Prospective results of CHANG'E-2 X-ray spectrometer

The Chinese second lunar satellite CE-2, which carries an X-ray spectrometer （XRS）, will be launched at the end of 2010. In order to estimate the scientific results of XRS, we simulate the anticipated lunar X-ray spectra observed by XRS by using the expected mean solar X-ray flux in 2011. We also obtain the integration time and the spatial resolution required to achieve a certain significance level for the major lunar rock-forming elements in different solar activity conditions. It is expected that a spatial resolution of finer than 100 kilometers can be achieved for elements Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, and Fe.     

基本参数法在地面验证实验中的的应用

As the nearest celestial body to the earth, the moon has become a hot spot again in astronomy field recently. The element analysis is a much important subject in many lunar projects. Remote X-ray spectrometry plays an important role in the geochemical exploration of the solar bodies. Because of the quasi-vacuum atmosphere on the moon, which has no absorption of X-ray, the X-ray fluorescence analysis is an effective way to determine the elemental abundance of lunar surface. The CE-1 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer （CE-1/XFS） aims to map the major elemental compositions on the lunar surface. This paper describes a method for quantitative analysis of elemental compositions. A series of ground base experiments are done to examine the capability of XFS. The obtained results, which show a reasonable agreement with the certified values at a 30% uncertainty level for major elements, are presented.     

High resolution solar soft X-ray spectrometer

A high resolution solar soft X-ray spectrometer (SOX) payload onboard a satellite is developed. A silicon drift detector (SDD) is adopted as the detector of the SOX spectrometer. The spectrometer consists of the detectors and their readout electronics, a data acquisition unit and a payload data handling unit. A ground test system is also developed to test SOX. The test results show that the design goals of the spectrometer system have been achieved.     

X射线激发荧光光谱仪的建立及闪烁晶体发光表征

利用X射线作为激发光源,自行组装并实现计算机控制的X射线激发荧光光谱仪.介绍了X射线激发荧光光谱仪的建立及其结构特性.该仪器具有时间分辨率高、测量动态范围大、使用方便等优点,可应用于晶体、粉末和液体等各种样品的测量,该仪器同时还具有很强的扩展性.     

Quantitative analysis results of CE-1 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer ground base experiment

As the nearest celestial body to the earth, the moon has become a hot spot again in astronomy field recently. The element analysis is a much important subject in many lunar projects. Remote X-ray spectrometry plays an important role in the geochemical exploration of the solar bodies. Because of th equasi-vacuum atmosphere on the moon, which has no absorption of X-ray, the X-ray fluorescence analysis is an effective way to determine the elemental abundance of lunar surface. The CE-1 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (CE-1/XFS) aims to map the major elemental compositions on the lunar surface. This paper describes a method for quantitative analysis of elemental compositions. A series of ground base experiments are done to examine the capability of XFS. The obtained results, which show a reasonable agreement with the certified values at a 30% uncertainty level for major elements, are presented.     

First X-ray fluorescence CT experimental results at the SSRF X-ray imaging beamline

X-ray fluorescence CT is a non-destructive technique for detecting elemental composition and distribution inside a specimen. In this paper, the first experimental results of X-ray fluorescence CT obtained at the SSRF X-ray imaging beamline (BL13W1) are described. The test samples were investigated and the 2D elemental image was reconstructed using a filtered back-projection algorithm. In the sample the element Cd was observed. Up to now, the X-ray fluorescence CT could be carried out at the SSRF X-ray imaging beamline.     

First X-ray fluorescence CT experimental results at the SSRF X-ray imaging beamline

X-ray fluorescence CT is a non-destructive technique for detecting elemental composition and distribution inside a specimen. In this paper, the first experimental results of X-ray fluorescence CT obtained at the SSRF X-ray imaging beamline (BL13W1) are described. The test samples were investigated and the 2D elemental image was reconstructed using a filtered back-projection algorithm. In the sample the element Cd was observed. Up to now, the X-ray fluorescence CT could be carried out at the SSRF X-ray imaging beamline.     

