Geometry versus basicity of bilatrienes: Stretched and helical protonated biliverdins

Summary The ease of protonation of bilatrienes at the pyrrolenine nitrogen critically depends on their conformation. The biliverdin2 being constrained to a helical (Z, Z, Z, syn, syn, syn) geometry by its four link chain is ca. three orders of magnitude less basic than flexible open-chain bilatrienes like biliverdin-IX dimethyl ester (1), which is shown to adopt a stretched conformation in its monoprotonated form. These results are obtained by a comparative investigation of the titrations of1 and2 with sulfuric acid in methanol and methanol-water by means of UV-VIS and NMR spectroscopy.

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Zusammenhang zwischen Basizität und Konformation von Bilatrienen: Gestreckte und helikale protonierte Biliverdine

Zusammenfassung Die Leichtigkeit der Protonierung von Biliverdinen am Pyrrolenin-Stickstoff hängt von ihrer Konformation ab. Das Biliverdin2, das durch eine viergliedrige Brücke in einer helikalen (Z, Z, Z, syn, syn, syn-Geometrie festgehalten wird, ist um ca. drei Größenordnungen weniger basisch als flexible offenkettige Bilatriene, wie der Biliverdin-IX-dimethylester (1), der — wie gezeigt wird — in seiner monoprotonierten Form eine gestreckte Konformation einnimmt. Diese Ergebnisse werden durch eine vergleichende Untersuchung der Titrationen von1 und2 mit Schwefelsäure in Methanol bzw. Methanol-Wasser-Gemischen mithilfe der UV-VIS- und NMR-Spektroskopie erhalten.

     

Non-empirical SCF MO studies on the protonation of biopolymer constituents

Proton affinities of several of the tautomeric forms of cytosine and thymine have been calculated using theab initio Hartree-Fock-Roothaan SCF method. Several of the most stable protonated forms may be obtained by direct protonation from one of the two most stable neutral forms. The calculated total energies do not exclude the possibility of the coexistence of several protonated forms in acidic solutions.     

Zur Chemie der Pyrrolpigmente, 56. Mitt.

From an investigation of the ICD of bilatrienes-abc and 2,3-dihydrobilatrienes-abc induced by mixtures of CCl₄ with (+)-cis-Pinane, (–)-lactic and (+)-tartaric acid esters it is concluded that specific interactions between chromophore and the chiral reagents afford a partial resolution of the labile racemate of helices. Attaching chiral residues covalently to the chromophore induces very low resolution of the same kind in case of apolar ligands like a cholesteryl-residue. However, with polar ligands as in the case ofBoc-lysyl derivatives enantiomeric excesses up to 90% are achieved depending on the solvent used.

Herrn Prof. Dr.Karl Schlögl zu seinem 60. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Structural and energetic aspects of the protonation of phenol,catechol, resorcinol,and hydroquinone

The various protonated forms of phenol (1), catechol (2), resorcinol (3), and hydroquinone (4) were explored by ab initio quantum chemical calculations at the MP2/6-31G(d) and B3LYP/6-31G(d) levels. Proton affinities (PA) of 1-4 were calculated by the combined G2(MP2,SVP) method, and their gas-phase basicities were estimated after calculation of the change in entropy on protonation. These theoretical data were compared with the corresponding experimental values determined in a high-pressure mass spectrometer. This comparison confirmed that phenols are essentially carbon bases and that protonation generally occurs in a position para to the hydroxyl group. Resorcinol is the most effective base (PA = 856 kJ mol-1) due to the participation of both oxygen atoms in the stabilization of the protonated form. Since protonation is accompanied by a freezing of the two internal rotations, a significant decrease in entropy is observed. The basicity of catechol (PA = 823 kJ mol-1) is due to the existence of an intramolecular hydrogen bond, which is strengthened upon protonation. The lower basicity of hydroquinone (PA = 808 kJ mol-1) is a consequence of the fact that protonation necessarily occurs in a position ortho to the hydroxyl group. When the previously published data are reconsidered and a corrected protonation entropy is used, a proton affinity value of 820 kJ mol-1 is obtained for phenol.     

