以甘-谷二肽为构筑单元的扇形树状分子的合成与表征

以天然氨基酸为结构单元的树枝状化合物已有不少报道．例如，Denkewalter等首次报道了以氨基酸（L-赖氨酸）为结构单元的1～10代树枝状高分子的合成．Chapman等采用发散法合成了核心为聚氧乙烯（PEO）长链的树枝状t-Boc-聚（α，ε-L赖氨酸）．Kim等报道了两种具有光活性的由缬氨酸或亮氨酸组成的小肽树状分子．Tam等合成了一系列具有各种潜在生物医学用途的肽链结构树枝状分子．     

树枝状高分子修饰的水溶性近红外二区荧光聚合物的合成及其在肿瘤相关抗原载运中的应用

通过在具有供体-受体-供体结构的近红外二区(NIR-Ⅱ)荧光分子(TTQ-F)的侧链上修饰聚酰胺-胺型树枝状高分子(PAMAM)合成了一种NIR-Ⅱ荧光高分子(TTQ-F-PAMAM).该树枝状修饰的高分子不仅可以实现在900～1200nm近红外二区范围的荧光成像,同时有着良好的光稳定性.PAMAM作为一种三维、高度有...     

树枝状大分子液晶的分子设计及其自组织超结构

树枝状大分子或树枝体由于其完美的拓扑结构和周边表面大量反应性的端基,成为一类理想的可用于构筑结构新颖的大分子液晶材料的预组织骨架结构。本文按树枝状大分子骨架的化学结构分类,对侧链型树枝状大分子液晶的设计合成、液晶相行为及其自组织超结构的最新研究进展进行总结和评述,重点介绍了聚酰胺-胺、聚丙烯亚胺、聚碳硅烷、聚醚以及聚酯树枝状大分子液晶体系。近些年对树枝状大分子液晶的系统研究发现了许多新颖液晶介晶相,极大地丰富了热致液晶相态的内涵,拓展了液晶研究范畴。研究表明通过合理的分子设计,通过对介晶基元、树枝体的化学结构及其代数的选择与调控,可以实现丰富多样的液晶介晶相乃至多级有序的自组织超结构。     

扇形PAMAM树枝状高分子的合成与表征

树枝状化合物是聚合物合成科学上第一次不采用生物技术合成的结构精确的大分子。它被称为是继线形、交联形、支链形聚合物后的第4种结构类型的高分子。树枝状高分子的合成是通过多官能团基元进行逐步的有机反应而非传统的聚合方法。近年来，除了发散法、收敛法合成以外，     

线形-树状体杂化嵌段共聚物的分子设计、超分子组装及应用

线形-树状体杂化嵌段共聚物是由树枝状高分子嵌段(D)与线形高分子链(L)通过化学键连接而成的一类特殊拓扑结构的共聚物.本文综述了LD两嵌段和DLD三嵌段杂化共聚物的分子设计合成、超分子组装及应用方面近年来的最新研究进展.     

新型树枝状硫醇的自组装单层膜──图案化表面及其浸润性的调控

近年来 ,自组装膜的研究不断引起人们重视[1] .一方面 ,其兴趣可能源于纳米级器件的组装 ,如生物传感器等 [2 ] ;另一方面 ,它可作为研究摩擦学 [3]、生物膜模拟 [4 ]和微观浸润性的模型体系 [5] .树枝状分子的结构可在分子水平上精确控制 ,是很有潜力的纳米构筑基元 [6 ] .不同于常规的自组装膜构筑基元 ,树枝状分子的特殊结构使其在金属表面形成某些特殊的组装结构成为可能 .结合界面分子自组装技术和树枝状分子化学 ,国内外已有机构开展了树枝状硫醇的自组装膜的研究[7～ 9] .我们曾发现一种聚醚树枝状硫醇分子在金表面形成的自组装单层…     

微波辅助合成法制备聚酰胺-胺树枝状分子修饰的开管毛细管电色谱柱

采用微波辅助合成技术,快速制备以聚酰胺-胺(poly(amidoamine),PAMAM)树枝状分子为固定相的开管毛细管电色谱柱.与常规合成方法相比,微波辅助合成法可以提高反应速度,极大地缩短制备周期.在pH 5.7～8.0范围内, 随着PAMAM树枝状分子代数的增加,毛细管电渗流(EOF)逐步下降.对丙氨酸和脯氨酸进行分离的实验结果表明,随着PAMAM树枝状分子代数的增加,分离度逐步增大,3代PAMAM树枝状分子修饰的毛细管柱具有良好的分离效果.以丙酮标记物连续测定10 d,柱效下降3.85%, 表明采用微波辅助合成技术制得的PAMAM树枝状分子修饰的毛细管柱具有良好的稳定性.     

