A practical grinding-assisted dry synthesis of nanocrystalline NiMoO4 polymorphs for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane

A practical two-stage reactive grinding-assisted pathway waste-free and cost-effective for the synthesis of NiMoO₄ has been successfully developed. It was demonstrated that proper design in synthetic strategy for grinding plays a crucial role in determining the ultimate polymorph of NiMoO₄. Specifically, direct grinding (DG) of MoO₃ and NiO rendered α-NiMoO₄ after annealing, whereas sequential grinding (SG) of the two independently pre-ground oxides followed by annealing generated β-NiMoO₄ solid solution. Characterizations in terms of Raman and X-ray diffraction suggest the creation of β-NiMoO₄ precursor in the latter alternative is the key aspect for the formation of β-NiMoO₄. The DG-derived α-NiMoO₄ tested by oxidative dehydrogenation of propane exhibited superior activity in contrast to its analog synthesized via conventional coprecipitation. It is suggested that the favorable chemical composition facilely obtained via grinding in contrast to that by coprecipitation was essential for achieving a more selective production of propylene.     

P-modified cobalt oxide：A novel and effective catalyst for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane

A series of nanosized cobalt oxide catalysts modified with phosphorus have been synthesized by the sol–gel method and investigated in the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propene.With the addition of phosphorus,the crystallite size of the catalyst was largely decreased,while the P species in the catalyst were highly dispersed.Compared to pure cobalt oxide,the P-modified samples showed higher propane conversion and enhanced propene selectivity.Over the PCoO catalyst with a P/Co atomic ratio of 0.05,the maximal propene yields of 15.7%with a propane conversion of 28.3%were obtained at 520℃.     

Li含量对Li/MgO丙烷氧化脱氢制烯烃反应催化性能的影响

采用浸渍法制备了不同Li含量的Li/MgO催化剂,并通过TG-DTA、N_2吸附及XRD等手段对其进行了表征;对丙烷在Li/MgO催化剂表面的两种吸附状态所占据的空间体积大小进行了计算,研究了Li含量对其丙烷氧化脱氢制烯烃反应催化性能的影响。结果表明,随着Li/MgO催化剂中Li含量的增加,丙烷转化率与乙烯、甲烷、乙烷和COx的选择性均先增加,在Li物质的量分数为3%时达到最高,然后随Li含量增加而降低,而丙烯选择性则出现相反的变化趋势。丙烷在Li/MgO催化剂上的吸附和反应同时受动力学和热力学两个因素的制约;Li负载量不同,反应活性位Li+O-分散状态也不同,导致产物分布发生变化。活性位分散度高时受热力学因素影响,有利于生成丙烯;活性位分散度低时受吸附动力学影响,更趋向于生成乙烯等其他产物。     

丙烷脱氢PtSn/Al_2O_3催化剂积炭行为研究

通过HRTEM、XRD、FT-IR、Raman、~(13)C NM R、NH_3-TPD、DTG及元素分析等表征手段,研究了丙烷脱氢PtSn催化剂积炭性质及其对催化剂结构的影响,分析了催化剂的积炭失活过程。结果表明,积炭覆盖活性位并堵塞催化剂孔道是催化剂失活主要因素;与新鲜催化剂相比,催化剂积炭完全失活后,Pt颗粒粒径并没有明显变化;完全失活时,XRD谱图出现了无定形石墨炭的衍射峰;随着积炭量的增加,焦的石墨化程度越高,芳构化程度加深,难以消除的炭增多,再生难度加大。提出丙烷在Pt活性位深度脱氢形成积炭并向载体转移的历程,认为更为稳定的C_(24)H_(12)是积炭前驱体。     

Synergetic effect between NiO and Ni3V2O8 in propane oxidative dehydrogenation

The oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of propane was investigated on Ni-V-O catalysts in a wide range of vanadium contents (5-40%). The addition of a small amount of vanadium significantly increased the catalytic activity of NiO for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propene. The formation of propene has a good correlation with the coexistence of NiO and Ni₃V₂O₈. This result strongly suggests that a synergetic effect exists between them in Ni_XV_1-XO_Y (X = 0.95 to 0.6). The best results were obtained with a high Ni/V ratio (e.g. X = 0.95 to 0.85). The active sites and selective oxygen species are discussed. The influence of the catalyst preparation technique and the redox properties of the catalyst were also examined.     