An MNDO study of the electrophilic aromatic substitution on trifluorobenzenes

Summary MNDO calculations of trifluorosubstituted benzenes and their protonated intermediates [Ph-F₃]H⁺ were performed. The results are discussed with respect to changes in geometry, charge distribution and stabilities of the individual intermediates. It appears that the predominant influence which controls the protonation position is the ability of the substituent F to increase both the positive charge and polarities of the carbon bonds situated in themeta-position with respect to the substituent, thus directing protonation to theortho- andpara-positions.     

Chiral initiator-induces self-disproportionation of enantiomers via achiral chromatography: application to enantiomer separation of racemate

We report here the theoretical design and proof of principle of the first example of a conceptually new approach for the preparation of enantiomerically pure compounds from the racemates by chiral initiator-induced Self-Disproportionation of Enantiomers (SDE) via achiral chromatography.     

用密度泛函方法研究质子化苯基丙酮-水团簇

The structure and growth trend of the protonated acetophenone-water clusters have been investigated using the DFT-B3LYP method combined with the standard 6-31+G(d,p) basis set. In order to obtain more accurate single-point energy the B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,2p) method was adapted. The results show that the formation of H+C8H8O-H2O is a barrierless reaction process and the equilibrium distance between the proton and the O atom in C8H8O molecule is 1.015 A. For H+C8H8O-(H2O)n(n=1,2,3) clusters, the proton lies between the acetophenone molecule C8H8O and the water molecule H2O. The distance between the proton and the O atom of the C8H8O molecule increased from n=1 to n=3; C8H8O-H+-H2O can be regarded as an solvation shell. For H+C8H8O (H2O)n (n=4,5,6,7,8) clusters, the proton lies between the two H2O molecules forming a H5O2+ structure, C8H8O-H5O2+ is an important structure, which the other H2O molecules will attack from different sides.     

Semiempirical Use of Chirality Functions for the Description of the Optical Activity of Allene Derivatives in the Transparent Region

A comparison of calculated and experimental data shows that the optical rotatory power of phenylallenecarboxylic acids is quantitatively described by the polynomial expression developed in (1). The T_d component of this expression, the only relevant one for the case of methane derivatives turns out to be negligibly small in the case of allene derivatives. Therefore, and because allene derivatives belong to category a^[16] the sequence of the λ-parameter values of the ligands may be used to determine the configuration and the sign of rotation.     

On the1H NMR spectra of biliverdins with free propionic acid substituents

Summary The¹H NMR spectra of Biliverdin IX and Mesobiliverdin XIII were studied in order to explain their low resolution in CDCl₃/CD₃OD solvent mixtures. The smallT ₂ andT ₁ values of these¹H NMR spectra are probably due to aggregate formation promoted by the presence of the free propionic acid substituents.

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¹H-NMR-Spektren von mit freien Propionsäureresten substituierten Biliverdinen

Zusammenfassung Es wurden die¹H-NMR-Spektren von Biliverdin IX und Mesobiliverdin XIII untersucht. In CDCl₃/CD₃OD-Mischungen erhält man eine schlechte Auflösung. Die niedrigenT ₁-undT ₂-Werte lassen sich durch eine Aggregatbildung erklären, die durch die freien Propionsäuregruppen verursacht wird.

     

The Protonation of Acetamide and Thioacetamide in Super­acidic Solutions: Crystal Structures of [H3CC(OH)NH2]+AsF6– and [H3CC(SH)NH2]+AsF6–

Acetamide and thioacetamide react with the superacid solutions HF/MF₅ (M = As, Sb) under formation of the corresponding salts [H₃CC(OH)NH₂]⁺MF₆^– and [H₃CC(SH)NH₂]⁺MF₆^– (M = As, Sb), respectively. The reaction of DF/AsF₅ with acetamide and thioacetamide lead to the corresponding deuterated salts [H₃CC(OD)ND₂]⁺AsF₆^– and [H₃CC(SD)ND₂]⁺AsF₆^–, respectively_. The salts are characterized by vibrational and NMR spectroscopy, and in the case of [H₃CC(OH)NH₂]⁺AsF₆^– and [H₃CC(SH)NH₂]⁺AsF₆^– also by single‐crystal X‐ray analyses. The [H₃CC(OH)NH₂]⁺AsF₆^– ( 1 ) salt crystallizes in the triclinic space group P$\bar{1}$ with two formula units per unit cell, and the [H₃CC(SH)NH₂]⁺AsF₆^– ( 2 ) salt crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2₁/c with four formula units per unit cell. In both crystal structures three‐dimensional networks are observed which are formed by intra‐ and intermolecular N–H ··· F and O–H ··· F or S–H ··· F hydrogen bonds, respectively. For the vibrational analyses, quantum chemically calculated spectra of the cations [H₃CC(OH)NH₂ · 3HF]⁺ and [H₃CC(SH)NH₂ · 2HF]⁺ are considered.     

