Optimization of the derivatization reaction and the solid-phase microextraction conditions using a D-optimal design and three-way calibration in the determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in bovine milk by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

An experimental design optimization is reported of an analytical procedure used in the simultaneous determination of seven non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in bovine milk by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (GC-MS). This analytical procedure involves a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) step and an aqueous derivatization procedure of the NSAIDs to ethyl esters in bovine milk. The following NSAIDs are studied: ibuprofen (IBP), naproxen (NPX), ketoprofen (KPF), diclofenac (DCF), flufenamic acid (FLF), tolfenamic acid (TLF) and meclofenamic acid (MCL). Three kinds of SPME fibers - polyacrylate (PA), polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) - are compared to identify the most suitable one for the extraction process, on the basis of two steps: to determine the equilibrium time of each fiber and to select the fiber that provides the best figures-of-merit values calculated with three-way PARAFAC-based calibration models at the equilibrium time. The best results were obtained with the PDMS fiber. Subsequently, 8 experimental factors (related to the derivatization reaction and the SPME) were optimized by means of a D-optimal design that involves only 14 rather than 512 experiments in the complete factorial design. The responses used in the design are the sample mode loadings of the PARAFAC decomposition which are related to the quantity of each NSAID that is extracted in the experiment. Owing to the fact that each analyte is unequivocally identified in the PARAFAC decomposition, a calibration model is not needed for each experimental condition. The procedure fulfils the performance requirements for a confirmatory method established in European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC.     

Determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and their metabolites in milk by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are widely used for treatment of animals. According to Council Directive 96/23/EC, residues of these drugs must be monitored because of the potential risk they pose to the consumers' health. For this reason an LC-MS-MS method was developed for detection of wide range of NSAIDs, including both "acidic" NSAIDs (carprofen, diclofenac, flunixin, meloxicam, phenylbutazone, oxyphenbutazone, tolfenamic acid, mefenamic acid, naproxen, ketoprofen, ibuprofen, firocoxib, rofecoxib, and celecoxib) and "basic" NSAIDs (four metamizole metabolites). Analytes were extracted from milk samples with acetonitrile in the presence of ammonium acetate. One portion of the extract was directly analyzed for the presence of metamizole metabolites; a second portion was cleaned with an amino cartridge. All NSAIDs were separated on a Phenomenex Luna C8(2) column and analyzed by LC-MS-MS in negative (acidic NSAIDs) and positive (metamizole metabolites) ion modes. The method was validated in accordance with the requirements of Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Within-laboratory reproducibility was in the range 7-28%, and accuracy was in the range 71-116%. The method enabled detection of all the analytes with the expected sensitivity, below the recommended concentrations. The method fulfills the criteria for confirmatory methods and, because of its efficiency, may also be used for screening purposes. The procedure was also successfully verified in the proficiency test organized by EU-RL in 2010. As far as the authors are aware, this is one of the first methods capable of detecting diclofenac residues below the MRL in milk (0.1 μg kg(-1)). An additional advantage is the possibility of simultaneous determination of "acidic" NSAIDs and metamizole metabolites.     

Development of a rapid,multi-class method for the confirmatory analysis of anti-inflammatory drugs in bovine milk using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

A rapid liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous identification, confirmation and quantitation of seven licensed anti-inflammatory drugs (AIDs) in bovine milk. The method was validated in accordance with the criteria defined in Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Two classes of AIDs were investigated, corticosteroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The developed method is capable of detecting and confirming dexamethasone (DXM), betamethasone (BTM), prednisolone (PRED), tolfenamic acid (TLF), 5-hydroxy flunixin (5-OH-FLU), meloxicam (MLX) and 4-methyl amino antipyrine (4-MAA) at their associated maximum residue limits (MRLs). These compounds represent all the corticosteroids and NSAIDs licensed for use in bovine animals producing milk for human consumption. These compounds have never been analysed before in the same method and also 4-methyl amino antipyrine has never been analysed with the other licensed NSAIDs. The method can be considered rapid as permits the analysis of up to 30 samples in one day. Milk samples are extracted with acetonitrile; sodium chloride is added to aid partition of the milk and acetonitrile mixture. The acetonitrile extract is then subjected to liquid–liquid purification by the addition of hexane. The purified extract is finally evaporated to dryness and reconstituted in a water/acetonitrile mixture and determination is carried out by LC–MS/MS. Decision limit (CCα) values and detection capability (CCβ) values have been established for each compound.     

