Miniaturized electrochemical sensors and their point-of-care applications

Most of the current analytical methods depend largely on laboratory-based analytical techniques that require expensive and bullky equipment,potentially incur costly testing,and involve lengthy detection processes.With increasing requirements for point-of-care testing(POCT),more attention has been paid to miniaturized analytical devices.Miniaturized electrochemical(MEC)sensors,including different material-based MEC sensors(such as DNA-,paper-,and screen electrode-based),have been in strong demand in analytical science due to their easy operation,portability,high sensitivity,as well as their short analysis time.They have been applied for the detection of trace amounts of target through measuring changes in electrochemical signal,such as current,voltage,potential,or impedance,due to the oxidation/reduction of chemical/biological molecules with the help of electrodes and electrochemical units.MEC sensors present great potential for the detection of targets including small organic molecules,metal ions,and biomolecules.In recent years,MEC sensors have been broadly applied to POCT in various fields,including health care,food safety,and environmental monitoring,owing to the excellent advantages of electrochemical(EC)technologies.This review summarized the state-of-the-art advancements on various types of MEC sensors and their applications in POCT.Furthermore,the future perspectives,opportunities,and challenges in this field are also discussed.     

Machine Learning towards Screening Solid-state Lithium Ion Conductors

Machine learning is an emerging method to discover new materials with specific characteristics.An unsupervised machine learning research is highlighted to discover new potential lithium ionic conductors by screening and clustering lithium compounds,providing inspirations for the development of solid-state electrolytes and practical batteries.     

Vanadium-based polyanionic compounds as cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries:Toward high-energy and high-power applications

Sodium ion batteries(SIBs)have been regarded as one of the alternatives to lithium ion batteries owing to their wide availability and significantly low cost of sodium sources.However,they face serious challenges of low energy&power density and short cycling lifespan owing to the heavy mass and large radius of Na⁺.Vanadium-based polyanionic compounds have advantageous characteristic of high operating voltage,high ionic conductivity and robust structural framework,which is conducive to their high energy&power density and long lifespan for SIBs.In this review,we will overview the latest V-based polyanionic compounds,along with the respective characteristic from the intrinsic crystal structure to performance presentation and improvement for SIBs.One of the most important aspect is to discover the essential problems existed in the present V-based polyanionic compounds for high-energy&power applications,and point out most suitable solutions from the crystal structure modulation,interface tailoring and electrode configuration design.Moreover,some scientific issues of V-based polyanionic compounds shall be also proposed and related future direction shall be provided.We believe that this review can serve as a motivation for further development of novel V-based polyanionic compounds and drive them toward high energy&power applications in the near future.     

Surface defect-rich ceria quantum dots anchored on sulfur-doped carbon nitride nanotubes with enhanced charge separation for solar hydrogen production

Designing defect-engineered semiconductor heterojunctions can effectively promote the charge carrier separation.Herein,novel ceria(CeO2) quantum dots(QDs) decorated sulfur-doped carbon nitride nanotubes(SCN NTs) were synthesized via a thermal polycondensation coupled in situ depositionprecipitation method without use of template or surfactant.The structure and morphology studies indicate that ultrafine CeO2 QDs are well distributed inside and outside of SCN NTs offering highly dispersed active sites and a large contact interface between two components.This leads to the promoted formation of rich Ce³⁺ ion and oxygen vacancies as confirmed by XPS.The photocatalytic performance can be facilely modulated by the content of CeO2 QDs introduced in SCN matrix while bare CeO2 does not show activity of hydrogen production.The optimal catalyst with 10% of CeO2 loading yields a hydrogen evolution rate of 2923.8 μmol h-1 g-1 under visible light,remarkably higher than that of bare SCN and their physical mixtures.Further studies reveal that the abundant surface defects and the created 0 D/1 D junctions play a critical role in improving the separation and transfer of charge carriers,leading to superior solar hydrogen production and good stability.     