Thermodynamic parameters for the protonation of carboxylic acids in aqueous tetraethylammonium iodide solutions

The protonation constants of 21 carboxylic acids (formic, acetic, propionic, benzoic, phenoxyacetic, salicylic, oxalic, malonic, succinic, itaconic, malic, tartaric, oxydiacetic, thiodiacetic, thiodipropionic, phthalic, maleic, citric, 1,2,3-tricarboxylic, 1,2,4-tricarboxylic and 1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylic), have been determined potentiometrically, by pH-metric measurements, at several temperatures and ionic strengths, 5T55°C, 0<11 mol-dm^–3, using tetraethylammonium iodide as background salt. General equations for the dependence on ionic strength of thermodynamic parameters have been found. The statistical significance of results and the possibility of using a simple model for the thermodynamics of carboxylic acids protonation, is discussed.     

可录型光盘与菁染料光存储媒体的研究进展

本文简介绍了可录型光盘光学数据存储过程和作为存储介质同的菁染料５的稳定性及其应用研究概况,学一些新型光存储技术作了简要评述,并讨论了可录型光存储材料的发展趋势。     

The structure of protonated diamines and polyamines

The reduced mobilities in air, at 200C, of six isomeric C₇H₁₈N₂ protonated diamines, two triamines (caldine and spermidine), and two tetramines (thermine and spermine) were measured by ion mobility spectrometric (IMS) techniques. The results indicated that all these polyamines undergo proton-induced cyclization, with the proton forming a bridge between two amino groups. It appears as if the favored configuration of the protonated polyamines involves a six- or seven-membered ring rather than a bridge between the terminal amino groups. It is believed that in the tetramines the cyclic structure is formed between the two central, more basic, secondary amine sites.     

分离自木霉菌Trichoderma sp.的新型化合物Trichoderol A及绝对构型的确定

采用经典柱色谱方法从土壤真菌木霉菌Trichoderma sp.中分离得到1个新的化合物,为长链不饱和醇类.运用核磁共振及质谱等手段确定了化合物的平面结构,再结合电子圆二色谱(ECD)、旋光(OR)及量子化学方法计算确定其绝对构型.结果表明,该新化合物为Trichoderol A(1).活性测试结果显示,该化合物对3株致病菌具有一定程度的抗菌活性(MIC=25μmol/L).     

New solvates of the drug naltrexone: protonation,conformation and interplay of synthons

Naltrexone [systematic name: (4R,4aS,7aR,12bS)‐3‐cyclopropylmethyl‐4a,9‐dihydroxy‐2,4,5,6,7a,13‐hexahydro‐1H‐4,12‐methanobenzofuro[3,2‐e]isoquinolin‐7‐one] is an important morphine‐related drug used for combating alcoholism and opioid dependence. Of the eight crystal forms of naltrexone known thus far, only one exists in the neutral form and it crystallizes as a monohydrate. We have isolated the naltrexone free base as two new solvate forms, i.e. the ethyl acetate 0.33‐solvate, C₂₀H₂₃NO₄·0.33C₄H₈O₂, (I), and the diethyl ether hemisolvate, C₂₀H₂₃NO₄·0.5C₄H₁₀O, (II). While just one solvent molecule is present in the asymmetric unit of each solvate, there are three drug molecules (Z′ = 3) in ethyl acetate solvate (I) and two (Z′ = 2) in diethyl ether solvate (II). In (I), one of the three crystallographically independent drug molecules is present with its cyclopropyl group disordered over two sets of positions, as is the whole diethyl ether solvent molecule in (II). In all known forms, including the title forms, the naltrexone molecule exhibits the same conformation of the fused rings. The only conformational variability of naltrexone is in the cyclopropylmethyl group. Two conformations can be found around the bond connecting this group to the N‐heterocycle, which is directly related to drug protonation. We have calculated, at the B3LYP/6‐31G** level of theory, the minimum energy conformations of protonated and neutral naltrexone molecules for a chosen torsion angle about this bond. The lowest energy conformers depend on the protonation state and are in agreement with those found in the solid state. Within the cyclopropylmethyl group, the bond joining the methylene C atom to the cyclopropyl fragment also evidences conformational variability. In the literature, there are two well defined conformations around this bond. A third cyclopropyl conformation around this second bond is observed in the title solvates. Concerning the supramolecular features of the previously reported crystal structures, only one classical hydrogen bond between naltrexone molecules and one C(8) homosynthon is known, pointing to the robustness of this synthon and the difficulty in disrupting it. New R₂²(7) and C₂²(10) homosynthons are found in both (I) and (II), suggesting that their occurrence derives from crystallization of the neutral drug from nonpolar solvents.     

