基于分频域和菲涅耳域的光学图像加密方法

结合分数傅里叶变换及菲涅耳变换,在光学图像加密系统中分别具有多密钥性和无透镜性的优点,提出了基于分频域和菲涅耳域的光学图像加密方法。基于分数傅里叶变换的光学加密系统,引入菲涅耳变换及全息技术,使原有的加密系统在不增加光学元件的基础上提高了系统的安全性。理论分析和计算机仿真模拟证明了这种方法的可行性。     

Watermarks encrypted in the cascaded Fresnel digital hologram

A cascaded Fresnel digital hologram (CFDH) is proposed, together with its mathematical derivation. Its application to watermarking has been demonstrated by a simulation procedure, in which the watermark image to be hidden is encoded into the phase of the host image. The watermark image can be deciphered by the CFDH setup, the reconstructed image shows good quality and the error is almost closed to zeros. Compared with previous technique, this is a lensless architecture, which minimizes the hardware requirement.     

Chaotic encryption and decryption of JPEG image

According to encrypting principles of digital images, integrating the characteristic of JPEG image, and using discrete chaotic sequence, this paper has studied encryption and decryption of JPEG image, and has compared and analyzed the corresponding relations between the encryption and decryption effects and their security of two different encrypting schemes of the JPEG image chaotic encryption studied by this paper. In a basic unit of an 8 × 8 data block, image encryption and decryption not only are fast, but also match with JPEG format. The JPEG image encryption can meet the security requirement of the storage and transmission of JPEG images in some common application occasions, and provides an effective and feasible way of encrypting JPEG images.     

Optical multiple-image encryption based on phase encoding algorithm in the Fresnel transform domain

A novel method of the optical multiple-image encryption based on the modified Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm (MGSA) is presented. This proposed method with an architecture of two adjacent phase only functions (POFs) in the Fresnel transform (FrT) domain that can extremely increase capacity of system for completely avoiding the crosstalk between the decrypted images. Each encrypted target image is separately encoded into a POF by using the MGSA which is with constraining the encrypted target image. Each created POF is then added to a prescribed fixed POF composed of a proposed MGSA-based phase encoding algorithm. Not only the wavelength and multiple-position parameters in the FrT domain as keys to increase system security, the created POFs are also served mutually as the encryption keys to decrypt target image based on cascading two POFs scheme. Compared with prior methods [23], [24], the main advantages of this proposed encryption system is that it does not need any transformative lenses and that makes it very efficient and easy to implement optically. Simulation results show that this proposed encryption system can successfully achieve the multiple-image encryption with multiple-position keys, which is more advantageous in security than previous work [24] for its decryption process with only two POFs keys to accomplish this task.     

Optical color image encryption based on an asymmetric cryptosystem in the Fresnel domain

In recent years, optical color image encryption has attracted much attention in the information security field. Some approaches, such as digital holography, have been proposed to encrypt color images, but the previously proposed methods are developed based on optical symmetric cryptographic strategies. In this paper, we apply an optical asymmetric cryptosystem for the color image encryption instead of conventional symmetric cryptosystems. A phase-truncated strategy is applied in the Fresnel domain, and multiple-wavelength and indexed image methods are further employed. The security of optical asymmetric cryptosystem is also analyzed during the decryption. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed optical asymmetric cryptosystem for color image encryption.     

Nonlinear image encryption using a fully phase nonzero-order joint transform correlator in the Gyrator domain

A novel nonlinear image encryption scheme based on a fully phase nonzero-order joint transform correlator architecture (JTC) in the Gyrator domain (GD) is proposed. In this encryption scheme, the two non-overlapping data distributions of the input plane of the JTC are fully encoded in phase and this input plane is transformed using the Gyrator transform (GT); the intensity distribution captured in the GD represents a new definition of the joint Gyrator power distribution (JGPD). The JGPD is modified by two nonlinear operations with the purpose of retrieving the encrypted image, with enhancement of the decrypted signal quality and improvement of the overall security. There are three keys used in the encryption scheme, two random phase masks and the rotation angle of the GT, which are all necessary for a proper decryption. Decryption is highly sensitivity to changes of the rotation angle of the GT as well as to little changes in other parameters or keys. The proposed encryption scheme in the GD still preserves the shift-invariance properties originated in the JTC-based encryption in the Fourier domain. The proposed encryption scheme is more resistant to brute force attacks, chosen-plaintext attacks, known-plaintext attacks, and ciphertext-only attacks, as they have been introduced in the cryptanalysis of the JTC-based encryption system. Numerical results are presented and discussed in order to verify and analyze the feasibility and validity of the novel encryption–decryption scheme.     

