Scientific fraud in corrosion science research: A review

This article examines the issue of scientific misconduct and its implications on corrosion science research through a decade (2001–2011). An analysis is presented of an increasing body of cases in which allegations have been made and violations of legal and ethical research standards have been substantiated. The frequencies with which scientists fabricate and falsify data, or commit other forms of scientific misconduct, are discussed. In this review, the image of scientists as objective seekers of truth is periodically jeopardized by the discovery of a major scientific fraud. This review shows how easy it can be for a scientist to publish fabricated data in the most prestigious journals, and how this can cause a waste of financial and human resources. Case examples illustrated and investigated in this review are related to corrosion science research. Recommendations toward the prevention and resolution of potential or actual instances of scientific misconduct in corrosion science research are proposed.     

大科学装置同步辐射光源在生命分析化学中的应用

大科学装置的建设和水平是一个国家科技发展程度的标志. 同步辐射装置是一种先进的多学科交叉的高端大科学研究设施, 作为独特的宽光谱高亮度光源, 同步辐射光源提供了其他光源所无法比拟的优势. 我国迄今已建成的最大的大科学装置—— 上海光源的建立和应用是新中国成立60年来的重大成就之一, 标志着我国在建设国际先进水平的大型科学实验装置方面具备了高水平的技术和集成与创新的能力, 已进入国际先进行列. 本文侧重介绍同步辐射光源在生命分析化学领域中的巨大作用, 并以上海光源为例介绍同步辐射光源装置的发展和应用状况, 旨在唤起和推动我国分析化学家的高度重视, 并充分利用我国这一先进的大型科学装置, 将生命分析化学的研究推进到一个崭新的、更高的层次.     

Publication of chemical research: do we need ethical standards?

Recently the European Association for Chemical and Molecular Sciences (EuCheMS) issued ethical guidelines for publications in journals and reviews. The diverging motives of authors, reviewers, and editors require agreed standards for participating in the publishing process. This implies the necessity to define ways how to handle allegations of misconduct and to react on actual violation of the consent.     

绿色碳科学：双碳目标下的科学基础——第292期“双清论坛”学术综述

基于第292期“双清论坛”,本文阐述了“绿色碳科学”理念的科学内涵,综述了当前我国能源与材料科技领域低碳化科学技术的研究进展、相关挑战与未来机遇,凝练了双碳目标的实现路径、关键科学问题、未来研究方向,为自然科学基金委下一步制订碳中和基础研究行动计划与资助方案提供参考。     

Towards a Useful Philosophy of Biochemistry: Sketches and Examples

Scientific development influences philosophical thought, and vice versa. If philosophy is to be of any use to the production, evaluation or application of biochemical knowledge, biochemistry will have to explicate its needs. This paper concentrates on the need for a philosophical analysis of methodological challenges in biochemistry, above all the problematic relation between in vitro experiments and the desire for in vivo knowledge. This problem receives much attention within biochemistry, but the focus is on practical detail. It is discussed how a theoretical analysis can go beyond a naïve understanding of scientific success and failure in such cases. Several examples are presented to elucidate this issue, including the methodological implications of the precautionary principle, the possible interplay between theoretical methodology of biochemistry and the science studies, and the methodological complexities related to experimental protocol standardisation and use of instruments and kits.     

Dalton’s Disputed Nitric Oxide Experiments and the Origins of his Atomic Theory

In 1808 John Dalton published his first general account of chemical atomic theory, a cornerstone of modern chemistry. The theory originated in his earlier studies of the properties of atmospheric gases. In 1803 Dalton discovered that oxygen combined with either one or two volumes of nitric oxide in closed vessels over water and this pioneering observation of integral multiple proportions provided important experimental evidence for his incipient atomic ideas. Previous attempts to reproduce Dalton’s experiments have been unsuccessful and some commentators have concluded the results were fraudulent. We report a successful reconstruction of Dalton’s experiments and provide an analysis exonerating him of any scientific misconduct. But we conclude that Dalton, already thinking atomistically, adjusted experimental conditions to obtain the integral combining proportions.     