硅碳烷树枝状液晶的研究

树技状化合物具有规整的结构，其分子体积、形状和功能基团可在分子水平上精确控制[1]，迄今国内只有综述报道[2]．传统的液晶分子为刚性棒状，按经典液晶理论，树枝状分子难以存在液晶态，迄今仅见3例多技聚合物显示热致或液致液晶性D－“．nercec［’咱称首次合成热致液晶树枝状聚合物TPD－bx，但据Ringsdorf［51分类，因其未采用逐步发散或收敛法，而用一锅煮法合成，产品结构不规整，分子量不单一．故仍属于多技聚合物．本文首次合成了液晶硅碳烷树技状化合物．1硅碳烷树技状化合物的结构树枝状化合物的结构见图1，主干为硅碳烷，含12…     

含硅的树枝状大分子的研究进展

树枝状大分子是一类具有规则的、高度支化的三维结构的高分子 ,含硅的树枝状大分子是以硅原子作为两代之间的支化点的树枝状大分子。本文主要综述了硅氧烷型、碳硅烷型、硅烷型树枝状大分子的合成方法及含硅的树状金属络合物的研究进展。     

带树枝状侧链聚苯乙炔的合成与结构表征

合成了带树枝状聚苯甲醚修饰基团的苯乙炔单体,在Rh[(nbd)Cl2]2催化剂的作用下得到了侧链带聚苯甲醚树枝的新型聚苯乙炔衍生物,用红外吸收光谱、核磁共振谱、紫外可见吸收光谱和凝胶渗透色谱表征了聚合物的结构.发现聚合物的重均分子量达到了57300,在氯仿、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、四氢呋喃等有机溶剂中有良好的溶解性能.由于侧链上聚苯甲醚树枝体积庞大,聚合物主链采取立构规整的顺-顺式构象,紫外可见吸收光谱在440nm附近出现了显著的共轭主链的吸收肩峰;立构规整的顺-顺式构象使树枝状侧链形成了对主链保护的"夹套效应",聚合物热分解温度从聚苯乙炔母体的225℃提高到295℃.     

Fate of excited probes in micellar systems

This article presents studies on the photophysical and photochemical behavior of probes within micellar systems: organized emulsifier/polymer aggregates; the intra- and interpolymer association of amphiphilic polymers; monomer-swollen micelles (microdroplets); and the interfacial layer. Pyrene (Py) as a probe is particularly attractive because of its ability to measure the polarity of its microenvironment. Dipyme yields information on the microviscosity of micellar systems. Probes such as laurdan and prodan can be used to explore the surface characteristics of micelles or microdroplets. The dansyl group has a special photophysical property that gives information about the local polarity and mobility (viscosity) of the microenvironment. The organized association of amphiphilic polymer and emulsifier introduces a heterogeneity in the local concentration of the reactants. This heterogeneity also results from the attractive interaction between hydrophilic monomer and emulsifier in the case when the monomer carries a positive charge and the counterpart a negative one, and vice versa. Some emulsifiers can bind to the amphiphilic copolymers by simple partitioning between the aqueous phase and the polymer--non-cooperative association. The interaction between micelles (microdroplets) and charged polymers leads to the formation of mixed micelles. Binding emulsifiers to these polymers was detected at emulsifier concentrations much below the critical micellar concentration (CMC). Emulsifiers often interact cooperatively with polymers at the critical aggregation concentration (CAC) below the CMC, forming micelle-like aggregates within the polymer. The CAC can be taken as a measure of interaction between the emulsifier and polymer. A decrease in the monomer fluorescence intensity of probe-labeled polymer results from increased excimer formation, or higher aggregates within the unimolecular polymeric micelles. An increase in the monomer fluorescence intensity of probe-labeled polymer within the micellar system can be ascribed to shielding of the probe chromophores by emulsifier micelles. The quenching of probe emission by (un)charged hydrophilic monomer depends on partitioning of the monomer between the aqueous phase and the micelles. Penetration of reactants into the interfacial layer determines the quenching of the hydrophobic probe by hydrophilic quencher, or vice versa. Quenching depends on the thickness, density and charge of the interfacial layer. Compartmentalization prevents the carbonyl compound and unsaturated monomer from coming into sufficiently close contact to allow singlet or triplet-monomer interaction. All negatively charged carbonyl probe molecules are quenched with significantly lower rates than the parent neutral hydrophobic benzophenone molecules, which were located further inside the aggregates. This results from the different conformation and allocation of reactants within the micellar system. In the reverse micelles, quenching depends on the amount of water in the interfacial layer and the total area of the water/oil interface.     

