X射线衍射及结构相变原位表征虚拟仿真实验的设计与建设

X射线衍射是物理、化学等相关学科专业重要的基础和创新性实验项目,但X射线衍射相关实验具有较大的危险性和难度系数,因此基于"以虚代实和以虚验实"指导思想开发虚实结合的X射线虚拟仿真项目非常必要.本文从仿真实验的设计建设及教学应用角度,对X射线衍射虚拟仿真实验教学项目做分析介绍.使用者可通过线上虚拟仿真实验平台,了解X射线相关知识背景、晶体结构相关知识、X射线衍射晶体结构检测原理等,并开展层次化的X射线衍射基础型实验和创新型仿真实验,通过线上线结合、虚实结合的学习模式,有效地培养基本实验素养和创新思维能力.     

纪念劳厄发现射线衍射周年

100年前,德国人劳厄发现X射线通过晶体时可以发生衍射效应.随后,英国的布拉格父子等人发展出一系列实验和分析方法,利用X射线晶体衍射解析出具有原子分辨率的分子结构.在过去的100年中,X射线衍射分析对世界的科学发展乃至人们的生活都产生了至关重要的影响,并且在这100年间,X射线衍射实验方法和分析方法也有了长足进步.硬X射线自由电子激光的出现为X射线衍射分析进一步发展提供了更广阔的空间,可以预期,基于自由电子激光的X射线衍射分析会进一步在物理、化学、生物等学科中发挥更为重要的影响.     

用分光计测量X射线连续波谱及普朗克常数的验证

在近代物理实验课X射线部分,我们除了“粉末法测定多晶体的晶格常数”和“劳厄法确定单晶体的晶轴方向”外,又同时开设了术实验题目,实验仪器简便、实用,测量方法简单易行。使X射线实验内容更加丰富.     

神光Ⅲ核心X射线分幅相机(英文)

神光III装置核心X射线分幅相机将用于激光装置性能验收实验和宽范围的高能量密度物理、惯性约束聚变物理及基础物理实验研究.相机系统主要为记录神光III装置靶的时间分辨X射线发射设计,利用可更换的鼻椎实现具有二维空间分辨或者一维谱分辨的靶形貌时间分辨图像.神光III装置核心X射线分幅相机将被嵌入到一个铝制空气包中,空气包具有大容量冷却平板和一个特制的环境监测传感器阵列.相机设计很多部分不同于早期X射线分幅相机,如一套全新的阻抗匹配方案,曝光时间从0.07-1.5ns可调,先进的荧光屏,脉冲屏压电路,准确的模块定位,独特的监控系统和完全远程计算机控制.其中先进的荧光屏和脉冲屏压电路已经获得初步应用.     

神光III核心X射线分幅相机

神光III装置核心X射线分幅相机将用于激光装置性能验收实验和宽范围的高能量密度物理、惯性约束聚变物理及基础物理实验研究.相机系统主要为记录神光III装置靶的时间分辨X射线发射设计,利用可更换的鼻椎实现具有二维空间分辨或者一维谱分辨的靶形貌时间分辨图像.神光III装置核心X射线分幅相机将被嵌入到一个铝制空气包中,空气包具有大容量冷却平板和一个特制的环境监测传感器阵列.相机设计很多部分不同于早期X射线分幅相机,如一套全新的阻抗匹配方案,曝光时间从0.07-1.5 ns可调,先进的荧光屏,脉冲屏压电路,准确的模块定位,独特的监控系统和完全远程计算机控制.其中先进的荧光屏和脉冲屏压电路已经获得初步应用.     

X射线光电子能谱分析虚拟仿真实验

X射线光电子能谱实验是材料物理、材料化学等相关专业的重要实验项目.但是仪器构造复杂,价格昂贵,X射线潜在的危险性等限制了该实验对学生的教学开放.基于“能实不虚,以虚代实”的原则开发了X射线光电子能谱分析虚拟仿真实验系统,完整地模拟了X射线光电子能谱分析实验实景,具有直观、智能、界面友好等特点,还可通过互联网在线进行样品制备、样品放置、样品分析及数据处理的全过程.该系统培养了学生的动手能力、科研思维和创新意识.教学中采用线上线下混合式教学模式,提高了教学质量.     