Superfast and solvent-free core-shell assembly of sulfur/carbon active particles by hail-inspired nanostorm technology for high-energy-density Li-S batteries

The demand on low-carbon emission fabrication technologies for energy storage materials is increasing dramatically with the global interest on carbon neutrality.As a promising active material for metal-sulfur batteries,sulfur is of great interest due to its high-energy-density and abundance.However,there is a lack of industry-friendly and low-carbon fabrication strategies for high-performance sulfur-based active particles,which,however,is in critical need by their practical success.Herein,based on a hail-inspired sulfur nano-storm(HSN)technology developed in our lab,we report an energy-saving,solvent-free strategy for producing core-shell sulfur/carbon electrode particles(CNT@AC-S)in minutes.The fabrication of the CNT@AC-S electrode particles only involves low-cost sulfur blocks,commercial carbon nanotubes(CNT)and activated carbon(AC)micro-particles with high specific surface area.Based on the above core-shell CNT@AC-S particles,sulfur cathode with a high sulfur-loading of 9.2 mg cm^-2 delivers a stable area capacity of 6.6 mAh cm^-2 over 100 cycles.Furthermore,even for sulfur cathode with a super-high sulfur content(72 wt%over the whole electrode),it still delivers a high area capacity of 9 mAh cm^-2 over50 cycles in a quasi-lean electrolyte condition.In a nutshell,this study brings a green and industryfriendly fabrication strategy for cost-effective production of rationally designed S-rich electrode particles.     

Total synthesis of TRADD death domain with arginine N-GlcNAcylation by hydrazide-based native chemical ligation

TNFR1-associated death domain protein(TRADD)with arginine N-GlcNAcylation is a novel and structurally unique posttranslational modification(PTM)glycoprotein that blocks the formation of death-inducing signaling complex(DISC),orchestrating host nuclear factorκB(NF-κB)signaling in entero-pathogenic Escherichia coli(EPEC)-infected cells.This particular glycosylated modification plays an extremely vital role for the effective colonization and pathogenesis of pathogens in the gut.Herein we describe the total synthesis of TRADD death domain(residues 195-312)with arginine235 NGlcNAcylation(Arg-GIcNAc TRADD(195-312)).Two longish peptidyl fragments of the wild-type primary sequence were obtained by robust,microwave-assisted,highly efficient,solid-phase peptide synthesis(SPPS),the N-GlcNAcylated sector was built by total synthesis and attached specifically to resinbound peptide with an unprotected ornithine residue via silver-promoted on-resin guanidinylation,ArgGlcNAc TRADD(195-312)was constructed by hydrazide-based native chemical ligation(NCL).The facile synthetic strategy is expected to be generally applicable for the rapid synthesis of other proteins with Arg-GIcNAc modification and to pave the way for the related chemically biological study.     

Steam activation of Fe-N-C catalyst for advanced power performance of alkaline hydrazine fuel cells

Alkaline hydrazine liquid fuel cells(AHFC) have been highlighted in terms of high power performance with non-precious metal catalysts.Although Fe-N-C is a promising non-Pt electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR),the surface density of the active site is very low and the catalyst layer should be thick to acquire the necessary number of catalytic active sites.With this thick catalyst layer,it is important to have an optimum pore structure for effective reactant conveyance to active sites and an interface structure for faster charge transfer.Herein,we prepare a Fe-N-C catalyst with magnetite particles and hierarchical pore structure by steam activation.The steam activation process significantly improves the power performance of the AHFC as indicated by the lower IR and activation voltage losses.Based on a systematic characterization,we found that hierarchical pore structures improve the catalyst utilization efficiency of the AHFCs,and magnetite nanoparticles act as surface modifiers to reduce the interracial resistance between the electrode and the ion-exchange membrane.     

Unraveling the stabilization mechanism of solid electrolyte interface on ZnSe by rGO in sodium ion battery

Transition metal selenides have been widely studied as anode materials of sodium ion batteries(SIBs),however,the investigation of solid-electrolyte-interface(SEI)on these materials,which is critical to the electrochemical performance of SIBs,remains at its infancy.Here in this paper,ZnSe@C nanoparticles were prepared from ZIF-8 and the SEI layers on these electrodes with and without reduced graphene oxide(rGO)layers were examined in details by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies at varied charged/discharged states.It is observed that fast and complicated electrolyte decomposition reactions on ZnSe@C leads to quite thick SEI film and intercalation of solvated sodium ions through such thick SEI film results in slow ion diffusion kinetics and unstable electrode structure.However,the presence of rGO could efficiently suppress the decomposition of electrolyte,thus thin and stable SEI film was formed.ZnSe@C electrodes wrapped by rGO demonstrates enhanced interfacial charge transfer kinetics and high electrochemical performance,a capacity retention of 96.4%,after 1000 cycles at 5 A/g.This study might offer a simple avenue for the designing high performance anode materials through manipulation of SEI film.     

