稀土催化异戊二烯聚合动力学的研究

用膨胀计研究了Ln(Naph)_3-Al(i-Bu)_3-Al_2Et_3Cl_3催化异戊二烯聚合动力学。发现在低聚合速度条件下体系显示稳态聚合特征,在较高聚合速度条件下聚合初期速度有一增长过程。建立了聚合速度方程并估算了增长链平均寿命、增长链浓度、催化剂效率以及链增长速度常数。     

乙酰丙酮钇催化环氧氯丙烷的均聚合与共聚合

用过渡金属络合催化剂聚合环氧氯丙烷能获高分子量的聚合物。稀土络合催化剂对环氧乙烷,环氧丙烷及环硫丙烷的开环聚合具有明显效果。本文选用Y(acac)_3-H_2O-Al(i-Bu)_3催化剂,考察环氧氯丙烷的均聚合及其与环氧乙烷,环氧丙烷的共聚合,并用核     

新型镍催化体系合成Cis-1,4聚丁二烯的研究

本文研究了以加氢汽油为溶剂的Ni(Naph)_2-Al(i-Bu)_2OR-BP_3·OEt_2及Ni(NaPh)_2-Al(i-Bu)_2OAr-BF3·OEt_2两体系对丁二烯的催化聚合活性、聚合物分子量、微观结构等。各种Al(i-Bu)_2OR或Al(i-Bu)_2OAr为助催化剂组成的新型镍催化体系对丁二烯聚合都有较高的催化活性,所得聚合物Cis-1,4含量在96％以上。磁化率和紫外可见光谱研究证明,在Al(i-Bu)_2OR体系中以Ni(Ⅰ)为主及小量未还原的Ni(Ⅱ);Al(i-Bu)_2OAr中Ni(Ⅰ)及Ni(O)共存。     

[(μ-CF_3CO_2)Ln(μ-CF_3CHO_2)AIR_2·2THF]_2的合成和表征及其对某些极性单体的催化活性

通过(CF_3CO_2)_3Ln(Ln=Nd、Y和Eu)和R~1AlR_2(R~1=H,R=i-C_4H_9;R~1=R=C_2H_5),反应首次合成和培养出Nd-Al、Y-Al和Eu-Al三种新的双金属稀土配合物和晶体,并用X射线衍射法测定出它们的晶体结构,然后再用二维波谱技术,进一步证实和完善了晶体结构中的价态和非共面现象.由此确定这三种稀土配合物分子式的通式为:[(μ-CF_3CO_2)_2Ln(μ-CF_3CHO_2)AlR_2·2THF]_2.根据实验结果还提出了通过烷基化、β-消除(或氢化)、氢转移、键合及缔合等五个步骤生成这些配合物的反应机理.这些配合物单独可使MMA和ECH催化聚合,前者可获得主要以间同结构聚合物,后者聚合催化活性较高,在极少量的ECH存在下,还可使THF开环聚合,并通过PTHF端基分析,提出了(钅羊)离子聚合反应机理.     

二异丁基锌控制高密度聚乙烯分子量的研究

本文报告了TiCl_4-MgCl_2-AlCl_3/Al(i-Bu)_3-Zn(i-Bu)_2催化体系的乙烯聚合反应中,二异丁基锌对产物分子量和聚合活性的影响。结果表明:在适宜的聚合条件下,二异丁基锌可以有效地控制产物的分子量。     

Fe—Al配位催化环氧丙烷均聚

用于环氧丙烷开环聚合的催化剂为有机金属化合物和稀土络合物等,在对于铁系催化剂催化丁二烯聚合、马来酸酐与苯乙烯共聚和邻苯二甲酸酐与环氧丙烷共聚的研究基础上,我们首次将这一类催化剂用于环氧化物的开环均聚上,发现Fe(acac)3-Al(i-Bu）3催化剂具有良好的催化活性,并进行了产物结构和反应动力学的研究,结构分析表明Fe(acac)3-Al(i-Bu）3催化剂体系具有良好的立体定向性。     