MgF2 as a non-conventional catalyst support

This review reports progress in the study of the surface structure of MgF₂ and its use as a support of catalytically active phases. Magnesium fluoride was applied first as a support in catalysis for systems containing individual oxides of transition metals (Mo, V, W, Cu, Cr) and then two different oxide phases (Cu-Cr, Cu-Mn), a metal phase (Ru, Pd) or heteropolyacids. Its use as a support enabled determination of the structure and surface properties of these catalysts. The MgF₂-supported catalysts are characterized by high activity and selectivity in such processes as: hydrodechlorination of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrodesulfurization of organic compounds and purification of fuel combustion products from nitrogen oxides. Magnesium fluoride has been also used in MgF₂-doped chromium or aluminum fluoride catalysts for Cl/F exchange on hydrochlorocarbons.     

Effect of the rhenium additive to VOx/TiO2 and MoOx/TiO2 catalysts on their properties in oxidative dehydrogenation of propane

VO_x/TiO₂ and MoO_x/TiO₂ catalysts with the addition of Re (Re/V or Mo = 0.5) were synthetized and tested in oxidative dehydrogenation of propane and in reduction by propane. XPS measurements showed depletion of the surface in Re. The Re additive does not affect the total conversion of propane, but increases the selectivity to propene. The effect is more pronounced for the MoO_x/TiO₂ catalyst. The increase in the selectivity to propene is accompanied with the increase in the reducibility of the catalysts.     

Modification of Cr/SiO2 for the dehydrogenation of propane to propylene in carbon dioxide

Summary Dehydrogenation of propane to propylene in carbon dioxide was investigated over promoted Cr/SiO2. The results showed that the catalysts were effective for the reaction and CO2 in the feed promoted the catalytic activity. XRD, TPR and microcalorimetric adsorption techniques were used to study the structure and surface acidity of the catalysts. It was found that the surface acidity decreased with the increase of K in the Cr/SiO2 and led to the increase of selectivity toward propylene. A propane conversion of 31% with 91% selectivity to propylene over the 5%Cr-0.4%K/SiO2 catalyst was observed at 923 K with CO2 /C3H8 molar ratio of 3.6.     

非贵金属Co-N-C/MgO高效催化糠醛氧化酯化制糠酸甲酯

设计开发绿色、可持续的生物质资源高效转化制化学品催化过程具有重要的科学与应用研究价值.生物质基平台分子糠醛在分子氧存在下与甲醇发生氧化酯化,提供了一条糠酸甲酯的"非石油基"合成新路线.该反应采用贵金属/非贵金属催化体系,目前通常需要引入K2CO3或CH3ONa等碱性添加剂,以提高催化氧化酯化反应活性和选择性;但是存在活性组分流失、生成副产物及污染环境等问题,阻碍了其进一步应用.探索高性能非贵金属催化剂,实现无碱条件下糠醛高效氧化酯化,对于提高该生物质路线竞争力与推动工业化进程具有重要意义.     

