Outage capacity analysis of the massive MIMO diversity channel

We consider the massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) channel affected by independent and identically distributed Rayleigh fading, with linear processing at both transmitter and receiver sides to pursue full diversity, and analyze its outage capacity for large number of antennas. We first discuss the classical Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) diversity channel that encompasses Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC) or Selection Combining (SC). For MRC, a numerical computation and a Gaussian Approximation (GA) are considered, whereas for SC an exact evaluation is presented. The analysis is then straightforwardly extended to the Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) diversity channel that encompasses Maximal Ratio Transmission (MRT) or transmit antenna selection. The general full diversity MIMO channel is finally considered, with optimal linear processing or simple antenna selection at both transmitter and receiver. If the number of antennas is sufficiently large on at least one side, the outage capacity of each considered diversity channel approaches that of a reference Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel with properly defined Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), which provides a performance benchmark. This conclusion is valid for large but realistic number of antennas compatible with the assumption of independent fading.     

An effective PSO-based power allocation for target tracking in MIMO radar with widely separated antennas

In MIMO radar with widely separated antennas, the antennas are spaced far from each other and the target is seen from different angles. In this type of radars, each receiver collects all transmit signals and transmits them to the central processor unit. Power allocation is an important part of military operations. Therefore, it is a primary factor that requires to be taken into account in the designing of target tracking problems in MIMO radar. In fact, the power allocation finds an optimum strategy to allot power to transmit antennas with the goal of minimizing the target tracking errors under specified transmit power constraints. In this paper, the performance of power allocation for target tracking in MIMO radar with widely separated antennas is investigated. For this purpose, first, a MIMO radar with distributed antennas is configured and a target motion model using the constant velocity (CV) method is modeled. Then Joint Cramer Rao bound (CRB) for target parameters (joint target position and velocity) estimation error is computed. This is applied as a power allocation problem objective function. Because a complex Gaussian model is considered for target radar cross-section (RCS), this function becomes complicated. Due to the nonlinearity of this objective function, the proposed power allocation problem is nonconvex. Therefore, a particle swarm optimization (PSO) -based power allocation algorithm is proposed to solve it. In simulation experiments, the performance of the proposed algorithm in different conditions such as a different number of antennas and antenna geometry configurations is evaluated. Results prove the validity of the proposed algorithm.     

A new technique to characterize foliage attenuation using passive radar in the L-band

The goal of the experiment proposed in this paper is to give rapidly and with a limited equipment the attenuation level in the L-band for various elevation angles, between 20 and 70 degrees. The original principle is to use the L-band signal transmitted from an airport radar. The signal backscattered by a plane flying over the forest next to the airport is received on many antennas: some are over the canopy; others are on the ground under the foliage. The direct path signal transmitted by the airport radar is received by the antennas located above the forest. This signal is used to synchronize the temporal signals by detecting the waveform of the transmitting pulses. The signal backscattered by the plane is received by two H and V polar antennas located over the forest and by two other antennas placed under the foliage. The signals received by these antennas are digitized and processed to extract the plots of the opportunistic targets that approach the airport. The magnitudes of each plane echo are measured on each channel, and a comparison of the level of signal is made between the antenna above and under the forest. The ratio of magnitude between the two measurements on each polarization component gives the absorption factor of the foliage at the place of experiment. The position of the plane is given by an ADS-B receiver. For each elevation position of the antennas, the pattern of the chosen target will describe all the angles of arrival. This experiment has been deployed on two forested sites near an airport in South-East Asia.     