Influence of alkyl chains of amphiphilic hyperbranched poly(ester amine)s on the phase‐transfer performances for acid dye and the aggregation behaviors at the interface

Hyperbranched poly(ester amine) (HPEA) with terminal secondary amine groups was synthesized by the Michael addition reaction between piperazine and trimethylolpropanetriacrylate with a molar ratio of 13:6. It was further reacted with a series of aliphatic acid chlorides, including stearoyl chloride, dodecanoyl chloride, and octanoyl chloride, to yield three modified amphiphilic hyperbranched polymers, which were termed HPEA‐C18, HPEA‐C12, and HPEA‐C8, respectively. These polymers were characterized with Fourier transform infrared, ¹H NMR, gel permeation chromatography, and differential scanning calorimetry measurements. Because of the existence of interior tertiary amine groups, the modified amphiphilic polymers were used as host molecules to extract the guest acid dye, methyl orange (MO), from the aqueous layer to the organic layer on the basis of the acid–base interaction. The influences of the pH of the aqueous layer and the length of the alkyl chains in the modified polymers on the phase‐transfer performances were investigated. The results indicated that more MO molecules could be extracted at a lower pH because of the formation of more quaternary ammonium ions within the host molecules. As the length of the alkyl chains in the modified polymers increased, both the transfer capability and the intermolecular aggregation at the interface were enhanced. The extracted MO could be reversibly released from the organic layer to the aqueous layer under basic conditions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 2921–2930, 2005     

壳层悬挂β-环糊精单元的两亲性超支化聚合物的分子包合与识别行为

采用紫外分光光度法研究了两种壳层悬挂β-环糊精单元的两亲性超支化聚合物在缓冲溶液(25 ℃, pH=11)中的分子包合与识别行为. 结果表明, 两种聚合物具有来自环糊精单元和两亲性超支化聚合物的双重包合能力, 可分别与水溶性染料分子酚酞(PP)、甲基橙(MO)、有机小分子对硝基苯酚(p-NP)等3种客体分子发生单客体包合效应, 而且其包合能力强于单一的环糊精或两亲性超支化聚合物; 通过客体分子PP和MO证实了这两种聚合物还具有双重识别能力, 可以与PP和MO发生双客体包合效应.     

超支化聚硅碳烷-g-环糊精聚合物刷的合成与表征

通过硅氢加成反应和核多步法聚合合成出超支化聚硅碳烷(HBP),并对其端基进行了硅氢化、羟基化和酰氯化三步改性得到大分子引发剂HBP-Cl;再用其引发甲基丙烯酸N,N-二甲氨基乙酯(DMA)进行原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP),得到超支化聚硅碳烷-g-聚甲基丙烯酸N,N-二甲氨基乙酯(HBP-g-PDMA),最后将单-6-碘代β-CD通过离子键固载到PDMA链上,得到超支化聚硅碳烷-g-环糊精聚合物刷(HBP-g-PDMA-β-CD).采用FTIR、1H-NMR、13C-NMR、29Si-NMR对其结构进行了表征,利用凝胶渗透色谱/多角度激光光散射(SEC/MALLS)联用仪和激光粒度分析仪研究了其高分子的精细结构,并通过元素分析研究了固载时间对β-CD固载量的影响.     

Hydroxyl‐terminated hyperbranched aromatic poly(ether‐ester)s: Synthesis,characterization, end‐group modification,and optical properties

Novel AB₂‐type monomers such as 3,5‐bis(4‐methylolphenoxy)benzoic acid ( monomer 1 ), methyl 3,5‐bis(4‐methylolphenoxy) benzoate ( monomer 2 ), and 3,5‐bis(4‐methylolphenoxy)benzoyl chloride ( monomer 3 ) were synthesized. Solution polymerization and melt self‐polycondensation of these monomers yielded hydroxyl‐terminated hyperbranched aromatic poly(ether‐ester)s. The structure of these polymers was established using FTIR and ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The molecular weights (M_w) of the polymers were found to vary from 2.0 × 10³ to 1.49 × 10⁴ depending on the polymerization techniques and the experimental conditions used. Suitable model compounds that mimic exactly the dendritic, linear, and terminal units present in the hyperbranched polymer were synthesized for the calculation of degree of branching (DB) and the values ranged from 52 to 93%. The thermal stability of the polymers was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis, which showed no virtual weight loss up to 200 °C. The inherent viscosities of the polymers in DMF ranged from 0.010 to 0.120 dL/g. End‐group modification of the hyperbranched polymer was carried out with phenyl isocyanate, 4‐(decyloxy)benzoic acid and methyl red dye. The end‐capping groups were found to change the thermal properties of the polymers such as T_g. The optical properties of hyperbranched polymer and the dye‐capped hyperbranched polymer were investigated using ultraviolet‐absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 5414–5430, 2008     