CXN天然沸石的研究2: 吸附性质

采用N~2,NH~3,CO~2,乙烯,丙烯,水,甲醇,乙醇,丙醇等作为吸附剂,研究了由我国CXN天然沸石改性制得的H-STI和Na-STI沸石的吸附性质,H-STI和Na-STI沸石的BET表面积及微孔孔体积约为420m^2/g和0.20m^3/g。根据NH~3和CO~2在H-STI沸石上的吸附等温线计算得到它们的吸附热分别为44.8和26.5kJ/mol。乙烯,丙烯,甲醇,乙醇,丙醇等在Na-STI沸石上的吸附等温线表明该沸石对有机分子的吸附具有链长选择性。在低分压下水相对于甲醇的吸附量表明沸石具有一定的疏水性质。     

常温常湿条件下Au/MeO~x催化剂上CO氧化性能

利用共沉淀法制备了Au/MeO~x催化剂(Me=Al,Co,Cr,Cu,Fe,Mn,Ni,Zn)。在常温常湿条件下,考察了不同氧化物负载的金基催化剂的CO氧化性能。结果表明,氧化物种类对催化剂的活性和稳定性均有较大的影响。Cu,Mn,Cr等氧化物负载的金基催化剂的活性较差,而Zn,Fe,Co,Ni,Al等金属氧化物负载的金基催化剂可将CO完全氧化,又具有一定的稳定性,在相同反应条件下,CO完全转化时的稳定性顺序为Au/ZnO>Au/α-Fe~2O~3>Au/Co~3O~4>Au/γ-Al~2O~3≈Au/NiO。还发现水对Au/MnO~x催化剂的活性和稳定性有负作用,而对180℃焙烧制备的Au/ZnO-180催化剂的活性和稳定性均有明显的湿度增强作用。     

复合固体超强酸催化剂SO2-4-WO3-ZrO2的结构研究

Solid superacid catalyst SO4(2-)-WO3-ZrO2 was characterized by means of XRD,DTA-TG, and surface area measurement techniques. The dependence of the surface area, SO42- content of the catalyst on calcination temperature was measured. It was found that there is a synergy to a certain degree between SO42- and WO3 with respect to the delay of ZrO2 crystallization, the stabilization of the tetragonal ZrO2 and the enlargement of the surface area of the catalyst. The addition of WO3 is beneficial to the stabilization of SO42- and remarkably increases the stability of SO42- at high temperature.     

ZrO2表面B2O3的分散及其作用状态

用XPS、FT IR和FT Raman等技术研究了ZrO2表面B2O3的分散及其作用状态,测定了B2O3在ZrO2表面的分散阈值.结果表明：B2O3在ZrO2表面可以三配位BO3和四配位BO4结构单元存在;载体ZrO2的预焙烧温度和硼含量对B2O3的分散及作用状态有较大影响,并改变BO3与BO4结构单元之间的比例.实验测得B2O3在ZrO2载体上的单层分散阈值为0.05 gB2O3/gZrO2（或B2O3的质量分数w=4.76％）,处在此单层中的硼原子以BO4为结构单元直接与ZrO2表面相作用.只有当B2O3的负载量超过此（单层）分散阈值时, BO3结构单元才会形成.     