[(μ-CF~3CO~2)~2Ln(μ-CF~3CHO~2)AlR~2.2THF]~2的合成和表征及其对某些极性单体的催化活性

通过(CF~3CO~2)~3Ln(Ln=Nd、Y和Eu)和R^1AlR~2(R^1=H, R=i-C~4H~9;R^1=R=C~2H~5), 反应首次合成和培养出Nd-Al、Y-Al和Eu-Al三种新的双金属稀土配合物和晶体, 并用X射线衍射法测定出它们的晶体结构, 然后再用二维波谱技术, 进一步证实和完善了晶体结构中的价态和非共面现象。由此确定这三种稀土配合物分子式的通式为: [(μ-CF~3CO~2)~2Ln(μ-CF~3CHO~2)AlR~2.2THF]~2。根据实验结果还提出了通过烷基化、β-消除(或氢化)、氢转移、键合及缔合等五个步骤生成这些配合物的反应机理。这些配合物单独可使MMA和ECH催化聚合, 前者可获得主要以间同结构聚合物, 后者聚合催化活性较高, 在极少量的ECH存在下,还可使THF开环聚合, 并通过PTHF端基分析, 提出了羊离子聚合反应机理。     

[(μ-CF~3CO~2)~2Ln(μ-CF~3CHO~2)AlR~2.2THF]~2的合成和表征及其对某些极性单体的催化活性

通过(CF~3CO~2)~3Ln(Ln=Nd、Y和Eu)和R^1AlR~2(R^1=H, R=i-C~4H~9;R^1=R=C~2H~5), 反应首次合成和培养出Nd-Al、Y-Al和Eu-Al三种新的双金属稀土配合物和晶体, 并用X射线衍射法测定出它们的晶体结构, 然后再用二维波谱技术, 进一步证实和完善了晶体结构中的价态和非共面现象。由此确定这三种稀土配合物分子式的通式为: [(μ-CF~3CO~2)~2Ln(μ-CF~3CHO~2)AlR~2.2THF]~2。根据实验结果还提出了通过烷基化、β-消除(或氢化)、氢转移、键合及缔合等五个步骤生成这些配合物的反应机理。这些配合物单独可使MMA和ECH催化聚合, 前者可获得主要以间同结构聚合物, 后者聚合催化活性较高, 在极少量的ECH存在下,还可使THF开环聚合, 并通过PTHF端基分析, 提出了羊离子聚合反应机理。     

环氧化物稀土络合催化开环聚合动力学研究

用膨胀计方法研究环氧丙烷、环氧氯丙烷在稀土络合催化剂 Nd(P_(204))_3-Al(i-Bu)_3-H_2O作用下的聚合反应动力学,表明聚合反应速度对催化剂浓度及单体浓度均呈一级关系。环氧丙烷、环氧氯丙烷开环聚合反应活化能分别为61.3kJ/mol和48.9kJ/mol。在同样的聚合反应条件下,环氧氯丙烷聚合反应速度大于环氧丙烷聚合反应速度。 研究还发现,催化剂组成摩尔比Al/Nd及H_2O/Al对聚合反应速度均有一定影响;各种稀土元素络合催化剂催化活性顺序为:Nd>La>Dy>Yb>Eu;稀土络合物中配体对活性的影响为:acac>P_(204)>P_(507)>naph;烷基铝的影响为:Al(i-Bu)_3>AlEt_3。     

W-Al体系在合成1,2-聚丁二烯中的催化活性

WCl_6是优良的开环聚合催化剂,但只有一篇专利中提到用WCl_6催化丁二烯的聚合得到非顺式1,4-聚丁二烯,而且活性很低.用钨化合物催化丁二烯聚合为高1,2-链节含量的聚丁二烯,则尚未有报道.我们的工作发现,WCl_4(OR)_2-(i-Bu)_2AlOPh体系可使丁二烯在加氢汽油中聚合成1,2-链节含量在80％左右,1,2-链节的全同立构体含量达60％以上的聚丁二烯.为合成1,2-聚丁二烯橡胶开辟了一个新的催化体系.但是,初步研究结果表明:催化活性和聚合物分子量均较低.因此,本文试图探索提高催化活性和聚合物分子量的方法.     