Chaos based multiple image encryption using multiple canonical transforms

We propose a new method for multiple image encryption using linear canonical transforms and chaotic maps. Three linear canonical transforms and three chaotic maps are used in the proposed technique. The three linear canonical transforms that have been used are the fractional Fourier transform, the extended fractional Fourier transform and the Fresnel transform. The three chaotic maps that have been used are the tent map, the Kaplan-Yorke map and the Ikeda map. These chaotic maps are used to generate the random phase masks and these random phase masks are known as chaotic random phase masks. The mean square error and the signal to noise ratio have been calculated. Robustness of the proposed technique to blind decryption has been evaluated. Optical implementation of the technique has been proposed. Experimental and simulations results are presented to verify the validity of the proposed technique.     

Optical image encryption using improper Hartley transforms and chaos

We propose a new method for image encryption using improper Hartley transform and chaos theory. Improper Hartley transform is a Hartley transform in which the phase between the two Fourier transforms is a fractional multiple of π/2. This fractional order is called fractional parameter and serves as a key in the image encryption and decryption process. Four types of chaos functions have been used. These functions are the logistic map, the tent map, the Kaplan-Yorke map and the Ikeda map. Random intensity masks have been generated using these chaotic functions and are called chaotic random intensity masks. The image is encrypted by using improper Hartley transform and two chaotic random intensity masks. The mean square error has been calculated. The robustness of the proposed technique in terms of blind decryption has been tested. The computer simulations are presented to verify the validity of the proposed technique.     

Optical image encryption using Hartley transform and logistic map

We propose a new method for image encryption using Hartley transform with jigsaw transform and logistic map. Logistic map has been used to generate the random intensity mask which is known as chaotic random intensity mask. The problem of bare decryption with Hartley transform has been solved by using the jigsaw transform. In the proposed technique, the image is encrypted using two methods in which the second method is the extension of the first method. In the first method, the image is encrypted using Hartley transform and jigsaw transform. In the second method, the image is encrypted using Hartley transform, jigsaw transform and logistic map. The mean square errors and the signal to noise ratio have been calculated. Robustness of the technique in terms of blind decryption and the algorithmic complexity has been evaluated. The optical implementation has been proposed. The computer simulations are presented to verify the validity of the proposed technique.     

Optical image encryption based on binary Fourier transform computer-generated hologram and pixel scrambling technology

A new method of optical image encryption with binary Fourier transform computer-generated hologram (CGH) and pixel-scrambling technology is presented. In this method, the orders of the pixel scrambling, as well as the encrypted image, are used as the keys to decrypt the original image. Therefore, higher security is achieved. Furthermore, the encrypted image is binary, so it is easy to be fabricated and robust against noise and distortion. Computer simulation results are given to verify the feasibility of this method and its robustness against occlusion and additional noise.     

Image encryption based on pure intensity random coding and digital holography technique

We propose a novel image encryption method that combines the pure intensity random encoding and the digital holography technique. A phase-shifting interferometer records both phase and amplitude information of a complex object with a CCD sensor array. The encryption is performed by placing two pure intensity random masks between the image to be encrypted and an intensity recording device. Electronic decryption can be performed with fast Fresnel reconstruction procedure. Numerical simulation results show the validity of the algorithm and an optoelectronic implementation setup is also presented.     

Key rotation multiplexing for multiple-image optical encryption in the Fresnel domain

We introduce a key rotation multiplexing method into the double random phase encoding system for multiple-image optical encryption in the Fresnel domain. Each plaintext is encoded into a stationary-white-noise ciphertext by the same only phase mask located at the input plane, and another only phase mask with a certain rotation angle located at the transform plane. All ciphertexts encoded from different plaintexts are added together to produce a final ciphertext, which serves as a single data source for different plaintexts decryption. Thus, the mask located at transform plane can be utilized to decrypt different plaintexts with a certain rotation angle. Also, we perform computer simulations to investigate how the quantization level of decrypted key and CCD, respectively, affect the decrypted quality and the number of images that can be multiplexed.     

Optical image encryption using fractional Fourier transform and chaos

We propose a new method for image encryption using fractional Fourier transform and chaos theory. Random phase masks are generated using iterative chaos functions. The input image is combined with the first random phase mask at the object plane and is then transformed using the fractional Fourier transform. After the first fractional Fourier transform, the second random phase mask, again generated by using the chaos functions, is used at the fractional plane. The second fractional Fourier transform operation is then carried out to obtain the encrypted image. Three types of chaos functions have been used: the logistic map, the tent map and the Kaplan–Yorke map. The mean square error and the signal-to-noise ratio between the decrypted image and the input image for the correct order and the incorrect order of the fractional Fourier transform have been calculated. The computer simulations are presented to verify the validity of the proposed technique.     