掠出射X射线荧光分析

掠出射X射线荧光分析技术是全反射X射线荧光分析技术的延伸和发展，文章介绍了掠出射X射线荧光分析技术的形式，特点，基本原理和作者在实验室搭建的实验装置，简述了掠出射X射线荧光分析技术的发展史，以及该技术在化学元素微量和痕量分析及薄膜特性分析等领域中的应用，展望了这种技术今后的发展前景。     

一种时间分辨三通道软X射线光谱仪

报道了时间分辨的三通道软X射线光谱仪研制工作，重点介绍了研制的三通道能谱仪的工作原理以及210 eV，420 eV和900 eV三个能区的设计参数，谱仪在上海神光Ⅱ高功率激光器三倍频实验中进行了多次实时考核，取得较好实验结果，将多道平面镜、滤光片成功配接于高时间分辨X射线条纹相机上，使该谱仪在亚千电子伏能区内，可同时进行三个波段软X射线的时间和空间分辨测量，提供的实验结果也表明：X射线平面镜结合滤光片的分光技术可应用于高时间分辨的X射线条纹相机上，从而获得高达10 ps的时间分辨. 关键词： 软X射线条纹相机 平面镜 滤光片 掠入射     

基于激光等离子体研究的高性能扫描晶体谱仪（英）

在激光等离子体研究中,电磁脉冲干扰对实验结果影响很大,为了减小这一影响,设计一款新的扫描晶体谱仪,整个机身设计成几乎全密闭的良导体。该晶体谱仪通过更换晶体和调整入射角可以获得较宽范围的测量窗口。在X光光谱为2.5~3.5 keV范围内的测量试验中,该扫描晶体谱仪的谱分辨能力为13（在2960 eV）,时间分辨率为10 ps。其谱分辨和时间分辨可以满足对激光等离子体的研究。     

标定脉冲星导航探测器的荧光X射线光源

为标定X射线脉冲星导航用探测器, 设计了一种荧光X射线源, 该射线源的工作原理是 用X射线管的出射线轰击特定荧光靶材, 从而获得能量一定的荧光X射线, 并以此作为标定探测器的荧光X射线光源. 采用硅漂移半导体探测器在大气环境下测试了按上述原理搭建的荧光X射线光源的能谱分布和光子流量, 从光子流量入手推算了该荧光X射线光源用于真空系统中对探测器进行标定的可行性. 研制出了荧光X射线光源样机, 并在真空系统中对荧光X射线光源样机光子流量做了测试. 在探测距离D_x=300 cm, X射线管管流I_a=200 μA时, 所测得的荧光X射线光源光子流量可达19.57 ph/s@4.51 keV, 25.22 ph/s@5.41 keV, 33.27 ph/s@8.05 keV, 确认了所提方法的可行性, 获得了标定探测器的荧光X射线光源.     

Repeatable intensity calibration of an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer

Ten years ago, NPL developed an infrastructure for calibrating the intensity response functions of electron spectrometers for Auger electron and for X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. Two software systems were developed: one for Auger electron spectrometers or for Auger electron and X-ray photoelectron spectrometers combined, and one for X-ray photoelectron spectrometers on their own; the latter being applied if no suitable electron gun is available. The system for Auger electron and X-ray photoelectron spectrometers combined has been used regularly to calibrate the Metrology Spectrometer II at NPL and experience shows that this gives an instrumental intensity consistency of 0.4% over 10 years. Evaluations have not previously been reported at this level. The system for Auger electron and X-ray photoelectron spectrometers combined is used here in preference to the system solely for X-ray photoelectron spectrometers since it is more robust to the sample condition and can be used over a wider energy range. These issues, and how observed variations in the instrument intensity response may arise, are explained.     

多通道软X射线Dante谱仪标定及实验

 介绍了用于阳加速器上Z箍缩内爆实验诊断的Dante谱仪的结构和通道配置,详细讨论了X射线二极管、掠入射平面反射镜和滤片等主要元器件的标定结果,分析了标定结果与理论计算发生偏差的原因,给出了喷气Z箍缩等离子体辐射的测量结果,X光辐射功率30～40 GW,能量约0.8 kJ,并与闪烁体光电管测量结果进行了比较,差异约20%。     

EAST高时空分辨极向弯晶谱仪系统的升级及初步实验结果

为了拓宽等离子体参数测量范围,对EAST极向弯晶谱仪(PXCS)进行了升级改造。配合高通量大面积水冷固体探测器,提高了极向弯晶谱仪系统的光子计数率、时间分辨率、空间探测范围以及长时间运行稳定性,并在EAST装置上成功运行。实验结果表明,升级后的谱仪获得了高信噪比的类氦氩离子的母线及其一系列伴线谱,通过光谱拟合分析给出了等离子体温度时间演化及其剖面信息,测量结果与切向弯晶谱仪的数据一致,验证了极向弯晶谱仪的升级结果和数据测量的可靠性,并且在EAST长脉冲实验运行也能够稳定地提供全时间的参数分布。     