羟基化氮化硼催化乙烷氧化脱氢制乙烯

乙烯是最为重要的化工原料之一,目前其工业来源主要来自于烃类的水蒸汽裂解过程.该过程本质上是一个高温均相裂解过程,温度(>800?℃)高,能耗大,碳排放严重.乙烷氧化脱氢制乙烯属于放热反应,反应温度低,速率快,无积碳等限制,是一条更富有竞争力的工艺路线.然而,常用的金属或金属氧化物催化剂容易导致乙烯深度氧化,从而降低了乙烯选择性.纳米碳材料在烃类氧化脱氢反应中展现出一定的催化活性,但容易被氧化,难以用于反应温度高的乙烷氧化脱氢反应.本文报道了羟基化的氮化硼(BNOH)可高效催化乙烷氧化脱氢制乙烯.氮化硼边沿羟基官能团脱氢生成了动态活性位,从而引发了乙烷的脱氢反应.BNOH对乙烷氧化脱氢制乙烯显示出高选择性.当乙烷转化率在11%,乙烯选择性可高达95%;当乙烷转化率增加到40%,乙烯选择性保持在90%.重要的是,当乙烷转化率超过60%时,BNOH仍然可保持80%的乙烯选择性以及50%的乙烯收率.这些性能指标与现有工业乙烷水蒸气裂解过程运行性能相当.进一步优化反应条件,BNOH催化剂能够实现高达9.1 gC2H4 gcat-1 h-1的时空收率.经过200 h的氧化脱氢反应测试,BNOH催化剂活性和选择性基本恒定,表明其具有非常好的稳定性.X射线粉末衍射结果显示,反应前后BNOH催化剂的物相没有发生变化.透射电子显微镜测试证实,反应后BNOH催化剂的形貌和微观结构也没有明显改变.X射线光电子能谱结果显示,反应200 h后BNOH催化剂表面的氧含量仅从反应前的6.9 atom%微增到8.3 atom%.1H固体核磁共振谱测试显示,反应200 h后,BNOH催化剂上羟基含量无明显改变.结合原位透射红外光谱和同位素示踪实验,初步确定了BNOH催化剂上引发乙烷氧化脱氢反应的活性中心.氮化硼边沿的氧官能团并不能引发乙烷的氧化脱氢反应,而羟基官能团才是氧化脱氢反应发生的活性位.在乙烷氧化脱氢条件下,分子氧脱除羟基官能团上的氢原子动态生成BNO·?和HO2·?活性位.密度泛函理论计算表明,乙烷首先在BNO·?或HO2·?位活化生成乙基自由基,这些中间物进一步与气相氧物种发生反应脱氢生成乙烯.动力学测试结果也验证了上述实验和理论结果.     

Effect of group VIII elements on the behavior of Li/CaO catalyst in the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane

The effect of addition of group VIII elements to Li/CaO on the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane has been investigated in the range of 550–650°c. Iron, cobalt and nickel promote the reaction. The experiments show that iron and cobalt additives in Li/CaO catalysts mainly increase the catalytic activity. Li/Ni/CaO catalyst gives a high ethane conversion and excellent ethylene selectivity. The results on the catalyst are probably due to coordinative interaction between lithium and nickel. The characteristics of the catalysts revealed by XRD also give evidence that the promotion for both catalytic activity and ethylene selectivity is directly related to the formation of favorable crystal phases.     