Color image encryption and decryption for twin images in fractional Fourier domain

We propose a method for the encryption of twin color images using fractional Fourier transform (FRT). The color images to be encrypted are converted into the indexed image formats before being processed through twin image encryption algorithm based on the FRT. The proposed algorithm uses one random code in the image domain and one random phase code in the FRT domain to perform double image encryption. The conversion of both the input RGB images into their indexed formats facilitates single-channel processing for each image, and is more compact and robust as compared to multichannel techniques. Different fractional orders, the random masks in image- and FRT domain are the keys to enhance the security of the proposed system. The algorithms to implement the proposed encryption and decryption schemes are discussed, and results of digital simulation are presented. We examine sensitivity of the proposed scheme against the use of unauthorized keys (e.g. incorrect fractional orders, incorrect random phase mask etc.). Robustness of the method against occlusion and noise has also been discussed.     

Optical color image encryption based on the wavelength multiplexing using cascaded phase-only masks in Fresnel transform domain

A novel technique, based on a modified Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm (MGSA) in the Fresnel-transform (FrT) domain, is proposed to encode a color image into three phase-only functions (POFs) for three separated channels: red (R), green (G), and blue (B). The decomposed three RBG channels can avoid the interference of crosstalks efficiently. In proposed decryption process, a color image can be promptly reconstructed by summing of the three decrypted RGB images after the created three POFs which are decrypted one by one. In this paper, all the created three POFs and the system parameters of FrT can be used as the keys for increasing security that are also demonstrated. The computer application simulations to the partial color encryption and decryption are given to validate the feasibility of the proposed scheme.     

Optical hyperspectral data encryption in spectrum domain by using 3D Arnold and gyrator transforms

In this letter, a hyperspectral image encryption algorithm based on 3D Arnold transform and gyrator transform in spectrum domain is proposed. First, the original hyperspectral cube will be scrambled by 3D Arnold transform in the spatial domain. Subsequently, the obtained intermediate data are converted into spectrum domain to create a new spectral image. This new spectral image is decomposed into numerous single pieces and encoded using gyrator transform. The corresponding decrypted hyperspectral cube can be recovered by performing along the reverse direction of the encryption process. Some numerical simulations have been performed to verify the validity and capability of the proposed hyperspectral encryption algorithm.     

级联菲涅尔衍射光学图像安全系统

计算机模拟验证了系统用于光学图像加密和隐藏的可行性.理论分析揭示了本系统面向应用的三个性质：相位分布的台阶数可以作为系统设计的自由度;增加系统衍射级次可以提高秘密图像的解密质量,但此时系统受到波长微变的影响也较显著;轴向位移也会产生噪音信号,其衍射距离越长,解密质量越差.     

Position multiplexing multiple-image encryption using cascaded phase-only masks in Fresnel transform domain

A position multiplexing method based on the modified Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm (MGSA) and a cascaded phase modulation scheme in the Fresnel transform domain is proposed in the multiple-image-encryption framework. First of all, each plain image is encoded into a complex function using the MGSA. The phase components of the created complex functions are then multiplexed with different position parameters, and summed. The phase part of the summation result is recorded in the first phase-only mask (POM). The MGSA is applied on the amplitude part of the summation result to determine another phase only function which is then recorded in the second POM. The simulation results show that the crosstalk between multiplexed images is significantly reduced compared with an existing similar method [20]. Therefore, the multiplexing capacity in encrypting multiple grayscale images can be increased accordingly.     

Secure optical system that uses fully phase-based encryption and lithium niobate crystal as phase contrast filter for decryption

In this paper, the implementation of a secure optical system using fully phase encryption is described. A two-dimensional phase image obtained from an amplitude image is encrypted and decrypted by using a spatial light modulator working in phase mode. The fully phase encryption is achieved using double random phase encoding. The encrypted image is holographically recorded in a photorefractive crystal and is then decrypted by generating, through phase conjugation, the conjugate of the encrypted image. A lithium niobate crystal has been used as a phase contrast filter to change the decrypted phase image into an amplitude image, thus alleviating the need for alignment of the phase contrast set-up in the Fourier plane. Simulation results are provided to verify the proposed study. The mean square error between the primary image and decrypted image has been calculated to study the sensitivity of the system.