Allyl ansa-lanthanidocenes: single-component, single-site catalysts for controlled syndiospecific styrene and styrene-ethylene (Co)polymerization

A series of new neutral allyl Group 3 metal complexes bearing ansa-bridged fluorenyl/cyclopentadienyl ligands [[Flu-EMe(2)-(3-R-Cp)]Ln(eta(3)-C(3)H(5))(THF)] (E=C, R=H, Ln=Y (2), La (3), Nd (4), Sm (5); R=tBu, Ln=Y (8), Nd (9); E=Si, R=H, Ln=Y (12), Nd (13)) were synthesized in good yields via salt metathesis protocols. The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, NMR spectroscopy for diamagnetic complexes, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies for 2, 4, 9 and 12. Some of the allyl ansa-lanthanidocenes, especially 4, are effective single-component catalysts for the polymerization of styrene, giving pure syndiotactic polystyrenes (rrrr > 99 %) with low to high molecular weights (M(n)=6000-135,000 g mol(-1)) and narrow polydispersities (M(w)/M(n)=1.2-2.6). The catalyst systems are remarkably stable, capable of polymerizing styrene up to 120 degrees C with high activities, while maintaining high syndiotacticity via chain-end control as established by a Bernoullian analysis. Highly effective copolymerization of styrene with ethylene was achieved using neodymium complex 4 (activity up to 2530 kg PS-PE mol(-1) h(-1)) to give true copolymers void of homopolymers with M(n)=9000-152,000 g mol(-1) and narrow polydispersities (M(w)/M(n)=1.2-2.5). The nature of the resultant P(S-co-E) copolymers was ascertained by NMR, size-exclusion chromatography/refractive index/UV, temperature rising elusion fractionation, and differential scanning calorimetry. It is shown that, regardless the amount of ethylene incorporated (1-50 mol %), P(S-co-E) copolymers have a microstructure predominantly made of long highly syndiotactic PS sequences separated by single or few ethylene units. Co-monomers feed and polymerization temperature can be used straightforwardly to manipulate with the physical and mechanical characteristics of the P(S-co-E) copolymers (molecular weights and distributions, co-monomer content, microstructure, T(m), T(g), T(c)).     

Rare-earth metal bis(alkyl)s that bear a 2-pyridinemethanamine ligand: dual catalysis of the polymerizations of both isoprene and ethylene

New pyridinemethanamido-ligated rare-earth metal bis(alkyl) complexes [C(5)H(4)N-CH(Me)-NC(6)H(3)((i)Pr)(2)]Ln(CH(2)SiMe(3))(2)(THF) (Ln = Sc (1), Y (2), Lu (3)) have been prepared at 0 °C via a protonolysis reaction between rare-earth metal tris(alkyl)s and the corresponding 2-pyridinemethanamine ligand and fully characterized by NMR and X-ray diffraction analysis. Bis(alkyl) complexes 1-3 are analogous monomers of THF solvate, where the ligand bonds to the metal center in a κN:κN-bidentate mode. Complexes 1-3, in combination with [Ph(3)C][B(C(6)F(5))(4)], showed a good activity towards isoprene polymerization to give polyisoprene with a main 3,4-selectivity (60%-66%); in particular the yttrium catalyst system, 2/[Ph(3)C][B(C(6)F(5))(4)], displayed a living mode. By contrast, only the precatalyst 2 exhibited activity for isoprene polymerization in the presence of [PhNMe(2)H][B(C(6)F(5))(4)]. The influence of alkylaluminium (AlR(3), R = Me, Et, (i)Bu) and the metal center on the polymerization of isoprene was also studied, and it was found that addition of AlMe(3) to the catalyst systems could lead to a dramatic change in the microstructure of the polymer from 3,4-specific to 1,4-selective (89%-95%), but the ionic radius of the central metal had little influence on the selectivity. In addition, by using the 1(Sc)/[Ph(3)C][B(C(6)F(5))(4)]/10 Al(i)Bu(3), the polymerization of ethylene was also achieved with moderate activity (up to 3.2× 10(5) g (PE) mol(Sc)(-1) h(-1) bar(-1)) and narrow polydispersity (M(w)/M(n) = 1.19-1.28); while the effect of temperature on the activity was discussed. Such dual catalysis for the polymerizations of both isoprene and ethylene is rare.     