The need for scientific software engineering in the pharmaceutical industry

Scientific software engineering is a distinct discipline from both computational chemistry project support and research informatics. A scientific software engineer not only has a deep understanding of the science of drug discovery but also the desire, skills and time to apply good software engineering practices. A good team of scientific software engineers can create a software foundation that is maintainable, validated and robust. If done correctly, this foundation enable the organization to investigate new and novel computational ideas with a very high level of efficiency.     

中学化学中的科学方法教育与课程教材改革

本文论述了什么是科学方法;科学方法的特点、性质、类型和结构;为什么要重视科学方法教育;中学化学中应该着重进行哪些科学方法教育;怎样才能有效地进行科学方法教育等问题。指出:科学方法是科学素质的重要构成因素。加强科学方法教育是全面提高学生素质、保证学生可持续发展的需要,也是搞好当前的课程教材改革的需要。文中提出了确定中学化学中科学方法教学内容的原则、各年级教学内容和教学要求的设想,还就科学方法教育的途径和原则提出了自己的看法。作者认为,科学方法教育要力戒教条式灌输,要注意让学生在积累经验基础上进行归纳;重视组织学生参加有关的实践活动;科学方法教育要跟科学精神、科学思想和科学知识的教育相互结合,跟人文精神教育结合。在进行科学方法教育时,还应该重视技术方法教育。     

全新设计的现代高分子化学实验课程建设

理科院系高分子化学实验教学发展缓慢,急需紧跟学科发展的前沿、注入新鲜而实用的内容。全新设计建设的现代高分子化学实验覆盖众多传统实验课鲜有涉及、但在科研中极为重要的前沿理念与技术,旨在提高学生科研素养和对学科前沿的把握能力,其成功开发为理科院系针对创新型人才培养的高分子化学实验提出了全新思路。     

化学教材中科学本质内容表征工具的评介与应用*

理解科学本质是公民科学素养的重要组成部分,教材是帮助学生发展适当科学本质观的重要媒介。研究和表征教材中的科学本质对培养公民的科学素养具有重要的意义。详细评介了尼日利亚学者 Upahi 等人所构建的关于教材中科学本质的表征工具,包含科学本质内涵、科学本质与学科内容的关系以及科学本质的呈现方式等3个层面,并应用该工具对我国2019年颁布的鲁科版化学教材展开实验性研究。     

工科学校本科生科研训练与实践——以节能减排大赛为例

Scientific research training is an essential part of undergraduate learning, which plays an important role in improving students' knowledge utilization and scientific literacy. Taking the participation process of "Energy conservation and emission reduction competition" as an example, this paper briefly introduces the undergraduate scientific research training of students majoring in polymer materials and engineering from their own perspective, and the way to combine the discipline and school characteristics to reflect the thinking of engineering students in scientific research and practical application.     

现代固态有机化学之父——Gerhard M.J.Schmidt

本文主要介绍了GerhardM.J.Schmidt教授的生平、代表性的科研工作及其意义、影响和应用,从中展现出他的优秀品质、治学精神、杰出成就以及影响力。Schmidt教授少年早慧,求学艰辛,天赋独特,痴迷科学,为科学事业奋斗终身,在多个领域都有着卓越的成就,其中以固态有机化学领域最具代表性。他在科研的同时还担任诸多行政职务,为魏茨曼研究所、以色列乃至全世界的科学发展做了许多贡献。     

Liquid crystal chemistry and poetry

This paper comments on a recent article “Revolutionary poetry and liquid crystal chemistry: Herman Gorter, Ada Prins and the interface between literature and science” by Hub Zwart (Foundations of Chemistry, published online: 10 July 2020), in which the author explores the influence of the liquid crystal research of Ada Prins on the epic poem Pan written by her long-time lover Herman Gorter. The present paper reviews the basic science of liquid crystals and explains the connections between the work of Prins and its influence on the poem. Other examples of the use of “liquid crystal” as a literary device are identified from renaissance poetry, and the uses of the metaphor in these poems are analysed from a scientific perspective. From these examples it is suggested that creative concepts from poetry may contain elements of substance that appear in hitherto unrecognised scientific realities.