基于布拉格反射镜的X射线多色单能成像谱仪

报道了一种基于布拉格反射镜的多色单能成像谱仪研制工作,谱仪由针孔阵列、布拉格反射镜和CCD相机组成.大约有300个微孔的针孔阵列板置于布拉格镜前用于空间成像,通过布拉格反射镜的单色化,投射到CCD上的数百个小孔成像沿色散方向获得了能量分辨.经过图像处理,可以还原得到目标的多色单能二维成像.根据采用的布拉格分光元件和图像还原方法,谱仪的能量分辨达到了50—200（λ/Δλ）;针孔成像的空间分辨优于10 μm.同时还为该谱仪开发了专门的单能图像重建软件及图像数据后处理软件,可以在任意选择的窄能带内还原准单能图像.并重点介绍了该谱仪的优化设计、获得的技术指标以及专门研制的超短周期（2.5 nm）X射线W/B₄C多层镜. 关键词： X射线光学 诊断技术 布拉格反射镜 X射线多层镜     

球面弯晶在X射线诊断中的应用

为了诊断等离子体X射线,利用X射线布拉格衍射原理研制了球面弯晶谱仪。实验采用α-石英作为其晶体分析器色散元件,晶体弯曲半径为250 mm,布拉格角为30°～67.5°;采用接收面积10 mm×50 mm的X射线胶片作为摄谱器件,接收等离子体X射线谱线信息。通过在“阳”加速器装置上进行实验,得到了钛等离子体X射线K壳层激发谱线信息,其光谱分辨力可达到1 000以上,光谱带宽约为0.43 eV。     

硬X光弯晶谱仪的定量化标定方法

介绍了具有定量化测量能力的硬X光弯晶谱仪的结构, 利用Mo靶X光管的K特征线作为标定源, 使用绝对标定过的Si(Li)探测器对X光管出射的特征线谱进行强度和谱测量。结合X光管空间分布均匀的特点, 计算进入弯晶谱仪的光子数目, 采取了特征谱扣去轫致谱的计数处理方法, 得到了17 keV和19 keV处弯晶谱仪的绝对效率, 分别为4.3210-4和3.9410-4。     

Review of in situ X-ray fluorescence analysis technology in China

In the past two decades, the in situ X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technology has been developed rapidly in China, which is mainly due to the rapid development of China's economy and the great demand for rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements in geological exploration, environmental protection, and industrial process analysis. In this article, the development of in situ XRF analysis technology in China is reviewed from three aspects, namely in situ XRF analyzers, in situ XRF analysis technology, and applications of in situ XRF analysis technology. The in situ XRF analyzers are divided into four generations, and the technical characteristics of each generation of analyzers are discussed from the perspectives of X-ray excitation source, detector, electronic circuit unit, and digital signal processing. The progress of X-ray spectrum analysis, matrix effect correction, and correction of uneven effect and humidity effect is reviewed. The representative applications of XRF analysis technology in geological and mineral survey, environmental pollution investigation, cultural relic identification, and alloy analysis are introduced.     

Z箍缩等离子体X射线凸晶谱仪

 针对波长为0.3~0.5 nm的喷气箍缩等离子体X射线诊断,研制了一种适用的高空间分辨的晶体谱仪。色散元件采用云母（002）凸面晶体,布拉格角为37°,信号采用X射线胶片进行接收,有效接收面积为30 mm×80 mm。物理实验在“阳”加速器装置上进行,胶片获得了氩喷气K,L壳层光谱信号,其光谱范围较宽,为0.31~0.40 nm。经解谱发现,类氦谱线有明显的基底,用最小二乘法拟合包络曲线去噪处理后,得到类氦谱线光谱分辨力为200~300。实验结果表明,该谱仪获得的X射线测量值与理论值相符,适合喷气箍缩等离子体X射线光谱的诊断。     

用云母弯晶谱仪探测Z箍缩等离子体X射线光谱

 为了研究Z箍缩等离子体辐射的X射线光谱,研制了可用于“阳”加速器上探测宽频谱范围的X射线椭圆弯曲晶体谱仪。该谱仪晶体分析器采用云母材料,椭圆焦距为1 350 mm,离心率为0.948 5,覆盖布拉格范围为30°~60°,可探测X射线波长范围为0.10~1.73 nm(0.86~1.00 nm除外),用X射线胶片接收光谱信号。探测实验在中国工程物理研究院“阳”加速器上进行,实验结果表明:谱仪获取了氩的类氢共振线L_ya及其伴线、类氦共振线(1s2p¹P₁-1s2¹S₀)w线及磁四级M₂2跃迁(1s2p³P₂-1s²¹S₀)x线、互组合跃迁(1s2p³P₁-1s²¹S­₀)y线、禁戒谱线(1s2p³S₁-1s²¹S₀)z线和K­_-a线,谱线分辨率达到564。实验证明弯晶谱仪适合于Z箍缩等离子体X射线光谱学诊断。