减反膜的梯度化与激光损伤阈值之间的关系研究

光学减反膜是激光系统的重要组成部分，也是在激光照射下最容易发生损伤的部分，如何提高减反膜的激光损伤阈值是研究的热点之一。在保持目标透射光谱要求和膜系总光学厚度不变的前提下，研究了不同梯度化减反膜与激光损伤阈值之间的关系。首先采用混合渐变膜系设计方法设计了一种渐变减反膜系，G/H₁→H/L/A；其次通过渐变折射率分层等效方法将渐变减反膜系进行不同的梯度化，并利用PECVD技术，在K9玻璃上沉积了满足光学性能指标要求的不同渐变减反膜系(多层梯度渐变膜系和相应的坡度渐变膜系)；最后进行了激光损伤阈值(LIDT)测量。研究结果表明:在保持目标透射光谱要求和膜系总光学厚度不变的前提下，渐变减反膜系相比于传统减反膜系，抗激光损伤阈值有明显的提高；随着梯度化层数的增加，渐变减反膜系的激光损伤阈值呈减小的趋势；对于相同膜层的渐变折射率薄膜，采用坡度法制备的样片抗激光损伤阈值均优于采用梯度化制备的样片。     

光纤Fizeau干涉仪的声发射检测研究

验证了一种基于光纤Fizeau干涉仪的声发射传感器,可用于固体表面传播的超声波的检测.这种传感器的特点是能够精确地检测由固体表面传播的超声波产生的微弱振动.当超声波信号通过光纤传感器到达探测器时,干涉仪的输出光强度受到了超声信号的调制.通过检测干涉仪的输出光强度并利用Fourier变换,测得了超声信号的振幅和频率.对传感系统的相位调制特性进行了仿真,并对实验结果进行了分析.     

光温双控太赫兹波调制特性研究

基于多频带金属开口谐振环结构,利用GaAs材料的光敏特性和VO₂薄膜的热致相变特性,设计了一种既能实现光控又能实现温控的太赫兹(Terahertz, THz)波调制器,研究了光强和薄膜温度对 THz波调制特性的影响。结果表明,随着光强的增加,谐振频率均出现蓝移且谐振强度减小,当光强达到0.2 μJ·cm-2时,第二个谐振点(0.52 THz)蓝移了0.14 THz,透射幅度增加达50%;随着VO₂温度增加至相变温度以上,THz波透射幅度急剧减小,在0.63 THz处透射幅度减小达45.5%;当光强和温度同时控制时,随着光强和温度的增加,谐振点频率蓝移且谐振点处的THz波透射幅度增加,但在温度超过相变温度后,则温度控制起主导作用。设计的THz波调制器能通过光控和温控实现对THz波的明显调制效果,可为实现多功能的THz波功能器件的设计及应用提供参考。     

Evanescent Plane Waves in Multilayer Structures

We have considered evanescent plane waves in structures with a layer of a substance with ε, μ < 0 and with a layer of a well-reflecting metal, ε < 0, μ ≥ 1. Waves with increased amplitude as compared with the initial wave have been found to occur, due to which evanescent waves with wave number as in the initial wave but with increased amplitude arise behind these layers. A composite material with ε, μ < 0 at optical frequencies are proposed. Surface waves on a metal layer are considered in detail. It is shown that surface waves with a sufficiently arbitrary wave number can be excited. It is also shown that, on very thin layers, surface waves with wave number exceeding ten times that of a homogeneous plane wave in vacuum can be excited. Propagation losses are calculated. For a silver layer, the wave path can be from 30 up to 100 wavelengths. Practical use in developing techniques for optical transformations of short-wave surface waves in 2D space, similar to those in 3D space, are pointed out.     

Heat-insulation film with gold layer deposited on antireflection subwavelength-structured surface

The optical properties of gold layer deposited on antireflection subwavelength-structured surface are first exposed. The experimental results of the reflectances and transmittances for several different thicknesses of gold-deposited layers on the subwavelength structures are carried out. The nanostructured surface with spatial period and a diameter of about 230 nm and height of about 150 nm on polyethylene terphthalate (PET) film is fabricated by micro-replication process of UV imprinting. Comparing these with the bare gold-deposited layer and bare nanostructure, the results show that the optical films with the suitable gold layer deposited on antireflection subwavelength-structured surface has high transmittance and low glare in the visible spectral range and high reflectance in the infrared range. That is to say, when the antireflection subwavelength-structured surface is coated with a gold layer of several tens of nm thickness, it will have some unique optical characters.     

Optical zoomeron as a result of beatings of the internal modes of a Bragg soliton

A new solution of two-wave Maxwell-Bloch equations has been obtained analytically and numerically. It describes the propagation of an oscillating nonlinear optical solitary wave, or optical zoomeron, in a one-dimensional periodic resonant Bragg structure. It has been shown that the appearance of large oscillations in the velocity and total amplitude of Bloch modes of the pulse is caused by beating of internal modes of the perturbed Bragg soliton.     