Simple, high throughput ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry trace analysis of perfluorinated alkylated substances in food of animal origin: milk and fish

The present study documents development and validation of a novel approach for determination of 23 perfluorinated alkylated substances (PFASs) in food of animal origin represented by milk and fish. The list of target analytes comprises four classes of PFASs, both ionic and non-ionic: 11 perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs), 4 perfluorosulphonic acids (PFSAs), 5 perfluorosulphonamides (FOSAs) and 3 perfluorophosphonic acids (PFPAs). Fast sample preparation procedure is based on an extraction of target analytes with acetonitrile (MeCN) and their transfer (supported by inorganic salts and acidification) into the organic phase. Removing of matrix co-extracts by a simple dispersive solid phase extraction (SPE) employing ENVI-Carb and C18 sorbents is followed by an efficient sample pre-concentration performed by acetonitrile evaporation and subsequent dilution of residue in a small volume of methanol (matrix equivalent in the final extracts was 16 and 8 g mL(-1), for milk and fish respectively). Using modern instrumentation consisting of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) hyphenated with a tandem mass spectrometer (MS/MS), limits of quantification (LOQs) as low as 0.001-0.006 μg kg(-1) for milk and 0.002-0.013 μg kg(-1) for fish can be achieved. Under these conditions, a wide spectrum of PFASs, including minor representatives, can be determined which enables collecting data required for human exposure studies. The pilot study employing the new method for examination of milk and canned fish samples was realized. Whereas in majority of canned fish products a wide spectrum of PFCAs, perfluorooctanesulphonic acid (PFOS) and perfluoro-1-octanesulphonamide (PFOSA) was detected, only in a few milk samples very low concentrations (LOQ levels) of PFOS and perfluorooctansulphonic acid (PFDS) were found.     

Development and validation of two multiresidue liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methods based on a versatile extraction procedure for isolating non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from bovine milk and muscle tissue

The main difficulties in analysing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in food and biological samples are due to the tight non-covalent interactions established with matrix proteins and the amount of occurring fatty material. The present paper describes an effective extraction procedure able to isolate fifteen NSAIDs (acetaminophen, salicylic acid, ibuprofen, diclofenac, flunixin and its metabolite 5-hydroxy-flunixin, nimesulide, phenylbutazone, meclofenamic acid, tolfenamic acid, meloxicam, carprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen and etodolac) from bovine milk and muscle tissue through two succeeding steps: (a) deproteinisation/extraction with organic solvent, essential to lower the medium dielectric constant and, therefore, to release the analytes from matrix; (b) SPE clean-up on OASIS cartridges. Lipids were easily removed during low-temperature centrifugations. The advantages of the developed procedure pertain to the efficient removal of the fat substances (very low matrix effect and high recovery yields) and its versatility, since it can be applied both to milk and muscle with few adjustments due to the diversity of the two matrices. Ion-pairing reversed-phase chromatography combined with the negative electrospray detection was able to achieve low detection capabilities (CCβs) for all analytes and, in particular, for diclofenac whose Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) in milk is 0.1 μg kg(-1). The methods were validated according to the guidelines of the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC and then applied for a small monitoring study. A number of samples showed traces of salicylic acid (SA), but its occurrence was not ascribed to a misuse of drugs (aspirin, salicylic acid) since SA, accumulating in plants in response to a pathogen attack, may be introduced into the food chain.     