     

Encouraging data citation and discovery with the Data Citation Index

An overview of the Data Citation Index is provided. Thomson Reuters developed this resource in response to a stated desire among members of the research community for increased attribution of non-traditional scholarly output. Launched in October of 2012 on the Web of science research platform, its aims include linking published research articles to their underlying data sets and tracking the citation of the data, as well as encouraging bibliographic citation of data. Cross-disciplinary search capabilities in the Index enable new possibilities for data discovery and synthesis. Data repositories are evaluated with respect to various selection criteria, with particular attention to their relevance to scientific and scholarly research. Index content reflects current data deposition practices. As data citation standards and practices continue to move toward widespread formalization and adoption, the initiative seeks to address issues of data citation, reuse, and author credit in a developing climate.     

New global communication process in thermodynamics: impact on quality of published experimental data

Thermodynamic data are a key resource in the search for new relationships between properties of chemical systems that constitutes the basis of the scientific discovery process. In addition, thermodynamic information is critical for development and improvement of all chemical process technologies. Historically, peer-reviewed journals are the major source of this information obtained by experimental measurement or prediction. Technological advances in measurement science have propelled enormous growth in the scale of published thermodynamic data (almost doubling every 10 years). This expansion has created new challenges in data validation at all stages of the data delivery process. Despite the peer-review process, problems in data validation have led, in many instances, to publication of data that are grossly erroneous and, at times, inconsistent with the fundamental laws of nature. This article describes a new global data communication process in thermodynamics and its impact in addressing these challenges as well as in streamlining the delivery of the thermodynamic data from "data producers" to "data users". We believe that the prolific growth of scientific data in numerous and diverse fields outside thermodynamics, together with the demonstrated effectiveness and versatility of the process described in this article, will foster development of such processes in other scientific fields.     

我国化学科普资源简介及类型分析

Fully understand the chemical science and reasonable use of existing resources is an important premise to chemical science popularization. This paper summarizes the current resource types of popular science of chemistry in China. The chemical science resources in China are sorted out and analyzed, including China Association for Science and Technology of chemical science, popular science base of scientific research institutes and universities, scientific public class and the chemical science online open courses, and WeChat public platform chemical resources. This paper will provide a meaningful introduction of chemical science resources for the public, and provide valuable reference for the practice of chemical science in China.     

Analyse thermogravimetrique et fraudes sur les origines dans la fabrication des fromages

It has been performed a research of a quick method in order to verify adulterations in the manufacture of cheeses. In particular we have studied “Idiazabal”, produced in Basque County of the milk of “latxa” sheep, which is spread on this area. The principal and more common adulteration is caused by the mixture of sheep's milk with cow's milk, with the corresponding lost of quality. In this way, TG has been applied to several samples of probable fraudulent milk. TG and DTG curves and their respective standards bring a qualitative index of the presence or absence of cow's milk. Seeing the results, it can be deduced that the method is valid and quick for the qualitative analysis of milk mixtures.     

Statistical approach to the rational selection of experimental subjects

Whilst human and animal experimentation receives much attention every year by the general media, the public and the scientific community, little has been done on how to reduce the number of living subjects to be submitted to experimental research. Researchers who design human and animal experiments are conscious that trials on such subjects present a problem, which is not only scientific, but also ethical. The national research and ethics committees regulate the selection and number of patients or mammals to be treated and make the justification of the number of living subjects an aspect of paramount importance in different scientific disciplines. However, a rational methodology to estimate a sensible number that is in accordance with the parameters of the Association of Research Ethics Committees has not been well explored. In this article, a simple statistical approach for the study of the confidence in a model is proposed. The approach can pave the way to a potentially useful method to estimate a sensible number of subjects which is in accordance with the general principles of ethical bodies from all over the world.     

科学探究方法及其训练

我国当前的化学课程改革,将科学探究作为突破口,提倡建立“以科学探究为主的多样化的学习方式”。本文从科学探究中的方法入手,探讨了化学科学探究的主要方法并对其进行了分类,在此基础上提出了在化学科学探究中,对学生进行相应方法训练的策略,力图为化学科学探究教学实践提供一定的借鉴和参考。