Novel lanthanide(II) complexes supported by carbon-bridged biphenolate ligands: synthesis, structure and catalytic activity

[Ln[N(SiMe3)2]2(THF)2](Ln = Sm, Yb) reacts with 1 equiv. of carbon-bridged biphenols, 2,2'-methylene-bis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol)(L1H2) or 2,2'-ethylidene-bis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol)(L2H2), in toluene to give the novel aryloxide lanthanide(II) complexes [[LnL1(THF)n]2](Ln = Sm, n = 3 (1); Ln = Yb, n = 2 (2)) and [[LnL2(THF)3]2](Ln = Sm (5); Ln = Yb (6)) in quantitative yield, respectively. Addition of 2 equiv. of hexamethylphosphoric triamide (HMPA) to a tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution of 1, 2 and 5 affords the corresponding HMPA-coordinated complexes, [[LnL1(THF)m(HMPA)n]2(THF)y](Ln = Sm, n = 2, m = 0, y = 2 (3); Ln = Yb, m = 1, n = 1, y = 6 (4)) and [[SmL2(HMPA)2]2](7) in excellent yields. The single-crystal structural analyses of 3, 4 and 7 revealed that these aryloxide lanthanide(II) complexes are dimeric with two Ln-O bridges. The coordination geometry of each lanthanide metal can be best described as a distorted trigonal bipyramid. Complexes 1-3, 5 and 7 can catalyze the ring-opening polymerization of epsilon-caprolactone (epsilon-CL), and 1-3, along with 5 show moderate activity for the ring-opening polymerization of 2,2-dimethyltrimethylene carbonate (DTC) and the copolymerization of epsilon-CL and DTC to give random copolymers with high molecular weights and relatively narrow molecular weight distributions..     

配体骨架烷基取代基对α-二亚胺镍催化乙烯聚合的影响

合成了4种α-二亚胺镍催化剂Ar—NC(R1)C(R2)N—ArNiBr2[Ar=2,6-dimethylphenyl,R1=CnH2n+1,R2=CmH2m+1;其中Cat1:m=1,n=1;Cat2:m=2,n=1;Cat3:m=3,n=1;Cat4:m=2,n=2],考察了聚合温度、催化剂浓度和催化剂配体骨架碳原子上烷基取代基对乙烯聚合反应活性、聚合物链结构和结晶性能的影响.实验发现,当配体骨架上烷基取代基R1和R2不同时,催化剂具有较高的活性,且聚合物分子量也较高;其中,Cat2和Cat3在20℃,乙烯常压和5.8mmol/L催化剂用量下,乙烯聚合活性达1.86×103kgPE/(molNi.h)和1.92×103kgPE/(molNi.h),聚合物分子量(Mw)达6.82×105和1.019×105.聚乙烯链结构分析表明,甲基支链在聚乙烯支链中占主导地位,支化度主要受反应温度的影响;同时还发现,配体骨架碳原子上烷基取代基不同的二亚胺镍催化合成聚乙烯的长支链比例相对较高,特别是在较高反应温度40℃下,己基及以上长支链比例明显增加.     

Homoleptic lanthanide complexes of chelating bis(phosphanyl)amides: synthesis,structure, and ring-opening polymerization of lactones