雷达发射机的冷却及热设计优化分析

论述了雷达发射机的冷却和热设计的原则,分析了雷达发射机的常用冷却方法的特点及适用场合。针对目前的雷达发射机热设计现状,从设计思想、热设计的层次和冷却方法等方面提出改进意见,对雷达发射机的热设计方法的优化进行了有益的探讨。     

一种适用于多输入多输出声呐的稳健空时自适应检测方法

针对多输入多输出声呐在水下探测场景中获得的空时快拍数量不足导致空时自适应检测性能下降的问题, 提出一种适用于小空时快拍数情况下的稳健空时自适应检测(STAD)方法。首先将斜对称特性推广到多输入多输出(MIMO)声呐空时自适应检测中, 并利用该特性将空时快拍数量扩展至原来的两倍; 然后利用迭代自适应方法实现对空时协方差矩阵的重构; 最后根据广义似然比检测(GLRT)准则推导出检验统计量。计算机仿真结果表明, 所提方法可以在小空时快拍数情况下准确估计空时协方差矩阵, 大幅减小空时自适应检测对空时快拍数量的需求, 提高多输入多输出声呐在小空时快拍数情况下的检测稳健性。     

Xanthines as a scaffold for molecular diversity

Summary Xanthines represent a new, versatile scaffold for combinatorial chemistry. A five-step solid-phase synthesis of xanthine derivatives is described which includes alkylations, a nucleophilic displacement reaction at a heterocycle and a ring closure reaction by condensation of a nitroso function with an activated methylene group. The selected reaction sequence allows the production of a highly diverse small-molecule combinatorial compound library.     

A PARAFAC estimator for MIMO radar under direction-dependent mutual coupling

Among the various research branches in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar, Direction finding is an interesting topic and has attracted extensive concerns. However, many previous strategies are only effective to deal with scenarios without model error, such as well-calibrated sensor array, which is unrealistic in practice. This paper revisits the direction finding issue in a bistatic MIMO radar, in which the direction-dependent mutual coupling (MC) effect in both the transmitting array and the receiving array are considered. An estimator based on parallel factor (PARAFAC) decomposition is introduced. Benefit from the fact that the multidimensional structure of the tensor measurement can be explored, the proposed PARAFAC estimator can offer closed-form solution to direction finding without additional pairing calculation, so it is much more accurate and efficient than the state-of-the-art spectrum search method and the rotational invariance algorithm. The improved PARAFAC approach is mathematically analyzed in detail, Several computer trials are carried out to show the theoretical advantages.     

Low complexity optimization for user centric cellular networks via large dimensional analysis

Users near cell edges suffer from severe interference in traditional cellular networks. In this paper, we consider the scenario that multiple nearby base stations (BSs) cooperatively serve a group of users which is referred to as the cell free networks. A low complexity optimization method based on the large dimensional analysis is proposed. The advantage of the cell free networks is that the interference caused in the cell edge users can be converted into intended signal. It is not easy to obtain the optimal solution to the network due to coupled relations among the users’ rates. To obtain a suboptimal solution, a precoder that balances signal and interference is adopted to maximize the network capacity. In traditional optimization, it requires instantaneous channel state information. We try to optimize the network sum rate based on the large dimensional analysis. In this way, the optimization can be transformed into another problem that merely depend on the large scale channel statistics. Large dimensional analysis is leveraged to derive the asymptotic signal to interference plus noise ratio that only depends on large scale channel statistics. Based on this result, the power allocation problem does not need to adapt as frequently as the instantaneous channel state information. By this means, signal exchange overhead can be greatly reduced. Numerical results are provided to validate the efficacy of the proposed optimization method.     

宽频带碳团簇型吸波涂层的制备与性能

为满足对吸波涂层薄、轻、宽的要求,通过吸波涂层的优化设计,制备了密度较低的宽频带碳团簇型吸波涂层.该涂层为三层结构,总厚度为2.10 mm,在8～12.4GHz频率范围内,对微波的最小反射率为-42dB,其中反射率小于-10dB的工作频带达90%以上,且性能稳定,有较好的实用前景.     

Dependence of microwave absorption properties on ferrite volume fraction in MnZn ferrite/rubber radar absorbing materials

We report the analysis of measurements of the complex magnetic permeability (μ_r) and dielectric permittivity (ε_r) spectra of a rubber radar absorbing material (RAM) with various MnZn ferrite volume fractions. The transmission/reflection measurements were carried out in a vector network analyzer. Optimum conditions for the maximum microwave absorption were determined by substituting the complex permeability and permittivity in the impedance matching equation. Both the MnZn ferrite content and the RAM thickness effects on the microwave absorption properties, in the frequency range of 2-18 GHz, were evaluated. The results show that the complex permeability and permittivity spectra of the RAM increase directly with the ferrite volume fraction. Reflection loss calculations by the impedance matching degree (reflection coefficient) show the dependence of this parameter on both thickness and composition of RAM.     