Reactivity of pyrrole pigments,part 15: On the oxidation of bilirubins and biliverdins

Summary Characteristic oxidation reactions of bilin-1,19-diones (biliverdins) and biladien-ac-1,19-diones (bilirubins) were reinvestigated. These include bromine and iodine oxidation of biliverdin IX, bilirubin IX and their Zn(II) complexes, the reaction described by Siedel (1941) of mesobilirubin XIII dimethyl ester with nitric acid (Gmelin reaction) and Smith's oxidation (1977) of etiobiliverdin IV using Tl triacetate and Pb tetra-acetate. For some of these reaction products new structures were assigned on the basis of their spectrometric data. These structures agreed with the expected reactivity pattern of biliverdins and bilirubins.

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Reaktivität von Pyrrolpigmenten, 15 Mitt.: Über die Oxidation von Bilirubinen und Biliverdinen

Zusammenfassung Einige bekannte Oxydationen von Bilin-1,19-dionen (Biliverdinen) und Biladien-ac-dionen (Bilirubinen) wurden neuerlich untersucht, und zwar die Brom- und Jodoxydation von Biliverdin IX und Bilirubin IX sowie der entsprechenden Zn(II)-Komplexe, die Reaktion des Dimethylesters von Mesobilirubin XIII mit HNO₃ (Gmelinreaktion; Siedel 1941) und Smith's Oxydation von Etiobiliverdin IV mit Thaliumtriacetat und Bleitetraacetat. Für einige Reaktionsprodukte wurden aufgrund spektroskopischer Daten neue Strukturen-konsistent mit dem bekannten Reaktionsverhalten von Biliverdinen und Bilirubinen-formuliert.

     

Synthesis, chiroptical properties and photoinduced linear birefringence of the homopolymer of (R)-3-methacryloyloxy-1-(4′-cyano-4-azobenzene)pyrrolidine and of the copolymers with the enantiomeric monomer

We have investigated a new optically active photochromic homopolymer poly[(R)-3-methacryloyloxy-1-(4′-cyano-4-azobenzene)pyrrolidine] containing in the side-chain a chiral group of one prevailing configuration linked to a trans-azoaromatic system. As expected it exhibits in solution homogeneous conformations with a prevailing chirality induced by dipole-dipole interactions between side-chain chromophores. Copolymers with the enantiomeric monomer (S)-3-methacryloyloxy-1-(4′-cyano-4-azobenzene)pyrrolidine have also been prepared in order to evaluate the effect on the photoinduced optical properties of side-chain chiral groups of opposite configuration in various ratios. The possibility of producing reversible photomodulation of linear birefringence without any significant degradation of these materials seems to be promising for their use in optical data storage.     

Features op the protonation of N-vinylpyrroles

Conclusions The protonation of N-vinylpyrroles by fluorosulfonic and trifluoroacetic acids occurs at the -carbon atom of the pyrrole ring. Dimerization of the cation formed takes place in CF₃CO₂H. The rate of this process is much higher for the 2-phenyl derivative than for the 2-alkylvinylpyrrole derivative.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 5, pp. 1146–1149, May, 1986.