Effect of Airy disk on schlieren diffraction interferometer

Schlieren is among the oldest and widely used optical techniques for detection of change in refractive index in transparent media. Present work demonstrates the effect of the position of schlieren element in the Airy pattern on the schlieren interferogram. It has been shown that the amplitude of the diffracted wave, starting from schlieren element and serving as an inbuilt reference beam for the schlieren diffraction interferometer, becomes maximum when schlieren element diffracts light from the Airy disk. Effect of F-number of the optical system on schlieren pattern is also demonstrated via observations on the amplitude of diffracted light.     

锥形轮廓亚波长二维表面浮雕结构的矢量衍射特性

本文利用严格耦合波理论对多台阶逼近锥形轮廓的亚波长二维表面浮雕结构进行了计算分析.从本文的计算结果来看,采用多台阶来逐步逼近锥形轮廓的亚波长零级二维表面浮雕结构具有在宽波段、大视角上能够实现抗反射,并且对光波的偏振态下不敏感的特性.从而使得该结构为薄膜光学在材料的选择方面提供了极大的选择自由度.     

Imperfect antireflection coating effect reduction schemes for birefringent interleaver and optical communication systems

Chromatic dispersion (CD) caused by an imperfect antireflection coating is a great concern for optical engineers, and different techniques have been proposed to reduce CD in optical devices. In this article, we investigate two popular CD reduction techniques used in birefringent interleaver manufacturing and their effects on performance improvement of optical communication systems. Our results show that some CD reduction scheme bringing about a smaller CD ripple amplitude does not necessarily guarantee better system performance. This result can be used as a guideline for optical engineers working on reducing CD caused by an imperfect antireflection coating.     

彩色多晶硅太阳电池性能研究

通过调节单层SiN_x:H减反射膜的厚度制备各种颜色的多晶硅太阳电池. 测试了太阳电池片和组件的光学和电学性能, 用PC1D软件对其性能进行模拟. 通过分析得到以下结论: 1)当减反射膜的厚度小于50 nm时, 影响彩色组件和电池片功率变化的主要因素是开路电压(V_oc)和短路电流(I_sc), 当减反射膜的膜厚度大于50 nm时, 随着减反射膜钝化作用的稳定, 影响彩色组件和电池片功率变化的主要因素是I_sc; 2)大多数彩色电池片的效率比传统蓝色电池片的效率低, 但是在封装之后, 彩色电池组件可以有不同程度的增益, 主要原因是减反射膜与乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物和玻璃匹配性较好. 关键词： 彩色太阳电池 氮化硅 钝化 光学匹配     

Enhanced optical absorption by Ag nanoparticles in a thin film Si solar cell

Thin film solar cells have the potential to significantly reduce the cost of photovoltaics. Light trapping is crucial to such a thin film silicon solar cell because of a low absorption coefficient due to its indirect band gap. In this paper, we investigate the suitability of surface plasmon resonance Ag nanoparticles for enhancing optical absorption in the thin film solar cell. For evaluating the transmittance capability of Ag nanoparticles and the conventional antireflection film, an enhanced transmittance factor is introduced. We find that under the solar spectrum AM1.5, the transmittance of Ag nanoparticles with radius over 160 nm is equivalent to that of conventional textured antireflection film, and its effect is better than that of the planar antireflection film. The influence of the surrounding medium is also discussed.     

Features of magneto-optical resonances in an elliptically polarized traveling light wave

The parameters of nonlinear absorption magneto-optical resonances in the Hanle configuration have been studied as functions of the ellipticity of a traveling light wave. It has been found that these parameters (amplitude, width, and amplitude-to-width ratio) depend strongly on the polarization of the light wave. In particular, the resonance amplitude can increase by more than an order of magnitude when the polarization changes from linear to optimal elliptic. It has been shown that this effect is associated with the Doppler frequency shift for atoms in a gas. The theoretical results have been corroborated in experiments in Rb vapor.     

薄膜非均匀性及其对增透膜性能的影响

基于非均匀膜理论提出的折射率分层模型,将非均匀膜层分为N个均匀子层,应用光学薄膜特征矩阵对其进行理论分析。应用膜系设计软件模拟ZrO2和CeO2的负非均匀性对增透膜光谱特性的影响。研究结果表明:负非均匀性使多层增透膜的反射率增大,在参考波长处的光谱特性变差,使整个反射光谱曲线朝长波方向漂移,从而导致整个膜系的光谱特性偏离理想情形。     

大口径光学元件薄膜厚度均匀性修正

 研究了2.2 m高真空箱式镀膜机镀膜时的实际膜厚分布情况。对非球面和平面光学元件,分别采用行星夹具和平面公转夹具并利用修正板调节膜厚均匀性。从实验上实现了大口径薄膜均匀性的调节,并获得较为理想的结果。口径在700 mm范围内,对于凹面均匀性可以控制在0.7%以内,平面均匀性在1%以内;口径在1 200 mm范围内凹面元件均匀性可控制在1%以内,平面1 300 mm口径以内窗口均匀性可控制在1%以内。镀制了口径在400~1 300 mm的多种天文观测上使用的反射镜、增透膜等,获得了理想的光谱曲线与较好的使用效果。     