激光加热金双盘靶辐射与再辐射实验研究

在“星光Ⅱ”装置上,采用新型双盘靶研究X射线谱在次级得到改造的特性,并测量出初、次级等离子体碰撞的速度.这种双盘靶一定程度上避免了初级等离子体喷射的影响,可以提高烧蚀次级X射线的干净性.采用两台软X射线谱仪分别对初级和次级辐射的X射线进行测量,采用X射线条纹相机测量双盘靶等离子体喷射的时空扫描图象,并对实验结果进行简单的物理分析 关键词： 双盘靶 X射线再辐射 等离子体碰撞     

我国X射线激光研究突破性进展波长短于100激光增益实验成功

1989年8月至11月,中国科学院上海光机所激光等离子体物理研究室在高功率激光物理开放实验室的大力协同下,利用LF12激光装置在低功率运行条件下成功地进行了类锂离子复合泵浦软X射线激光增益实验,实现了波长短于100(?)的类锂Si~(11+)离子的软X射线激光放大.这是迄今国内实验室获得的最短X射线激光波长,显示我国的X射线激光研究朝着具有重要应用意义的“水窗”波长(23～44(?))推进了     

类氖锗软X射线激光输出达到深度饱和

在国家“863”计划激光技术领域专家委员会的支持下,1992年9月,中国工程物理研究院上海激光等离子体研究所、北京应用物理与计算数学研究所成功地进行了新的一轮四靶串接加反射镜X射线激光实验.波长为23.2和23.6nm两条激光线的有效增益长度积GL达17.5,创世界最高纪录,表明我国 X射线激光技术研究走在世界前列. 实验用我国的“神光”装置作驱动源,在上一轮四靶串接X射线激光实验成功的基础上,把X射线多层膜反射镜放置在四靶的西侧,距靶端3cm处,使由南路激光辐照的一、二靶产生的X射线激光实现了双程放大、经双程放大的X射线.激光输出强度…     

半腔靶M带X射线角分布测量与模拟

在"神光Ⅱ"实验条件下,通过在半腔靶底部的漏口来测量内爆靶丸附近的M带X射线发射的角分布.介绍了试验中采用的诊断方法和试验方法,并给出了典型的实验结果.此外,利用视角因子程序,对该实验的X射线角分布进行了模拟.经过对比,发现实验结果与视角因子程序模拟结果相符,从半腔靶底部漏口出射的M带X射线不遵从cosθ分布.实验结果和模拟结果的比较有助于提高对黑腔物理图像的理解,并为内爆实验设计提供实验依据.     

The characterization of EuO nanocrystals using synchrotron light

We have studied the physical structure, optical property, electronic band structure and atomic structure of europium oxide (EuO) nanocrystals. The physical structures of nanocrystals are confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The optical property and electronic band structure are studied by X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) measurement. We have also investigated the L₃-edge energy of europium(II) ion by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurement, which clarified the atomic structure of europium oxide nanocrystals.     

Atomistic model of physical ageing in Se-rich As–Se glasses

Thermal, optical, X-ray excited and magnetic methods were used to develop a microstructural model of physical ageing in Se-rich glasses. The glass composition As₁₀Se₉₀, possessing a typical cross-linked chain structure, was chosen as a model object for the investigations. The effect of physical ageing in this glass was revealed by differential scanning calorimetry, whereas the corresponding changes in its atomic arrangement were studied by extended X-ray absorption fine structure, Raman and solid-state ⁷⁷Se nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Straightening–shrinkage processes are shown to be responsible for the physical ageing in this Se-rich As–Se glass.     

X-ray fluorescence activities at Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics,India

This paper covers different aspects related to X-ray fluorescence activities at Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India. In its first part, experiments on basic physical problems are illustrated and in the second part, some applications related to X-ray fluorescence are discussed.     

