表面等离子体共振成像

发展建立新型的高通量分析方法是生命科学研究中海量组分检测的关键。表面等离子体共振成像(SPRI)作为新近发展起来的高灵敏分析方法,能以微阵列形式实时检测研究各种分子作用的过程,被认为是一种非常有潜力的多功能高通量研究平台。本文对SPRI的基本原理、在膜性能和生物分子相互作用研究的应用,以及新的技术发展作了较详细的评述,着重讨论了SPRI的最新发展水平,并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

药物筛选新技术及其应用进展

药物筛选是应用适当的筛选方法和筛选技术从海量化合物中筛选出具有药理活性的化合物的方法,是提高研发效率、缩短周期、减少成本、降低风险、使新药研发能够持续进行的关键。药物筛选新技术的开发已成为医药科学研究的重要内容。该文就近年来发展的药物筛选新技术及其应用进行了简要综述。     

表面等离子体共振成像法用于糖蛋白分析

建立了一套表面等离子体共振成像方法, 用于筛选糖蛋白和非糖蛋白, 并可以区分不同糖蛋白与伴刀豆凝集素的识别强度. 波长调制的表面等离子体共振与成像法所得结果一致. 伴刀豆凝集素的洗脱成像实验为识别强度提供了补充验证方案.     

表面等离子体共振光谱技术与电化学方法联用及其应用

表面等离子体共振（Surface Plasmon Resonance,SPR）技术是利用金属薄膜光学耦合产生的物理光学现象建立的一种非常灵敏的光学分析手段. 近年发展的电化学表面等离子体共振（Electrochemical Surface Plasmon Resonance,EC-SPR）是将时间分辨表面等离子体共振光谱技术与电化学方法联用的一种新技术. 本文介绍了SPR和EC-SPR的基本原理,并重点阐述了时间分辨SPR光谱技术与电化学方法联用及应用,该技术已广泛地应用于反应动态过程研究、生物化学传感器、电极/溶液界面的表征、动力学常数的测定以及生物分子相互作用等领域.     

贵金属纳米材料的液相合成及其表面等离子体共振性质应用

金属中的表面等离子体共振是描述其导带电子在电磁场作用下集体振荡的一个物理概念。金属纳米颗粒由于其表面等离子体共振性质表现出独特的光学应用。本文在相关研究的基础上,综述了具备表面等离子体共振性质的不同形貌及多种复合结构的贵金属纳米材料的制备和应用,并对其发展及应用前景进行了展望。     

表面等离子体共振传感技术在高分子研究中的应用

介绍了表面等离子体共振 (SPR)的基本原理和SPR传感器技术的应用现状 ,综述了SPR传感器在高分子科学研究中的应用和发展前景。     

贵金属纳米材料的液相合成及其表面等离子体共振性质应用

金属中的表面等离子体共振是描述其导带电子在电磁场作用下集体振荡的一个物理概念.金属纳米颗粒由于其表面等离子体共振性质表现出独特的光学应用.本文在相关研究的基础上,综述了具备表面等离子体共振性质的不同形貌及多种复合结构的贵金属纳米材料的制备和应用,并对其发展及应用前景进行了展望.     

贵金属纳米材料的液相合成及其表面等离子体共振性质应用

金属中的表面等离子体共振是描述其导带电子在电磁场作用下集体振荡的一个物理概念。金属纳米颗粒由于其表面等离子体共振性质表现出独特的光学应用。本文在相关研究的基础上,综述了具备表面等离子体共振性质的不同形貌及多种复合结构的贵金属纳米材料的制备和应用,并对其发展及应用前景进行了展望。     

有机元素微量分析的仪器化和自动化

六十年前,Pregl创建了有机元素微量分析方法,这对当时有机化学的发展起了重要的作用。后来,有机元素微量分析不断发展,曾出现了空管燃烧、快速燃烧和氧瓶法等快速分解方法,还研究了新的高效催化氧化剂及其作用机理,并发展了亚微量、超微量和痕量分析技术。经典的有机元素微量分析是以重量法为基础,后来难又引入了容量法,但一直被认为是“手艺”性的工作。到了六十年代,由于气相色谱和电化学分析的成就,有机元素微量分析的仪器化和自动化才开始有所突破。至七十年代,     

生物分子相互作用动力学的表面等离子体共振研究方法

表面等离子体共振及其成像方法以其免标记、可实时动态原位跟踪反应过程而在生物分子相互作用动力学及其常数测定研究中凸显优势,近年来这方面的研究进展迅速,但缺乏必要的总结归纳.为此,本文就这一主题所涉及的关键研究方法与应用进展作简要的归纳分析并展望了该领域的发展前景.     