PtSnNa/SUZ-4:丙烷脱氢反应的高效催化剂

丙烷脱氢制丙烯是优化利用炼厂气和油田伴生气资源的一条重要途径.随着丙烯需求量的逐步增加,丙烷脱氢制丙烯日益受到重视.负载型PtSn/γ-Al2O3催化剂具有优良的丙烷脱氢活性和选择性,但在高温、低氢压的反应条件下,催化剂易积炭而失活.近年来,选用了微孔分子筛如ZSM-5和介孔分子筛如SBA-15和MCM-41作为PtSn催化剂的载体,结果表明,具有规整孔道结构的负载型PtSn/分子筛催化剂的丙烷脱氢反应稳定性明显优于PtSn/γ-Al2O3催化剂.SUZ-4分子筛与ZSM-5分子筛结构相似且孔径相当,所不同的是ZSM-5由十元环交叉孔道组成,而SUZ-4由十元环和八元环孔道垂直相交组成.我们用微型催化反应装置结合XRD、BET比表面积和孔体积测试、NH3吸附-程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)、氢化学吸附、热重分析(TG)、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)和程序升温氧化(TPO)等多种物理化学手段研究了负载型PtSnNa/SUZ-4和PtSnNa/ZSM-5催化剂的结构和丙烷脱氢反应性能,以及这两种催化剂在丙烷脱氢反应中催化性能差异的原因.实验结果显示,在丙烷脱氢反应中,负载型PtSnNa/SUZ-4催化剂上丙烯选择性和反应稳定性明显优于PtSnNa/ZSM-5催化剂,说明载体一定程度上会影响催化剂上丙烷脱氢反应性能.XRD,BET比表面积和孔体积测试等表征手段结果表明,SUZ-4和ZSM-5的孔体积和比表面积比较接近,载体的结构又类似,且两者的积碳量也相近,故载体的基本性质和积碳量的差异不是引起催化剂性能差异的原因.NH3-TPD结果表明,H-SUZ-4的酸强度明显强于H-ZSM-5.由于浸渍法制备负载型PtSn催化剂所用前体为具有强酸性的混合溶液(H2PtCl6+SnCl4),存在于SUZ-4分子筛孔道内表面的强酸中心不利于上述前体与SUZ-4分子筛孔道内表面结合.ZSM-5分子筛孔道内表面比较弱的强酸中心,促进了催化剂前体在ZSM-5分子筛孔道内表面的分散与结合.和ZSM-5为载体的催化剂相比,PtSnNa/SUZ-4上Pt粒子大部分分散在载体的外表面,从而金属上的积碳不易引起催化剂的失活.故多孔材料上Pt的分布是影响催化活性差异的主要原因.为进一步证明多孔材料上Pt的分布是影响催化活性差异的主要原因,我们通过二苯并噻吩预处理催化剂的手段证明Pt粒子在分子筛孔内外的分布情况.由于二苯并噻吩的尺寸比较大(0.8 nm)不能进入到分子筛的孔道内(SUZ-4:0.56 nm,ZSM-5:0.56 nm),所以载体孔道外的部分Pt会被二苯并噻吩预处理而失去活性,而孔道内的Pt不会因为预处理仍具有催化活性.实验结果表明,PtSnNa/SUZ-4经过二苯并噻吩预处理后,催化活性大大降低;而PtSnNa/ZSM-5经过二苯并噻吩预处理后,催化活性几乎没有变化.说明PtSnNa/SUZ-4上Pt粒子大部分分散在载体的外表面,从而金属上的积碳不易引起催化剂的失活.     

Oxidative dehydrogenation of propane over Mo/g-Al2O3. effect of precursor

Alumina supported molybdenum oxide was prepared using ammonium heptamolybdate and molybdenum acetate as different precursors. The catalysts were characterized by BET, AAS, SEM-EDAX, XRD, TPR and surface acidity measurements. The characterization results and the catalytic behavior in oxydehydrogenation of propane were similar irrespective of precursor. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effective modification of MgO with surface transition metal oxides for NF3 decomposition

NF3 decomposition over transition metal oxides coated MgO reagents in the absence of water is investigated. The results show that NF3 can be decomposed completely over pure MgO but the time of NF3 steady full conversion kept as short as 80 min, while the reactivities of coated MgO reagents were remarkably enhanced by transition metal oxides, for example the time of NF3 complete conversion over 12%Fe/MgO extended to 380 min. It is suggested that not only an increase in surface area but also a significant enhancement in the fluorination of MgO substrate caused by the surface transition metal oxides result in an improved reactivity of coated MgO reagents for NF3 decomposition.     