Treatment of the bis(phosphanyl)amide (Ph2P)2NH with KH in boiling THF followed by crystallization from THF/n-pentane leads to [K(thf)n][N(PPh2)2] (n = 1.25, 1.5). Reaction of [K(thf)n][N(PPh2)2] with anhydrous yttrium or lanthanide trichlorides in a 3:1 molar ratio afforded homoleptic bis(phosphanyl)amide complexes [Ln[N(PPh2)2]3] (Ln = Y, Er) as large crystals in good yields. [Ln[N(PPh2)2]3] can also be obtained by reaction of the homoleptic bis(trimethylsilyl)amides of Group 3 metals and lanthanides [Ln[N(SiMe3)2]3] (Ln = Y, La, Nd) with three equivalents of (Ph2P)2NH in boiling toluene. The single-crystal X-ray structures of these complexes always show eta 2 coordination of the ligand. Dynamic behavior of the ligand is observed in solution and is caused by rapid exchange of the two different phosphorus atoms. [Ln[N(PPh2)2]3] was used as catalyst for the polymerization of epsilon-caprolactone. Significant differences in terms of correlation of theoretical and experimental molecular weights as well as polydispersities were observed depending on the nature of Ln. On the basis of the crystal structure of the heteroleptic complex [Lu[N(PPh2)2]3(thf)], we suggest that in the initiation step of epsilon-caprolactone polymerization the lactone adds to the lanthanide atom to form a sevenfold coordination sphere around the central atom.     

Highly cis-1,4 selective polymerization of dienes with homogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalysts based on NCN-pincer rare earth metal dichloride precursors

The first aryldiimine NCN-pincer ligated rare earth metal dichlorides (2,6-(2,6-C6H3R2N=CH)2-C6H3)LnCl2(THF)2 (Ln = Y, R = Me (1), Et (2), iPr (3); R = Et, Ln = La (4), Nd (5), Gd (6), Sm (7), Eu (8), Tb (9), Dy (10), Ho (11), Yb (12), Lu (13)) were successfully synthesized via transmetalation between 2,6-(2,6-C6H3-R2N=CH)2-C6H3Li and LnCl3(THF)(1-3.5). These complexes are isostructural monomers with two coordinating THF molecules, where the pincer ligand coordinates to the central metal ion in a kappaC:kappaN:kappaN' tridentate mode, adopting a meridional geometry. Complexes 1-6, 9-11, and 13 combined with aluminum tris(alkyl)s and [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] established a homogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalyst system, which exhibited high activities and excellent cis-1,4 selectivities for the polymerizations of butadiene (T(p) = 25 degrees C, 99.9%; 0 degrees C, 100%) and isoprene (T(p) = 25 degrees C, 98.8%). Remarkably, such high cis-1,4 selectivity almost remained at elevated polymerization temperatures up to 80 degrees C and did not vary with the type of the central lanthanide element, however, which was influenced obviously by the ortho substituent of the N-aryl ring of the ligands and the bulkiness of the aluminum alkyls. The Ln-Al bimetallic cations were considered as the active species. These results shed new light on improving the catalytic performance of the conventional Ziegler-Natta catalysts for the specific selective polymerization of dienes.     

Insight into substrate binding in Shibasaki's Li3(THF)n(BINOLate)3Ln complexes and implications in catalysis

Heterobimetallic Lewis acids M 3(THF) n (BINOLate) 3Ln [M = Li, Na, K; Ln = lanthanide(III)] are exceptionally useful asymmetric catalysts that exhibit high levels of enantioselectivity across a wide range of reactions. Despite their prominence, important questions remain regarding the nature of the catalyst-substrate interactions and, therefore, the mechanism of catalyst operation. Reported herein are the isolation and structural characterization of 7- and 8-coordinate heterobimetallic complexes Li 3(THF) 4(BINOLate) 3Ln(THF) [Ln = La, Pr, and Eu], Li 3(py) 5(BINOLate) 3Ln(py) [Ln = Eu and Yb], and Li 3(py) 5(BINOLate) 3La(py) 2 [py = pyridine]. Solution binding studies of cyclohexenone, DMF, and pyridine with Li 3(THF) n (BINOLate) 3Ln [Ln = Eu, Pr, and Yb] and Li 3(DMEDA) 3(BINOLate) 3Ln [Ln = La and Eu; DMEDA = N, N'-dimethylethylene diamine] demonstrate binding of these Lewis basic substrate analogues to the lanthanide center. The paramagnetic europium, ytterbium, and praseodymium complexes Li 3(THF) n (BINOLate) 3Ln induce relatively large lanthanide-induced shifts on substrate analogues that ranged from 0.5 to 4.3 ppm in the (1)H NMR spectrum. X-ray structure analysis and NMR studies of Li 3(DMEDA) 3(BINOLate) 3Ln [Ln = Lu, Eu, La, and the transition metal analogue Y] reveal selective binding of DMEDA to the lithium centers. Upon coordination of DMEDA, six new stereogenic nitrogen centers are formed with perfect diastereoselectivity in the solid state, and only a single diastereomer is observed in solution. The lithium-bound DMEDA ligands are not displaced by cyclohexenone, DMF, or THF on the NMR time scale. Use of the DMEDA adduct Li 3(DMEDA) 3(BINOLate) 3La in three catalytic asymmetric reactions led to enantioselectivities similar to those obtained with Shibasaki's Li 3(THF) n (BINOLate) 3La complex. Also reported is a unique dimeric [Li 6(en) 7(BINOLate) 6Eu 2][mu-eta (1),eta (1)-en] structure [en = ethylenediamine]. On the basis of these studies, it is hypothesized that the lanthanide in Shibasaki's Li 3(THF) n (BINOLate) 3Ln complexes cannot bind bidentate substrates in a chelating fashion. A hypothesis is also presented to explain why the lanthanide catalyst, Li 3(THF) n (BINOLate) 3La, is often the most enantioselective of the Li 3(THF) n (BINOLate) 3Ln derivatives.     