High Throughput Strategies for the Discovery and Optimization of Catalytic Reactions

Homogeneous catalysis has provided chemists with numerous transformations to enable rapid construction of organic molecules. However, these reactions are complex, requiring multiple substrate‐dependent mechanistic steps to operate in harmony under a single set of experimental conditions. As a consequence, synthetic chemists often carry out laborious, empirical screening to identify suitable catalysts, solvents, and additives to achieve high yields and selectivity. In this Minireview, recently developed tools, technologies, and strategies will be described that improve this development process. In particular, the application of high throughput techniques to run more experiments, experimental design principles to access better data, and statistical tools to provide predictive models will be discussed.     

微量分析法用于火焰原子吸收光谱测定高含量钠

将微量分析方法与火焰原子吸收法结合用于测定高钠样品中的钠含量。通过选择合适的钠吸收谱线,确定了标准曲线和测定参数,建立了适合测定高钠样品的方法。方法的线性工作范围为0~5 mg/L,方法检出限为0.02 mg/L,RSD为0.5%。运用方法测试含钠有机物和无机钠盐中不同浓度的钠含量,结果表明,实际样品中钠含量的测定值与计算值间的绝对误差小于0.3%,相对误差小于1%,回收率99.2%~100.6%。     

A Novel High Throughput Method to Investigate Polymer Dissolution

The dissolution behavior of polystyrene (PS) in biodiesel was studied by developing a novel high throughput approach based on Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy. A multiwell device for high throughput dissolution testing was fabricated using a photolithographic rapid prototyping method. The dissolution of PS films in each well was tracked by following the characteristic IR band of PS and the effect of PS molecular weight and temperature on the dissolution rate was simultaneously investigated. The results were validated with conventional gravimetric methods. The high throughput method can be extended to evaluate the dissolution profiles of a large number of samples, or to simultaneously investigate the effect of variables such as polydispersity, crystallinity, and mixed solvents.

     

High Throughput Identification of the Potential Antioxidant Peptides in Ophiocordyceps sinensis

Ophiocordyceps sinensis, an ascomycete caterpillar fungus, has been used as a Traditional Chinese Medicine owing to its bioactive properties. However, until now the bio-active peptides have not been identified in this fungus. Here, the raw RNA sequences of three crucial growth stages of the artificially cultivated O. sinensis and the wild-grown mature fruit-body were aligned to the genome of O. sinensis. Both homology-based prediction and de novo-based prediction methods were used to identify 8541 putative antioxidant peptides (pAOPs). The expression profiles of the cultivated mature fruiting body were similar to those found in the wild specimens. The differential expression of 1008 pAOPs matched genes had the highest difference between ST and MF, suggesting that the pAOPs were primarily induced and play important roles in the process of the fruit-body maturation. Gene ontology analysis showed that most of pAOPs matched genes were enriched in terms of ‘cell redox homeostasis’, ‘response to oxidative stresses’, ‘catalase activity’, and ‘ integral component of cell membrane’. A total of 1655 pAOPs was identified in our protein-seqs, and some crucial pAOPs were selected, including catalase, peroxiredoxin, and SOD [Cu–Zn]. Our findings offer the first identification of the active peptide ingredients in O. sinensis, facilitating the discovery of anti-infectious bio-activity and the understanding of the roles of AOPs in fungal pathogenicity and the high-altitude adaptation in this medicinal fungus.     

基于高分辨质谱的甲基化心磷脂高通量分析方法的建立和应用

该文基于心磷脂标准品的甲基化反应,建立了高灵敏度高通量分析甲基化心磷脂的液相色谱 - 高分辨质谱方法。由于甲基化后的心磷脂具有特征性的碎片,因此建立了包含780个分子特征片段的模拟数据库用于脂质鉴定。衍生化后,CL（14∶0/14∶0/14∶0/14∶0）信号提高了10倍,定量下限（LOQ）达到10 ng/mL。将该方法应用于小鼠衰老过程中心磷脂的调控研究,通过Tracefinder本地二级数据库共鉴定了43个心磷脂分子,其中21个心磷脂在衰老的大脑中有差异变化。结果发现：含有FA（20∶4）、FA（22∶6）长链多不饱和脂肪酸的心磷脂在衰老过程中呈下降趋势。高分辨质谱平台为甲基化的心磷脂分析提供了一种高通量筛选方法,对于低丰度心磷脂的检测具有很大潜力。     