钒氧化物催化CO2氧化异丁烷脱氢的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了一系列钒氧化物催化剂,并用于CO₂氧化异丁烷脱氢反应. 采用X射线衍射、低温N₂吸附-脱附、O₂程序升温氧化、程序升温表面反应和原位傅里叶变换红外光谱等方法研究了催化剂的性质. 反应结果表明,尽管所有钒氧化物催化剂的丁烯选择性都大于85%,但随着催化剂组成和制备方法的改变,催化活性和稳定性差异显著. 其中,12 wt% V₂O₅/Ce_0.6Zr_0.4O₂（7 wt%）-Al₂O₃的催化活性最高,而6 wt% V₂O₅-Ce_0.6Zr_0.4O₂（7 wt%）-Al₂O₃的稳定性最佳. 关联分析催化反应结果与催化剂表征表明,钒氧化物的催化活性取决于VO_x物种的结晶度和分散度,而催化剂表面所积重质焦炭的特性是决定催化剂稳定性的关键. 非稳态反应和原位光谱结果确认,CO₂氧化异丁烷脱氢遵循Mars-van Krevelen氧化还原机理.     

Novel KF-TiO2catalysts for oxidative dehydrogenation of isobutane

A novel type of catalysts, KF-TiO₂, efficient for the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of isobutane is presented. The effect of KF content and calcination temperature was studied. In the reaction conditions explored, the best performance (73 % selectivity to isobutene at 10.5 % conversion of isobutane) was observed over a catalyst with KF/TiO₂ = 0.2 (mol/mol). The surface properties of the catalysts were investigated by SPS (Surface Photo-voltage Spectroscopy) and XPS. The promotion effect of KF in the catalysts can be attributed to the formation of an oxyfluoro-compound, K₂Ti₄O₈F₂.     

Oxidative dehydrogenation of propane on TiO2-supported chromium and zinc oxides

Oxidative dehydrogenation of propane has been studied on chromium, zinc and zinc-chromium mixed oxides supported on anatase titania. The order of activity and selectivity to propene was CrTi>ZnCrTi>ZnTi. The activity and selectivity to propene did not change markedly with increase in the reaction temperature.     

Effect of additives on properties of vanadia-based catalysts for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane: Experimental and quantum chemical studies

Effect of additives (A) comprising main group elements (K, P) and transition metals (Ni, Cr, Mo) to VO_x/SiO₂ catalysts on their catalytic behavior in oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of propane are studied. The experimental findings are compared with results of quantum chemical calculations performed for a model O=V---O---V^* cluster in which V^* atom is replaced by an atom of A. The selectivities to propene found in experiments change on introducing the additives, decreasing in the sequence VK(64)>VCr(38)>VMo=VNi(32)>VP(28)V0(27). Quantum chemical calculations indicate the change in the electron density on the atoms of the active O=V---O groups for the clusters with the additives’ atoms. The extent of the electron transfer from A towards the active group (the increase in the centre basicity) follows the sequence of the decreasing selectivity to propene, confirming the role of acid–base properties in controlling the selectivity in ODH of propane. Results of calculations show also an exceptional behavior of the potassium (the most effective additive for the increase in the selectivity in experiments); in contrast to all other additivies, K transfers electrons towards both V and O atoms in the active group, and does not form a definite O---K bond, but is rather “adsorbed” on the cluster.     

Aerobic oxidative dehydrogenation of N-heterocycles catalyzed by cobalt porphyrin

An efficient catalytic procedure has been developed for the aerobic oxidative dehydrogenation of N-heterocycles by cobalt porphyrin in the absence of any additives. The catalytic system could tolerate various 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline derivatives and some other N-heterocycles. The corresponding N-heteroaromatics could be obtained in 59–86% yields. The mechanism investigation suggested that the aerobic oxidative dehydrogenation might proceed with imine intermediate through radical paths.     

Increased promotion by deposition of Co acetylacetonate over sulphided Mo/TiO2 hydrodesulphurization catalyst

CoMo/TiO₂ catalysts prepared by deposition of Co acetylacetonate on presulphided Mo/TiO₂ catalyst in methanol exhibited higher promotion of hydrodesulphurization activity than catalysts prepared by conventional impregnation of Mo/TiO₂ by a solution of Co nitrate.