WO3／ZrO2固体强酸催化剂上异丁烷—丁烯烷基化反应的研究：Ⅲ.超 …

制备了以超细ＺrＯ２为载体的ＷＯ３／ＺrＯ２、ＳＯ４＾２－／ＺrＯ２、ＭoＯ３／Ｚr Ｏ２固体强酸催化剂,并用ＸＲＤ、ＤＴＡ－ＴＧ、Ｈ２－ＴＰＲ、ＮＨ３－ＴＰＤ等方法表征了其晶型结构、表面状态和酸性。结果表明,超细ＺrＯ２中的Ｔ－晶相所占比例虽有所下降,但具有更大的比表面积、酸强度和对金属氧化物的负载能力,且酸强度随焙烧温度升高而增强,表明其表面状态亦有较大变化。研究了以超细ＺrＯ２为载体的固体强酸催化     

大孔SO42-/ZrO2-SiO2复合固体酸制备及催化性能

利用浸渍水解法在大孔SiO2载体上组装固体酸制备出大孔径SO42-/ZrO2-SiO2复合固体酸催化剂。用扫描电镜、红外光谱仪和粉末X射线衍射仪等对其进行表征,结果表明:大孔SiO2载体的毛细管效应促使ZrO2以纳米薄层方式均匀地沉积在SiO2薄层表面,并抑制了ZrO2晶体的生长和晶相的转变,载体的大孔全连通的结构赋予该复合材料高的通透性(孔径在1~2μm)、两面活性点和大的比表面积(约156 m2.g-1)。Hammett指示剂法测得经550℃焙烧后产物的酸强度H0值小于-13.75,属于固体超强酸。以乙酸正丁酯的合成为探针反应考察硫酸浸渍液浓度、焙烧温度等制备条件对其催化活性的影响,结果表明,该SO42-/ZrO2-SiO2固体酸具有较好的催化活性,当焙烧温度为550℃和硫酸浸渍液浓度为1.5 mol.L-1时,超强酸对酯化反应的催化酯化率达到97%。     

ZrO_2-Al_2O_3复合氧化物的合成及其性能研究

采用表面活性剂改性的沉淀法合成了系列掺杂钇、镧、钡的氧化锆铝复合氧化物。通过XRD、XRF、低温N2吸附和CO脉冲化学吸附等手段考察了表面活性剂、助剂、焙烧温度对复合材料结构、孔结构以及负载0.5%铑催化剂的分散性能等的影响。研究表明:与采用常规沉淀法合成的氧化锆铝复合氧化物相比,添加表面活性剂合成的样品具有更大的比表面积、孔容和适合的孔径分布。分别或同时掺杂La、Ba、Y合成的氧化锆铝复合氧化物都能抑制氧化铝的α相变,提高复合材料和催化剂表面金属Rh的高温抗烧结能力,特别是同时掺杂La、Ba、Y合成的Rh/LBYZA样品经1100℃4h焙烧后仍有17.82%的金属分散度。以LBYZA为载体制备的新鲜催化剂(600℃4h焙烧样品)在CO选择还原NO反应中NO和CO的起燃温度分别为240、243℃,完全燃烧温度分别为273、280℃,表现出较高的催化活性。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备复合MxOy-TiO2光催化剂

以无机盐TiCl4为原料制备TiO2溶胶,并利用溶胶胶粒修饰法制备SiO2 TiO2、ZrO2 TiO2、WO3 TiO3、MoO3 TiO2及Pt/TiO2光催化剂,用于光催化氧化甲醛反应,考察添加物对 催化剂光催化性能的影响.其中,SiO2 TiO2催化剂的光催化氧化降解甲醛性能最好,而MoO3 TiO2的催化性能最差.SiO2 TiO2催化剂优良的光催化性能可归于SiO2 TiO2催化剂的高 比表面积,高空隙率,小晶粒粒径和强吸光性能等性质的综合影响.     

Cu/ZrO2-Al2O3上表面氧物种脱附及其对催化性能的影响

采用ＸＲＤ,ＴＰＤ－ＭＳ和ＴＰＲ方法研究了ＺｒＯ２的改性对ＣｕＯ／γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂上铜物种人散状态,表面氧物种的脱附和恢复性能,铜物种还原再氧行为的影响,并ＣＯ氧化反应为探针考察了催化剂的氧化活性,结果表明,ＺｒＯ２的存在的铜物种在γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３载体上的分散容量降低,促进ＣｕＯ／γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３催化剂上表面氧物种的脱附,同时有效地促进铜物种的还原,从而增加ＣＯ的氧化活性,实验还发现热处理条件对催     