临近闪烁分析法在高通量筛选中的应用

起源于放射性免疫分析的临近闪烁分析法(scintillation proximity assay,SPA)是一种均相、灵敏、快速和简便的基于闪烁载体的分析平台。该平台可用于筛选药物靶点的先导化合物和研究其生理过程。由于无需分离,易于固定药物靶点和检测其活性,SPA成为一种重要的高通量筛选方法。由于放射性标记分子和亲和标签分子的多样化和商业化、以及液闪计数器和液相操作等技术的发展,SPA已经广泛用于受体结合、高通量药物筛选、酶分析、放射性免疫分析、蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用和细胞水平分析等方面。本文阐述了SPA原理,讨论了其关键技术(包括闪烁载体、液闪计数器和放射性标记分子),分析了其评价体系;同时简述了SPA分析的发展, 并介绍了其在高通量筛选中的应用实例, 归纳了存在的问题,给出了未来的发展趋势。目前,基于SPA和荧光分析方法已成为高通量药物筛选的热点研究领域, 这些筛选技术的革新必然提升我们对细胞体系生物学的全面理解和促进先导化合物筛选过程的显著进步。     

激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱微区分析新进展

从仪器、基础研究诸方面评述近年来LA-ICP-MS微区分析进展,重点介绍了与ICP-MS联用的激光技术发展、校正方法、分馏效应、剥蚀颗粒分布研究及仪器装置与实验技术与改进,对LA-ICP-MS技术的应用作了回顾与展望。     

Photothermal Detection of Individual Gold Nanoparticles: Perspectives for High‐Throughput Screening

We use photothermal microscopy to detect and image individual gold nanoparticles that are either embedded in a polymer film or immobilized in an aqueous environment. Reducing the numerical aperture of the detection optics allows us to achieve a 200‐fold‐enlarged detection volume while still retaining sufficient detectivity. We characterize the capabilities of this approach for the detection of gold colloids with a diameter of 20 nm, with emphasis on practical aspects that are important for high‐throughput‐screening applications. The extended detection volume in combination with the stability of the photothermal signal are major advantages compared to fluorescence‐based approaches, which are limited by photoblinking and photobleaching. Careful consideration is given to the trade‐off between the maximum increase in local temperature that can be tolerated by a biological specimen and the minimum integration time needed to reliably determine whether a given volume contains a target species. We find that our approach has the potential to increase the detection‐limited flow rate (i.e. the limit given by the detection volume divided by the minimum detection time) by two to three orders of magnitude.     

Engineering Chiral Catalysts through Asymmetric Activation and Super High Throughput Screening (SHTS)

A conceptually new strategy for asymmetric catalysis, namely asymmetric activation, in which a chiral activator selectively activates one enantiomer of a racemic chiral catalyst, and a highly efficient screening system for finding the most effective catalysts, namely super high throughput screening (SHTS), by which the reaction can be conducted in parallel and the ee% of the product is allowed to determine within minutes, are summarized in the present account. It is reasonable to believe that SHTS technique combined with asymmetric activation or deactivation principle will provide a very powerful methodology for finding the new catalysts and the best catalyst tuning for asymmetric reactions.     

High‐Throughput Fabrication,Performance Testing,and Characterization of One‐Dimensional Libraries of Polymeric Compositions

A new general approach for rapid performance‐screening of polymer compositions is provided. Multiple compositions are generated as one‐dimensional libraries in a microextruder with step‐ or gradient‐composition changes in 2–10 g of polymer in < 1 min. To accelerate testing, environmental stress is applied to only local regions, followed by high‐sensitivity spatially resolved characterization. We applied our methodology for weathering of arrays of polymeric compositions and provided ranking of polymer/UV absorber compositions equivalent to traditional weathering data while achieved 20 times faster.

Sampling and measurement strategies for HT analysis of combinatorial 1D polymeric libraries: (1) spectroscopic monitoring of chemical properties, (2) in‐situ monitoring of mass and viscoelastic properties, (3) scanning spectroscopic analysis, and (4) spectroscopic imaging of a coiled polymeric array.