Target parameter estimation for OTFS radar using sparse signal processing

In this paper, we consider a monostatic radar receiver for a joint communication and radar (JCR) system that transmits orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) frames for target detection and parameter estimation. The circular prolate pulse shape (CPPS) is employed over the OTFS signal as it has lower out-of-band (OoB) power radiation in comparison with the rectangular pulse shaped (RPS) OTFS. The PAPR of CPPS OTFS signal shows lowest value for larger frame duration and hence the signal can be considered to be a good candidate for JCR system. In the Delay-Doppler (DD) domain, the radar channel is sparse and therefore, we model the target detection problem as a sparse recovery problem to generate target profiles with higher peak-to-sidelobe ratio (PSLR). The target detection is carried out in the DD domain, the time–frequency (TF) domain, and in the time domain (TD). Sparse signal recovery algorithms like the orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm, the subspace pursuit (SP) algorithm, and the sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) based algorithm are used in target parameter estimation. The performance of these algorithms are compared in terms of their computational complexity, the root mean squared error (RMSE) in the estimates of range and velocity and PSLR value in the target profiles. Simulation results validate that the proposed CPPS OTFS based radar system could detect the targets accurately in all the three domains and produce target profiles with almost zero side lobes.     

小型化超导接收前端在雷达中的应用分析

超导接收前端与常规接收前端相比有着极低的噪声系数和极高的频率选择制能力。文中介绍了超导接收前端的技术特点,分析了超导接收前端对于雷达系统性能的提升能力,此外还分析了小型化超导接收前端在雷达领域中应用需要改进的一些问题,并指出了解决这些问题的关键技术。     

Effects of diversity and coupling on transport properties of globally coupled active Brownian particles

Based on recent work [B. Lindner and E. M., Nicola, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 (2008) 190603], the transport of N$N$ globally coupled Brownian motors with diversity is investigated. By applying the mean-field approximation, the effects of the diversity disturbance and the coupling strength on the transport of the coupled system are discussed both theoretically and numerically. It is found that the diversity reduces the diffusion dramatically for small bias and increases the diffusion gradually for large bias. The collective motion shows a resonant dependence on the coupling strength in a region of small bias.     

串口数据丢帧引起的雷达测试故障原因分析

为解决某雷达高度表试验过程中发生的动作高度测试异常故障,采用故障树分析法对雷达高度表和测试设备进行故障排查。经检测发现,测试设备上位机的串口通信卡接收下位机的数据中有几十帧数据帧出现CRC校验位错误,被应用程序丢弃。原因是下位机发出的数据信号存在一定程度的畸变,上位机串口通信卡的串口控制器芯片OX16PCI694适应性不足导致数据读取出错。而应用程序在健壮性设计上也存在缺陷,以数据帧数来计算时间及雷达动作高度,但丢弃数据帧时未作相应处理。采用兼容性好的串口控制器芯片16C554重新设计通信卡,在上位机与下位机通信协议中增加数据的帧序号。经试验验证故障定位正确,解决措施有效。     

Constrained radar waveform optimization for a cooperative radar-communication system

