 bi- and polycyclic secondary alcohols have been measured and correlated with strain changes calculated by the MM1-program between the alcohols and the corresponding ketones. A correlation of the same quality is obtained upon representation of OH-strain by CH₃-strain. The significance of the correlations with respect to the oxidation mechanism as well as the limitations of the applicability of force-field calculations to reactivity problems are discussed.     

Steric Effects on Reaction Rates. Part VIII. The Significance of Front Strain Release in Solvolysis of Bridgehead Derivatives

The steric requirements of leaving groups for 14 bridgehead derivatives have been examined using MM2 calculations. The strain varies almost monotonously throughout the series upon variation of the leaving group from H to C1, OH, CH₃, CH₃CH₂O, (CH₃)₃CO, (CH₃)₃C and no significant trends for differential F-strain effects are detected expect for the perhydrophenalene derivative 13 . The experimental rates of solvolysis of bridgehead derivatives correlate well with the calculated steric energy differences between substrate R-X and the corresponding carbenium ion R⊕. However, the strain calculations using the more recent force-fields ( MM2 ) disagree, in part, with those reported in the literature: chloride and p-toluenesulfonate leaving groups correlate with identical slopes, and the perhydrotriquinacene derivative 10 shows no anomalous behavior. The calculations suggest that F-strain and C,C-hyperconjugation should not play any dominant role in bridgehead solvolysis.     

Steric Effects on Reaction Rates. Rate and equilibrium constants for oxidation of cyclanols

Equilibrium constants for oxidations of cyclanols by cyclohexanone in benzene have been determined in the presence of aluminium isopropoxide. The free energies of the equilibrium (ΔG_ox) are correlated with equilibrium constants for dissociation of cyanohydrins, rate constants for cyclanol oxidation with chromic acid, ketone reduction with sodium borohydride and trifluoroethanolysis of tosylates.     

Reaction of Tertiary 2-Chloroketones with Cyanide Ions: Application to 3-Chloroquinolinediones

3-Chloroquinoline-2,4-diones react with cyanide ions in dimethyl formamide to give 3-cyanoquinoline-2,4-diones in small yields due to the strong hindrance of the substituent at the C-3 atom. Good yields can be achieved if the substituent at this position is the methyl group. In the methanol solution, the reaction proceeds by an addition mechanism to form 2-oxo-1a,2,3,7b-tetrahydrooxireno[2,3-c]quinoline-7b-carbonitriles, from which 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-4-carbonitriles are subsequently formed by opening of the epoxide ring with methanol. Some minor products of these reactions have also been isolated. The ¹H, ¹³C and ¹⁵N NMR spectra of the prepared compounds were measured, and all resonances were assigned using appropriate two-dimensional spectra.     

Ensemble‐Averaged QM/MM Kinetic Isotope Effects for the SN2 Reaction of Cyanide Anions with Chloroethane in DMSO Solution

The existence of solvent fluctuations leads to populations of reactant‐state (RS) and transition‐state (TS) configurations and implies that property calculations must include appropriate averaging over distributions of values for individual configurations. Average kinetic isotope effects 〈KIE〉 for NC^?+EtCl→NCEt+Cl^? in DMSO solution at 30 °C are best obtained as the ratio 〈f_RS〉/〈f_TS〉 of isotopic partition function ratios separately averaged over all RS and TS configurations. In this way the hybrid AM1/OPLS‐AA potential yields 〈KIE〉 values for all six isotopic substitutions (2° α‐²H₂, 2° β‐²H₃, α‐¹¹C/¹⁴C, leaving group ³⁷Cl, and nucleophile ¹³C and ¹⁵N) for this reaction in the correct direction as measured experimentally. These thermally‐averaged calculated KIEs may be compared meaningfully with experiment, and only one of them differs in magnitude from the experimental value by more than one standard deviation from the mean. This success contrasts with previous KIE calculations based upon traditional methods without averaging. The isotopic partition function ratios are best evaluated using all (internal) vibrational and (external) librational frequencies obtained from Hessians determined for subsets of atoms, relaxed to local minima or saddle points, within frozen solvent environments of structures sampled along molecular dynamics trajectories for RS and TS. The current method may perfectly well be implemented with other QM or QM/MM methods, and thus provides a useful tool for investigating KIEs in relation to studies of chemical reaction mechanisms in solution or catalyzed by enzymes.     

Searching for conformers of nine- to twelve-ring hydrocarbons on the MM2 and MM3 energy surfaces: Stochastic search for interconversion pathways

The stochastic search method was employed to find as many conformers on the MM2 and MM3 energy surfaces as possible for cyclic saturated hydrocarbons with ring sizes from 9 through 12. The number found was 8 MM2 (8 MM3) for 9 rings, 18 MM2 (16 MM3) for 10 rings, 40 MM2 (29 MM3) for 11 rings, and 111 MM2 (90 MM3) for 12 rings. A measure of similarity between pairs of conformers of a compound, called conformational distance, is described. It was used to correlate similar MM2 and MM3 conformers. It was discovered that some conformers on each energy surface are not close to minima on the other surface in rings larger than 9. On refinement with the other optimizer, they changed considerably—going downhill to other previously found minima on the other energy surface or (in a few cases) going to minima which had not been found by direct searches. Conformational distance was also employed as an indication of which pairs of MM2 (or MM3) conformers are likely to interconvert rapidly. A new stochastic procedure of using small kicks was used to search for the most likely interconversion processes among the conformers. There is fairly good agreement between the most facile pathways located by it and unusually short conformational distances. Several additional 12-ring conformers (not found with previous methods) were located through application of this small kick procedure.     