Confirmatory analysis of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in bovine milk by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

HPLC with fluorescence detection is considered for confirmatory analysis of group B veterinary drugs by the European Union legislation. A procedure for confirming the presence of anti-inflammatory non-steroidal drug (NSAID) residues in bovine milk by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection is herein described. The native fluorescence of nine drugs belonging to different NSAID sub-classes, namely flurbiprofen, carprofen, naproxen, vedaprofen, 5-hydroxy-flunixin, niflumic acid, mefenamic acid, meclofenamic acid and tolfenamic acid, allowed for detection in bovine milk down to 0.25–20.0 μg/kg. Confirmation of the nine NSAIDs is attained by fluorescence detection at characteristic excitation and emission wavelengths. The procedure described is simple and selective. Limits of quantification (LOQs) ranging between 0.25 and 20 μg/kg were measured; satisfactory trueness and within-laboratory reproducibility data were calculated at LOQ spiking levels, apart from 5-hydroxy-flunixin. The procedure developed is used in our laboratory for confirmation of each one of the above mentioned NSAIDs in bovine milk, to support results after HPLC quantitative analysis with UV–vis detection.     

离子交换固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定动物组织中的8类非甾体抗炎药残留

采用离子交换固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定了动物组织中的8类14种非甾体抗炎药(Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,NSAIDs)残留。动物组织样品经乙腈-乙酸乙酯(1∶1,V/V)提取、乙腈饱和正己烷除脂、Oasis MCX阳离子交换固相萃取柱除杂后,用液相色谱-质谱联用仪电喷雾电离,多反应监测模式检测。本方法的检出限为3.0～10.0μg/kg;定量限为10.0～25.0μg/kg;添加浓度在10.0～1000.0μg/kg范围内,牛肉组织中的回收率为62.9%～108.4%,相对标准偏差小于10%;猪肉组织中的回收率为63.4%～117.0%,相对标准偏差小于9%。     

Determination of spiramycin and neospiramycin antibiotic residues in raw milk using LC/ESI‐MS/MS and solid‐phase extraction

A simple confirmatory method for the determination of spiramycin and its metabolite neospiramycin in raw milk using LC ESI MS/MS is presented. Macrolide residues in raw milk were extracted by ACN, and sample extracts were further cleaned up and concentrated using SPE cartridges. Both spiramycin and neospiramycin were protonated in electrospray positive ion mode to form singly and/or doubly charged pseudomolecular ions. Data acquisition was achieved using multiple reaction monitoring, i.e., two transitions, for quantification and confirmation. Matrix‐matched standard calibration curves were utilized to achieve the best accuracy for the method. The method performance was evaluated according to both a conventional validation procedure and a designed experimental result. The measurement uncertainty arising from accuracy and precision was estimated. The method accuracy, expressed as a percentage of an overall recovery, was from 82.1 to 108.8%, and its intermediate precision was less than 20%. LC/ESI‐MS/MS method LODs (S/N ? 3:1) of spiramycin and neospiramycin were less than 1.0 μg/kg.     

Food contaminant analysis at high resolution mass spectrometry: application for the determination of veterinary drugs in milk

Veterinary drugs (VDs) can remain in milk as a consequence of their use in livestock. In order to control the levels of VD residues in milk, screening methodologies can be applied for a rapid discrimination among negative and non-negative samples. In a second stage, non-negative samples are classified as negative or positive samples by using a confirmation method. Pre-target screening methods in low resolution MS (LRMS) are normally applied, but the number of analytes is limited, whereas the information obtained by full scan acquisition in high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is improved. Here, three screening methods (running time<4 min) based on Orbitrap, quadrupole-time of flight (QqTOF) and triple quadrupole (QqQ) have been compared, using in all cases ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). For HRMS, the identification of the VDs was based on retention time (RT) and accurate mass measurements. Confirmation was based on the monitoring of fragments generated without precursor selection. The performance characteristics of the screening method provided reliable information regarding the presence or absence of the compounds below an established value, including uncertainty region and cut-off values. Better results in terms of cut-off values (≤ 5.0 μg kg(-1), except for spiramycin with a cut-off of 13.4 μg kg(-1) for milk samples and 43.1 μg kg(-1) for powdered milk based, emamectin with a cut-off of 42.2 μg kg(-1) for milk samples and doxycycline, with a cut-off value of 15.8 μg kg(-1) in powdered milk-based infant formulae) and uncertainty region were obtained using the Orbitrap-based screening method, which was submitted to further validation and used to analyze different real milk samples. The proposed method can be used in routine analysis, providing reliable results.     