用多官能团引发剂合成超支化聚苯乙烯及其C60衍生物

通过α-溴丙酰溴与Z5(季戊四醇与2,2-二羟甲基丙酸缩聚的产物)酯化反应制得超支化原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)引发剂Z5-B(约含19个引发点).在100℃及CuCl/N,N,N,N",N"-五甲基二亚乙基三胺催化下,用Z5-B引发苯乙烯的ATRP聚合(环己酮为溶剂,体积分数为50%),得到超支化的聚苯乙烯,将溴端基叠氮化后与C60反应,获得超支化聚苯乙烯C60衍生物.该超支化C60衍生物可用于光限制材料.     

两亲性超支化聚砜胺对染料的可逆高装载

采用戊酰氯、壬酰氯和棕榈酰氯对超支化聚砜胺(HPSA)进行封端,合成了3种不同烷基末端的两亲性核壳型超支化聚砜胺,并将其用于小分子装载.发现它们对刚果红(CR)、甲基橙(MO)、虎红(RB)等水溶性染料具有很强的装载能力,且对同种染料的封装载荷随着末端亲油性烷基链的增长而增大.对于末端为棕榈酰基的HPSA-PC,平均每个大分子可以捕捉CR和MO分子的数目分别高达41.8和19.4个,远高于已报道的树枝状聚合物和超支化聚合物对这些染料的封装载荷.这主要是聚砜胺内核的高度亲水性及其与亲油性烷基外壳的极性差所致.与已报道的聚合物不同,两亲性超支化聚砜胺装载的染料用纯水洗涤可以释放出来.这种高装载性能和可逆性赋予超支化聚砜胺在药物释放、分子识别和分离以及纳米催化剂和纳米涂料等领域具有广阔的应用前景.     

Synthesis and drug release properties of novel pH- and temperature-sensitive copolymers based on a hyperbranched polyether core

Multi-arm star amphiphilic hyperbranched copolymers with poly(2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) shell and hyperbranched poly(3-ethyl-3-(hydroxymethyl)oxetane) (HBPO) core were synthesized by reversible addition?Cfragmentation chain transfer method. The hyperbranched copolymers were further modified by succinic anhydride (SUC) to obtain the novel pH- and thermosensitive hyperbranched copolymer HBPO-star-PDMAEMAs-SUC. The composition and morphology of synthesized copolymers were investigated by ¹H NMR, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. These copolymers exhibited phase transitions in response to pH and temperature. The pH-dependent release properties of the drug-loaded micelles were also investigated using indomethacin (IND) as a model drug. The IND-loaded micelles displayed a rapid drug release at an alkaline pH.     

由聚丙二醇二缩水甘油醚和甘油制备温敏性超支化聚合物

由聚丙二醇二缩水甘油醚和甘油通过质子转移聚合(proton transfer polymerization)一步法制备了端羟基的温敏性超支化聚醚.聚合产物的分子量(Mn)在1.76×104~2.43×104之间,玻璃化转变温度(Tg)在-31.5~-26.7℃之间,热分解温度(Td)在367~376℃之间.通过控制聚丙二醇二缩水甘油醚和甘油的投料比,实现了对温敏性超支化聚醚最低临界溶解温度(LCST)的调节,LCST可控制在28.3~39.6℃之间.     

Self-healing Supramolecular Polymer Composites by Hydrogen Bonding Interactions between Hyperbranched Polymer and Graphene Oxide

A self-healing supramolecular polymer composite (HSP-GO) was designed and prepared via incorporation of modified graphene oxide to hyperbranched polymer by hydrogen-bonding interactions.The polymer matrix based on amino-terminated hyperbranched polymer (HSP-NH2) was synthesized by carboxylation,Curtius rearrangement,and amination of hydroxyl-terminated hyperbranched polyester (HP-OH),while the modified graphene oxide was prepared by transformation of hydroxyl to isocyanate and further to carbamate ester.Spectroscopic methods were utilized to characterize the obtained polymer composites.Stress-strain test was selected to carefully study the self-healing property of HSP-GO.It is found that a small amount of modified graphene oxide (up to 2 wt％) improves the glass transition temperature (Tg),tensile strength,Young's modulus,and self-healing efficiency of the polymer composites.After healed at room temperature for 10 min,the addition of modified graphene oxide improves the self-healing efficiency to 3 7％ of its original tensile strength.The experiment result shows that the self-healing efficiency is related to the density of hydrogen bonding site and the molecular movement.