Threefold and Fourfold [2+2] Cycloadditions of Cyclic Diynes as a Consequence of Steric Effects: En Route to Polymers

The fine-tuning of the CpCo-mediated [2+2] cycloaddition of cyclic diynes with small bridges between the triple bonds (C₂H₄, Si₂Me₄) yields nanosized beltlike cyclophanes 1 and 2 . <?kv>=SiMe₂; R = H ( 1 ), CO₂Me ( 1 , 2 ).     

胡椒碱与牛血清白蛋白的作用及Cu2+、Fe3+影响的研究

采用荧光光谱及紫外光谱法研究了胡椒碱与牛血清白蛋白（bovine serum albumin,BSA）的相互作用。实验结果表明：胡椒碱与BSA形成基态复合物从而猝灭BSA的内源性荧光,猝灭原因主要为静态猝灭和非辐射能量转移作用。胡椒碱对BSA的猝灭速率常数Kq为7．31&#215;10^12 L&#183;mol^-1&#183;s^-1（25℃）和7．20&#215;10^12 L&#183;mol^-1&#183;s^-1（37℃）,胡椒碱与BSA的结合常数K为1．02&#215;10^7 L&#183;mol^-1（25℃）和1．11&#215;10^7 L&#183;mol^-1（37℃）,结合位点数n为1．45（25℃）和1．46（37℃）。根据Ftirster偶极-偶极非辐射能量转移理论问题得到结合距离r为3．28nm（25℃）和3．30nm（37℃）。通过热力学参数的计算,确定胡椒碱与牛血清白蛋白的相互作用是一个熵增加和吉布斯自由能降低的自发过程,主要作用力为疏水作用力。同步荧光光谱表明,胡椒碱与BSA的相互作用没有引起BSA构象的变化。讨论了共存金属离子Cu^2＋、Fe^3＋对胡椒碱与BSA相互作用的影响。     

无机化学中空间效应的定量研究 Ⅳ.剩余空间容纳新配体的可能性

以含有三个π键环戊二烯的金属有机物分子片(MCp_3)为例,说明了剩余空间与新配体的匹配是弱轨道作用条件下分子片与新配体结合的必要条件。     

催化Aldol加成反应的新型枯草芽孢杆菌BS168酰基氨肽酶的表达和应用

从枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis 168)基因组中的ORF32230出发,通过氨基酸序列分析推测其可能为酰基氨肽酶基因,并与典型的脯氨酸寡肽酶家族成员一致,含有2个独立的结构域,活性中心由催化三联体丝氨酸-天冬氨酸-组氨酸(Ser-Asp-His)组成.将BSU32230的基因片段与p ET-21a载体相连,转入BLP(DE3)表达菌中,在0.5 mmol/L异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)存在及20℃条件下诱导表达该蛋白.利用硫酸铵沉淀与Ni亲和层析对BSU32230蛋白进行纯化,并通过实验证明该蛋白同时具有酯酶和肽酶2种活性.该酶最佳反应温度为50℃,最佳p H值为8.0,40℃下半衰期约29 h,在p H=4~10范围内稳定.该酶能够在有机相中催化不对称Aldol加成反应,且反应产物的立体选择性较好(84.6%).     

添加剂铜和银离子对MnO2催化燃烧CH4的影响

催化燃烧法，由于起燃温度低、去除率高、适用氧浓度范围大、无二次污染、燃烧缓和等，是国内外治理有机废气时，回收利用能量最有效的方法之一［１］．但目前用于该过程的催化剂中均含有来源有限、价格昂贵的贵金属铂或钯［２］．因此，寻找来源丰富、价格低廉、性能相当...     

Density Functional Calculations for Electronic and Steric Effects of Ethyl Benzoate on Various Ti Species in MgCl2-Supported Ziegler-Natta Catalysts

Possible coadsorption states of Ti mononuclear species and ethyl benzoate (EB) and their interaction on MgCl₂ (110) and (100) surfaces were investigated with periodic density functional calculations in order to obtain the microscopic understanding about how EB affects the steric and electronic natures of the Ti species. EB was unlikely to be attached to the TiCl₄ species on both the MgCl₂ (110) and (100) surfaces. The coadsorption of EB at Mg²⁺ ions near the Ti species was as favorable as the separate adsorption, which implied the random placement of these adsorbants in the final catalyst. The charge redistributions upon coadsorption among the Ti species, EB and the support were found to be dependent on the surface structures: the electron density of the Ti speceies was rather decreased by the coadsorption on the (100) surface, while that of the Ti species was enhanced due to the support-mediated electron transfer from EB on the (110) surface. It was suggested that the presence of EB close to the Ti species should generate donor-related active sites selectively on the (110) surface.