Synthesis, Structure and Catalytic Activity Comparison of Tris- and Tetracoordinated Lanthanide Amides

Tetracoordinated lanthanide amides [(MeaSi)2N]3Ln (μ-C1)Li(THF)3 (Ln=La (1), Pr (2)) were synthesized by the reaction of anhydrous lanthanide(Ⅲ) chlorides LnCl3 (Ln=La, Pr) with 3 equiv, of lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (Me3Si)2NLi in THF, followed by recrystallization from toluene. Sublimation of 1 and 2 afforded the triscoordinate lanthanide amides [(Me3Si)2N]3Ln (Ln=La, Pr). The crystal structure of 2 was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The catalytic activity studies show that the tetracoordinate amides can be used as single-component MMA (methyl methacrylate) polymerization catalysts, while the triscoordinate amides showed poor activity on MMA polymerization under the same conditions.     

Carbon-bridged bis(phenolato)lanthanide alkoxides: syntheses, structures, and their application in the controlled polymerization of epsilon-caprolactone

A convenient method for the synthesis of lanthanide alkoxo complexes supported by a carbon-bridged bis(phenolate) ligand 2,2'-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenoxo) (MBMP2-) is described. The reaction of (C5H5)3Nd with MBMPH2 in a 1:1 molar ratio in THF gave the bis(phenolato)lanthanide complex (C5H5)Nd(MBMP)(THF)2 (1) in a nearly quantitative yield. Complex 1 further reacted with 1 equiv of 2-propanol in THF to yield the bis(phenolato)lanthanide isopropoxide [(MBMP)2Nd(mu-OPr(i))(THF)2]2 (2) in high yield. Complex 2 can also be synthesized by the direct reaction of (C5H5)3Nd with MBMPH2 in a 1:1 molar ratio and then with 1 equiv of 2-propanol in situ in THF. Thus, the analogue bis(phenolato)lanthanide alkoxides [(MBMP)2Ln(mu-OR)(THF)2]2 [R = Pr(i), Ln = Yb (3); R = Me, Ln = Nd (4), Yb (5); R = CH2Ph, Ln = Nd (6), Yb (7)] were obtained by the reactions of (C5H5)3Ln (Ln = Nd, Yb) with MBMPH2 and then with 2-propanol, methanol, or benzyl alcohol, respectively. The ytterbium complex {[(MBMP)2Yb(THF)2]2(mu-OCH2Ph)(mu-OH)} (8) was also isolated as a byproduct. The single-crystal structural analyses of complexes 1-3 and 8 revealed that the coordination geometry around lanthanide metal can be best described as a distorted tetrahedron in complex 1 and as a distorted octahedron in complexes 2, 3, and 8. A O-H...Yb agostic interaction was observed in complex 8. Complexes 2-7 were shown to be efficient catalysts for the controlled polymerization of epsilon-caprolactone.