X-ray spectroscopy of cooling clusters

We review the X-ray spectra of the cores of clusters of galaxies. Recent high resolution X-ray spectroscopic observations have demonstrated a severe deficit of emission at the lowest X-ray temperatures as compared to that expected from simple radiative cooling models. The same observations have provided compelling evidence that the gas in the cores is cooling below half the maximum temperature. We review these results, discuss physical models of cooling clusters, and describe the X-ray instrumentation and analysis techniques used to make these observations. We discuss several viable mechanisms designed to cancel or distort the expected process of X-ray cluster cooling.     

X射线掠入射显微成像诊断技术研究进展

高精密的X射线成像诊断是深入理解内爆过程,揭示点火尺度下未知物理问题的关键。基于掠入射反射的X射线显微镜,结合亚纳米级的超光滑球面或非球面反射镜,能够实现空间分辨优于5 μm的高分辨成像。介绍了国际惯性约束聚变领域的X射线显微成像技术发展及应用,重点展示了我国在高分辨X射线（KB）显微镜、多通道X射线KB显微镜以及大视场X射线KBA显微镜方向的进展,分析了下一阶段超高分辨X射线显微成像的研究计划。通过不断的技术创新,我国的X射线显微成像诊断能力已经达到国际先进水平。     

Multipurpose spectrometer TERLAB for depth selective investigation of surface and multilayer

The multipurpose spectrometer for nondestructive, depth selective investigation of physical and chemical properties of a surface and bulk is described. It realizes opportunities of Mössbauer and X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy in normal and TER-conditions, Mössbauer and X-ray diffractometry and also Mössbauer and X-ray Reflectometry. Some analytical characteristics and capabilities of a spectrometer are illustrated as an example of research with a model sample.     

Towards X-ray induced transient grating methods for nanometer scale dynamics: Diffraction on transient structures induced by extreme ultraviolet radiation from FLASH

Using the high brilliance femtosecond soft X-ray pulses from the Free-Electron LASer at Hamburg (FLASH) the X-ray induced transient optical reflectivity change of GaAs has been established as a versatile method for femtosecond X-ray/optical cross-correlation [1]. As the underlying physical mechanism is the X-ray induced dynamics within solids, we present in this work a feasibility study how transient grating methods could be used to study nanometer scale dynamics in materials, such as the radical diffusion parameters in photoresist materials for EUV lithography.     

高Z等离子体辐射的非平衡特性

 对激光直接加热和X光辐射加热Au等离子体的非平衡特性进行了实验研究，探讨了它们的物理机制。为此，提出了一种新型的锥盘靶结构，并在神光 II装置上进行了实验，结果表明：锥盘靶很好地避免了激光加热区的等离子体喷射和散射光对X光加热区的影响，改善了辐射加热场的干净性。对锥盘靶激光和辐射加热进行了模拟计算，所得结果与实验的结果符合较好。     

X射线荧光光谱分析经验系数法的理论分析

本文对目前流行的若干经验系数法在理论上进行了推导,导出了一个综合的公式。对目前这些方法中系数的物理意义作了阐述。同时导出了一个按特征荧光相对强度来计算的公式。其公式在实际应用中更为简便。 关键词：     

Fleet algorithm for X-ray pulsar profile construction and TOA solution based on compressed sensing

X-ray pulse profile and time of arrival (TOA) are the two important physical quantities for pulsar navigation. With the standard and integrated X-ray pulse profiles modeled, X-ray pulse profile construction is studied and TOA is solved using compressed sensing (CS) technology. The observation matrix and waveform complete dictionary are mainly examined. A column vector-based matching pursuit algorithm is presented. The feasibility of obtaining X-ray pulse profile construction by compressed sensing technology is verified by numerical simulation. Compared with the X-ray pulse profile construction method based on epoch folding, the proposed method exhibits improved real-time performance, and its detection time for integrated X-ray pulse profile could be reduced by one order of magnitude. This proposed method can also solve for TOA solution and construct the X-ray pulse profile simultaneously, which is essential to improve pulsar navigation efficiency.