Detection of benzimidazole carbamates and amino metabolites in liver by surface plasmon resonance-biosensor

Two surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor screening assays were developed and validated to detect 11 benzimidazole carbamate (BZT) and four amino-benzimidazole veterinary drug residues in liver tissue. The assays used polyclonal antibodies, raised in sheep, to detect BZTs and amino-benzimidazoles. A modified Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) extraction method was developed to isolate benzimidazole carbamate residues. Liver samples were extracted using an acetonitrile extraction method. BZTs were purified by dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) using C(18) sorbent. Residues of amino-benzimidazoles were effectively cleaned-up using a simple cyclohexane defatting step. The assays were validated in accordance with the performance criteria described in 2002/657/EC. The BZT assay limit of detection was calculated to be 32 μg kg(-1), the detection capability (CCβ) was determined to be 50 μg kg(-1) and the mean recovery of analytes was in the range 77-132%. The amino-benzimidazole assay limit of detection was determined to be 41 μg kg(-1), the CCβ was determined to be 75 μg kg(-1) and analyte recovery was in the range 103-116%. Biosensor assay performance was tested by analysing liver tissue from animals treated with benzimidazole drugs and comparing the results with an ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) confirmatory method. All non-compliant samples were identified using the biosensor assays.     

液相色谱串联质谱法快速测定牛奶与鸡蛋中的维吉霉素M_1残留量

建立了牛奶和鸡蛋样品中维吉霉素M_1残留的液质联用确证方法.用乙腈萃取样品中的维吉霉素M1残留,水稀释后,正己烷脱脂,以YMC-Pack Pro C_(18)色谱柱为分离柱,在正离子模式下以电喷雾电离串联质谱仪进行测定.方法的线性范围为2.5 ～25 μg/L,定量下限为50 μg/kg.在50、100、200 μg/kg 3个浓度水平进行加标回收实验,回收率为72% ～99%,相对标准偏差为2.7% ～6.1%.该方法简便、快速、准确,各项技术指标满足国内外法规的要求,可用于牛奶和鸡蛋样品中维吉霉素M1残留的快速确证检测.     

分散固相萃取净化与液相色谱/串联质谱法测定牛奶中8类禁用药物残留

建立了牛奶中8类禁用药物的液相色谱-串联质谱( LC- MS/MS)检测方法.分析物包括5种硝基咪唑、7种β-受体激动剂、9种雄性激素、7种糖皮质激素、3种雌性激素、2种镇静剂、1种氯霉素以及6种二羟基苯甲酸内酯共40种禁用药物.样品以β葡萄糖苷醛酶/芳基硫酸酯酶在乙酸铵缓冲液中酶解,用氨化和酸化乙腈各提取一次.提取液经改良的分散固相萃取(QuEChERS)净化,浓缩后采用C18色谱柱分离(150 mm×2.1 mm i.d.,3.0 um).以甲醇和水(含0.1％甲酸)、乙腈和水分别作为正、负电喷雾离子化模式的色谱分离流动相进行梯度洗脱,多反应监测模式进行定性和定量分析.7种药物以内标法定量;33种药物以基质标准曲线外标法定量,氯霉素在0.02～0.4μg/kg; 39种药物在0.20～ 10.0 μg/kg范围内相关系数(r)均大于0.99;定量限(S/N=10)在0.07～0.93 μg/kg之间.分别以各个药物0.5,1和2倍MRPL( Minimum required performance limits)浓度水平加标验证实验,回收率范围60.3％～119.3％范围;相对标准偏差小于18.9％.     