Characterization and sensor properties of sol-gel SiO2:TiO2 film/ion-exchange glass optical waveguides

The paper presents the characterization and sensor properties of composite sol-gel SiO₂:TiO₂ film/ion-exchange glass optical waveguides. In the theoretical part of the paper the analysis involving the influence of the parameters of a uniform waveguide film on homogeneous sensitivity has been presented. It has been shown that the highest sensitivity can be obtained making use of the interference of TM₀-TM₁ modes. In the experimental part of the work the manufacturing technology of composite sol-gel SiO₂:TiO₂ film/ion-exchange glass optical waveguides has been described and the analysis results of the produced structures have been presented. The paper presents the influence of the thickness of the uniform waveguide film and the influence of the refractive index of the cover on effective refractive indexes. The produced waveguide structures are characterized by high homogeneous sensitivity.     

Acoustic waves in a rotating ideal gas

The acoustic wave propagation in a rotating ideal gas with density stratification due to the rotation is considered. To describe the waves propagating normally to the rotation axis, an equation for a scalar quantity that is a function of density is proposed. The frequency dependences of the phase and group velocities of an acoustic-gyroscopic wave are presented. It is shown that the stratification of gas leads to an exponential amplitude decay for an acoustic wave generated near the rotation axis and has no effect on the inertial-gyroscopic wave.     

Interaction of a guided wave with space charge waves in anisotropic waveguides with the inclusion of a leaky wave

The conversion of an optical guided wave into a leaky mode in a film anisotropic optical waveguide resulting from its interaction with a space charge wave is considered. It is shown that this conversion mechanism may be more efficient than the acoustooptic conversion.     

Subwavelength structured surfaces with a broadband antireflection function analyzed by using a finite difference time domain method

Subwavelength structured surfaces with a broadband antireflection function are analyzed by using a finite difference time domain method. The 2D periodic pure conical and pyramidal structures and several composite structured surfaces composing of conical and pyramidal structures are presented and discussed. It is found that the antireflection function will decrease for the same size of structures when the structure arrangement is discontinuous and the results of the structures with an aspect ratio of 2.0 are obviously better than the 1.0. It is also found that some composite structured surfaces have powerful antireflection function in the spectral ranges of 400-1400 nm within the 800-1200 nm spectral ranges.     

硅薄膜太阳电池表面纳米线阵列光学设计

陷光结构的优化是增加硅薄膜太阳电池光吸收进而提高其效率的关键技术之一. 以硅纳米线阵列为代表的光子晶体微纳陷光结构具有突破传统陷光结构Yablonovith极限的巨大潜力. 通常硅纳米线阵列可以用作太阳电池的增透减反层、轴向p-n结、径向p-n结. 针对以上三种应用, 本文运用有限时域差分(FDTD)法系统研究了硅纳米线阵列在 300-1100 nm 波段的光学特性. 结果表明, 当硅纳米线作为太阳电池的减反层时, 周期P=300 nm, 高度H=1.5 μm, 填充率(FR)为0.282条件下时, 反射率最低为7.9%. 当硅纳米线作为轴向p-n结电池时, P=500 nm, H=1.5 μm, FR=0.55条件下纳米线阵列的吸收效率高达22.3%. 硅纳米线作为径向p-n结电池时, 其光吸收主要依靠纳米线, 硅纳米线P=300 nm, H=6 μm, FR= 0.349 条件下其吸收效率高达32.4%, 进一步提高其高度吸收效率变化不再明显. 此外, 本文还分析了非周期性硅纳米线阵列的光学性质, 与周期性硅纳米线阵列相比, 直径随机分布和位置随机分布的硅纳米线阵列都可以使吸收效率进一步提高, 相比于周期性硅纳米线阵列, 优化后直径随机分布的硅纳米线阵列吸收效率提高了39%, 吸收效率为27.8%. 本文运用FDTD法对硅纳米线阵列的光学特性进行设计与优化, 为硅纳米线阵列在太阳电池中的应用提供了理论支持.     

Čerenkov radiation excited by an ultrashort laser pulse with oblique amplitude front

We develop the theory of generation of terahertz ?erenkov radiation in a homogeneous nonlinear optical crystal if the amplitude and phase fronts of the excitation pulse do not coincide. It is shown that in the case of the nonlinear optical interaction, the use of laser pulses with oblique amplitude front makes it possible to increase the efficiency of generation of terahertz radiation. In contrast to the case where the amplitude and wave fronts coincide, radiation propagates in a strictly determined direction specified by the amplitude-front plane. It is established that the maximum generation efficiency is reached if the angle of inclination of the amplitude front coincides with that of the terahertz-radiation wave vector.