以类水滑石为前驱体的Cu/Zn/Al/(Zr)/(Y)催化剂制备及其催化CO_2加氢合成甲醇的性能

采用共沉淀法合成了Cu:Zn:Al:Zr:Y原子比分别为2:1:1:0:0、2:1:0.8:0.2:0、2:1:0.8:0:0.2和2:1:0.8:0.1:0.1的Cu/Zn/Al/(Zr)/(Y)类水滑石化合物.将前驱体材料在空气中500°C焙烧后得到复合金属氧化物,并将其用于CO2加氢合成甲醇反应.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、热重(TG)分析、N2吸附、氧化亚氮(N2O)反应吸附、氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR)和H2/CO2程序升温脱附(H2/CO2-TPD)技术对所制备的样品进行表征.结果表明,Zr和Y的引入使得催化剂BET比表面积大幅增加,金属铜的比表面积和分散度均按以下顺序依次增加:Cu/Zn/AlCu/Zn/Al/ZrCu/Zn/Al/YCu/Zn/Al/Zr/Y,然而,强碱位数目占总碱位数目的比例的变化顺序为:Cu/Zn/AlCu/Zn/Al/YCu/Zn/Al/Zr/YCu/Zn/Al/Zr.活性评价结果揭示CO2转化率取决于金属铜的比表面积,甲醇选择性则随强碱位比例的增加而线性增加.因而,Zr和Y的引入有利于甲醇的合成,Cu/Zn/Al/Zr/Y催化剂上的甲醇收率最高.     

V2O5/TiO2催化剂表面结构FT-IR发射光谱研究(II)

用傅里哀变换红外发射光谱原位考察了V_2O_5/TiO_2催化剂在制备焙烧过程中担载偏钒酸铵的热分解步骤及其形成的表面活性相结构。偏钒酸铵在200 ℃左右分解, 在300 ℃之前完全转化为晶相V_2O_5。担载于TiO_2上的偏钒酸铵在100 ℃左右与TiO_2已产生强的化学作用, 在200 ℃之前已完全分解。对于10%(质量分数)V_2O_5/TiO_2催化剂其担载偏钒酸分解后在1020 cm~(-1)附近出现晶相V_2O_5的特征峰。但在500 ℃进一步焙烧后晶相V_5O_5的峰减弱并在1025—900 cm~(-1)区出现宽峰, 表明部分晶相V_2O_5可能转化为二维高分散的VO_x物种。2%(质量分数)V_2O_5/TiO_2催化剂在焙烧过程中也显示晶相V_2O_5的弱峰, 但同时也观察到属于VO_x物种的宽峰。进一步降低钒担载量, V_2O_5晶相特征峰逐渐消失, 而在1025—900 cm~(-1)区出现二维VO_x物种的宽峰。结果还表明傅里哀变换红外发射光谱是表征氧化物催化剂表面相结构的一种有力的方法。     

制备条件对Ni/ZrO2-SiO2催化剂煤气甲烷化的影响

采用浸渍法制备了ZrO₂-SiO₂复合载体和Ni质量分数为6%的Ni/ZrO₂-SiO₂催化剂,考察了载体制备时浸渍溶液pH值、焙烧温度和催化剂制备时的焙烧温度对Ni/ZrO₂-SiO₂催化剂煤气甲烷化反应性能的影响。采用X射线衍射、程序升温还原和扫描电子显微镜等方法对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,载体浸渍溶液pH值为8.0～9.0, 载体焙烧温度为550 ℃,催化剂焙烧温度为450 ℃时,Ni/ZrO₂-SiO₂催化剂在煤气甲烷化反应中显示了最优的催化性能,CO转化率100%,CO₂转化率1.8%,CH₄生成速率16.6 mmol/(h·g)。进一步表征发现,制备ZrO₂-SiO₂复合载体时,增大浸渍溶液的pH值有利于形成粒径较小的亚稳态四方晶相ZrO₂,可见四方晶相ZrO₂更有利于甲烷化反应;载体焙烧温度会影响到NiO粒径的大小和其在催化剂表面的分散,温度过高和过低都会导致NiO粒径大小的不适宜以及分散性的降低;催化剂焙烧温度过高则会导致NiO与载体间的相互作用减弱,NiO分散性降低。