Multi-mycotoxin analysis in eggs using a QuEChERS-based extraction procedure and ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry

A reliable and rapid method has been developed for the determination of 10 mycotoxins (beauvericin, enniatin A, A1, B1, citrinin, aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2 and ochratoxin A) in eggs at trace levels. Ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) has been used for the analysis of these compounds in less than 7 min. Mycotoxins have been extracted from egg samples using a QuEChERS-based extraction procedure (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) without applying any further clean-up step. Extraction, chromatographic and detection conditions were optimised in order to increase sample throughput and sensitivity. Matrix-matched calibration was used for quantification. Blank samples were fortified at 10, 25, 50 and 100 μg kg(-1), and recoveries ranged from 70% to 110%, except for ochratoxin A and aflatoxin G1 at 10 μg kg(-1), and aflatoxin G2 at 50 μg kg(-1). Relative standard deviations were lower than 25% in all the cases. Limits of detection ranged from 0.5 μg kg(-1) (for aflatoxins B1, B2 and G1) to 5 μg kg(-1) (for enniatin A, citrinin and ochratoxin A) and limits of quantification ranged from 1 μg kg(-1) (for aflatoxins B1, B2 and G1) to 10 μg kg(-1) (for enniatin A, citrinin and ochratoxin A). Seven samples were analyzed and aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, and beauvericin were detected at trace levels.     

LC-MS/MS Determination of 21 Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Residues in Animal Milk and Muscles

The presented procedure combines experience from two LC-MS/MS methods previously developed by our team for NSAIDs determination in meat and milk. The novelty was a modification of sample preparation and combining LC-MS/MS method for milk and muscle. The clean-up procedure was investigated, leading to a change from SPE to dSPE with C18 bulk sorbent. Unlike most of the existing methods, chromatographic separation was achieved on a C8 chromatographic column. This method was developed and validated under European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Recovery for milk samples values between 86.3% to 108%, with the coefficient of variation, varied from 5.51% to 16.2%. The recovery for muscle was calculated to be between 85.0% and 109%, and the coefficient of variation was—4.73% to 16.6%. The validation results prove that the method is suitable for confirmatory purposes in milk and muscle. Of 452 samples tested in 2019 and 2020, two have been identified as non-compliant.     

Determination of Nonsteroidal Anti‐inflammatory Drugs in Serum by Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis with Electrochemical Detection

A simple and rapid method has been developed for the analysis of four nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in serum using microchip capillary electrophoresis with pulsed amperometric detection. The selected NSAIDs (salicylic acid, acetaminophen, diflunisal, and diclofenac) are among the most commonly used drugs to treat fever, inflammation, and pain. Used above the therapeutic levels, these drugs can cause a wide variety of adverse effects and their fast analysis could have a significant impact in treatment and recovery of the patients. Several conditions, including separation potential, pH, and concentration of the electrolyte solution were studied to optimize the separation and detection. In this study, salicylic acid, acetaminophen, diflunisal, and diclofenac were separated in less than 2 minutes using a 5 mM borate buffer at pH 11.5 and a separation potential of +1200 V. Linear relationships were obtained between the concentration and peak current in the 0.5–15.3 μg/mL range and detection limits around 0.26 μg/mL. After 30 consecutive injections, the stability of both the response and migration time of the analytes showed relative related deviations of less than 4.6% and 1.0%, respectively. The potential of this method was verified by spiking a bovine serum sample with the four NSAIDs and analyzing the recovery ratio.     