The coexistence of radar-sensing and communication systems research has received a surge of interest in recent times to tackle the issue of spectrum inadequacy. Designing an optimized radar waveform for a coexistence scenario has been a challenging task for accomplishing the convergence of radar-sensing and communication functionalities, without degrading the performance at either end. This paper proposes a novel global optimization-based Spatial Branch and Bound (SBnB) approach to optimize the phase coefficients of a Non-Linear Frequency Modulated (NLFM) waveform in a CRCS framework. In addition, the Modified-Power Ratio Constraint-Cramér–Rao Lower Bound (M-PRC-CRLB), a local optimization-based approach is proposed to optimize the phase coefficients of an NLFM waveform. The spectral energy distribution and auto-correlation characteristics of an NLFM waveform are comprehensively investigated for various values of polynomial order (N) and at different threshold Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (SNR) values. To compare the proposed waveform design approaches (M-PRC-CRLB, SBnB) with the existing waveform design approaches namely, Minimum Estimation Error Variance (MEEV) and PRC- CRLB, a Peak-to-Side-Lobe-Ratio (PSLR), and Integrated-Side-Lobe-Ratio (ISLR) are evaluated at various polynomial orders and threshold SNR values. Furthermore, the performance of a CRCS is assessed using the radar estimation rate and communication data rate. The simulation results reveal that the proposed optimized radar waveform design approaches provide improved performance compared to the existing radar waveform design approaches in terms of radar estimation rate. Further, the proposed global optimization-based SBnB approach achieves a comparable performance of the communication data rate. In addition, the proposed approaches accomplish enhanced spectral utilization, controlled side-lobe energy levels, reduced range-domain ambiguities, and a higher information rate in a CRCS.     

多波束分集深海远程正交频分复用水声通信

针对深海远程信道传播衰减大、多途扩展严重的问题,提出一种单输入多输出（SIMO）模型下的水声正交频分复用（OFDM）多波束空间分集均衡方法。建立了深海远程信道下SIMO-OFDM接收信号模型,对宽带波束形成处理后的多个到达角度的波束输出进行独立的多普勒补偿和稀疏信道估计,最后基于最大比合并实现多波束均衡。相对于远程通信中常用的单波束处理方法,所提方法可获得额外的不同到达角度的多径分集增益;且基于阵列波束形成处理可明显提升各个波束输出信噪比,避免了单阵元信噪比过低导致的信道估计误差增大的问题。所提方法的计算复杂度大于单波束均衡,但低于多阵元最大比合并均衡。基于BELLHOP的数值仿真和中国南海实验结果表明,所提方法的误码率性能明显优于单波束均衡和最大比合并均衡,且在100 km的距离上实现了通信速率199 bps的无误码通信。     

A variety of radars designed to explore the hidden structures and properties of the Solar System's planets and bodies

Since the very first observations of the Moon from the Earth with radar in 1946, radars are more and more frequently selected to be part of the payload of exploration missions in the Solar System. They are, in fact, able to collect information on the surface structure of bodies or planets hidden by opaque atmospheres, to probe the planet subsurface or even to reveal the internal structure of a small body comet nucleus.A brief review of radars designed for the Solar System planets and bodies' exploration is presented in the paper. This review does not aim at being exhaustive but will focus on the major results obtained. The variety of radars that have been or are currently designed in terms of frequency or operational modes will be highlighted.     

Overview of mobile localization techniques and performances of a novel fingerprinting-based method

Mobile localization techniques in outdoor environment have been widely studied. In this paper, we consider a specific application related to search and rescue activities or electronic surveillance in urban areas. In this case, the localization must be of high accuracy, on the order of 10 m, despite other constraints related, among others, to non-line-of-sight conditions and non-cooperation with other nearby mobiles or cellular base stations. A brief survey of RF-based localization techniques shows that none of them fully satisfy the desired specifications. A novel approach combining fingerprinting and polarization diversity is then described, its performance being assessed from on-site measurements.     

New methods of fabricating gratings for deformation measurements: A review

Gratings have been widely accepted as practical and effective deformation carriers/sensors and are commonly used in many deformation measurement methods. Since the deformation measurement sensitivity is directly proportional to the grating frequency, and the measurement accuracy is strongly affected by the grating quality. Thus, it is crucial to prepare an appropriate grating on the specimen surface that is to be measured. Over the past few decades, an increasing number of grating fabrication methods have been developed, including holographic photolithography, electron beam lithography, focused ion beam etching, nanoimprinting, soft lithography, and others. Although substantial literature regarding grating fabrication can be found, a comprehensive review is still necessary to promote the application of these methods. This review introduces the technical details and characteristics of recently developed grating fabrication methods and provides suggestions of which grating fabrication methods to use in correspondence with different deformation measurement methods. Emphasis is placed on the introduction of grating fabrication processes and the quality and applicability of the resulting gratings.