亲水作用色谱-串联四极杆质谱测定液态奶中舒巴坦

建立了亲水作用色谱-串联四极杆质谱测定液态奶中微量舒巴坦的分析方法。样品经0.2%乙酸水溶液提取,HLB固相萃取柱净化、富集,以甲酸铵-乙腈为流动相,经Acquity UPLC BEH HILIC色谱柱分离后采用电喷雾质谱多反应监测方式(MRM)扫描,外标法定量。结果表明,舒巴坦的质量浓度在1～100μg/L范围内线性关系良好,r2大于0.99,定量下限为1.0μg/kg。加标水平在1.0～50.0μg/kg范围时,回收率为82%～102%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.6%～4.7%。该方法前处理简便快捷、灵敏度高、回收率和重现性良好,适用于液态奶中舒巴坦的测定。     

气相色谱-负化学离子源质谱测定大豆和玉米中12种三唑类杀菌剂的残留量

建立了一种可用于大豆和玉米中12种三唑类杀菌剂残留量测定的分散固相萃取-气相色谱-负化学离子源质谱方法。样品经含1%冰醋酸的乙腈提取,分散固相萃取法净化,采用气相色谱-负化学离子源质谱分时段选择离子监测技术进行测定与确证,外标法定量。12种农药在50～1000 μg/L范围内线性关系均良好;所有农药的方法定量限(LOQ)均低于8 μg/kg;在10,20和40 μg/kg 3个添加水平下所有农药的回收率为70%～130%,相对标准偏差(RSD)≤13.9%。该方法在检测大豆和玉米基质时无干扰现象出现。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定牛奶中伏马菌素FB1和FB2及其水解代谢物

建立了MAX混合阴离子固相萃取柱净化-高教液相色谱-串联质谱法测定牛奶中伏马菌素FB1和FB2及其水解代谢产物HFB1和HFB2的方法.牛奶样品经水稀释后,经MAX柱直接净化,甲醇洗脱得到FB1和FB2,经液相色谱-串联质谱负离子扫描测定,1％乙酸甲醇洗脱得到HFB1和HFB2,经液相色谱-串联质谱正离子扫描测定.结果表明,添加浓度为0.1～5.0 μg/L,牛奶中FB1和FB2及其水解代谢产物的回收率为76.4％～92.3％;相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为5.9％～12.5％;方法检出限(LOD)均为0.03 μg/L;定量限(LOQ)均为0.1 μg/L.本方法操作简单,灵敏度、回收率和重复性均良好.     

气相色谱-串联质谱法测定食品中的三聚氰胺

建立了使用气相色谱-串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)测定食品中三聚氰胺含量的分析方法。利用三氯乙酸超声萃取样品中的三聚氰胺,经乙酸锌溶液沉淀蛋白质后,将提取液离心、过滤、净化、衍生后采用GC-MS/MS的多反应监测模式（MRM）进行检测。方法的重现性良好,6次重复测定的峰面积的相对标准偏差小于9%;最低定量检测限（S/N=10）为1 μg/kg,在0.1~100 μg/L范围内具有良好的线性关系。应用所建立的方法测定了奶粉、奶糖、含乳饮料、饼干等食品中的三聚氰胺含量,为三聚氰胺滥用的检测和判断提供了方法。     

液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱法检测鸡组织中5种聚醚类药物残留

建立了鸡组织中聚醚类药物多残留检测的高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱方法。采用甲醇提取鸡组织中的拉沙洛菌素、盐霉素、莫能菌素、甲基盐霉素和马杜霉素,经硅胶柱净化,以乙腈(含0.1%甲酸)-0.1%甲酸水溶液(体积比为97:3)为流动相,Symmetry Shield RP18作为色谱分析柱,多反应监测(MRM)正离子扫描方式进行质谱检测。当5种聚醚类药物的添加水平为鸡肉0.1～1500 μg/kg、鸡肝0.2～4500 μg/kg时,平均回收率为71.6%～99.1%,日内测定的相对标准偏差(RSD)(n=5)为3.2%～10.7%,日间RSD(n=3)为4.6%～14.7%。2种鸡组织中5种聚醚类药物的定量限为0.1～1.0 μg/kg。该方法的灵敏度、准确度和精密度均符合兽药残留分析技术的要求,适用于鸡肉和鸡肝中5种聚醚类药物的多残留检测。