Ultrasonic flaw detection using threshold modified S-transform

Interference noising originating from the ultrasonic testing defect signal seriously influences the accuracy of the signal extraction and defect location. Time–frequency analysis methods are mainly used to improve the defects detection resolution. In fact, the S-transform, a hybrid of the Short time Fourier transform (STFT) and wavelet transform (WT), has a time frequency resolution which is far from ideal. In this paper, a new modified S-transform based on thresholding technique, which offers a better time frequency resolution compared to the original S-transform is proposed. The improvement is achieved by the introduction of a new scaling rule for the Gaussian window used in S-transform. Simulation results are presented and show correct time frequency information of multiple Gaussian echoes under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) environment. In addition, experimental results demonstrate better and reliable detection of close echoes drowned in the noise.     

超声缺陷检测中小波变换信号处理的参数确定

小波变换是最近的处理时变信号的技术,A.Abbate,J.Koay和J.Frankel等提出了一种基于连续小波变换的小波信号处理器进行超声信号处理。但是在应用小波信号处理器进行超声信号处理时,未考虑处理参数的影响,没有进行参数优化。本文从时频局部化角度分析了超声缺陷检测中小波信号处理器的参数优化问题,给出了各种参数如:母小波、母小波的频率带宽比和滤波器数目等的选择方法,并进行了实验验证。     

小波变换软阈值去噪在粗晶材料超声检测中的应用

本研究多尺度小波分析方法在粗晶材料超声检测信号增强中的应用。在分析结构噪声，电噪声和缺陷信号的小波变换特性的基础上，提出一种用一个尺度间变化的门限闭值来抑制噪声的小波变换系数，并以各尺度缺陷信号的能量关系形成权值，加权重构信号来提高信噪比。实验结果表明，该方法具有很好的去噪效果，增强了粗晶材料缺陷的检出率。     

Ultrasonic flaw detection in model railway wheels

Rayleigh and Lamb waves have been excited in $\text{1}\text{4}$ scale model railway wheels by an ultrasonic source located on the wheel tread. Simulated flaws in treads and plates have been located.     

Ultrasonic flaw detection using radial basis function networks (RBFNs)

Ultrasonic flaw detection has been studied many times in the literature. Schemes based on thresholding after a previous matched filter use to be the best solution, but results obtained with this method are only satisfactory when scattering and attenuation are not considered. In this paper, we propose an alternative solution to thresholding detection method. We deal with the usage of different flaw detection methods comparing them with the proposed one. The experiment tries to determinate whether a given ultrasonic signal contains a flaw echo or not. Starting with a set of 24,000 patterns with 750 samples each one, two subsets are defined for the experiments. The first one, the training set, is used to obtain the detection parameters of the different methods, and the second one is used to test the performance of them. The proposed method is based on radial basis functions networks, one of the most powerful neural network techniques. This signal processing technique tries to find the optimal decision criterion. Comparing this method with thresholding based ones, an improvement over 25-30% is obtained, depending on the probability of false alarm. So our new method is a good alternative to flaw detection problem.     

Robust pedestrian detection in thermal infrared imagery using the wavelet transform

A novel and robust pedestrian detection method in thermal infrared images based on the double-density dual-tree complex wavelet transform (DD-DT CWT) and wavelet entropy is presented in this paper. The regions of interest (ROIs) are located first making use of high brightness property of the pedestrian pixels caused by the self-emission of the pedestrians related to the Planck’s law. The candidate ROIs are then decomposed by DD-DT CWT and the wavelet entropy features are extracted from the high frequency subbands. The true pedestrian regions are finally classified and recognized using the support vector machine (SVM) classifier. Comparisons between our approach and traditional approaches are presented and experimental results using several thermal infrared image databases show the proposed scheme to be very promising.     

Ultrasonic flaw detection in the aircraft industry Aspects of technique and standardization

Aircraft in service are tested in widely different climates, with different equipment and by operators far away from the manufacturer's laboratories and staff. If their inspections are to be valid, the manufacturer must standardize his tests to eliminate all possible sources of error, both technical and human     

小波分析在强流直线感应加速器信号处理中的应用

应用小波变换具有良好的时频局部特性,通过对强流直线感应加速器(LIA)脉冲信号的去噪声、信号突变点检测以及时间间隔测量等处理,表明小波变换在LIA信号处理中有广泛的应用前景;利用小波包分析的每个节点都代表了对应频带的信号特征的特点,对“神龙一号”快脉冲波形数据进行小波包变换,以各频带信号能量为元素构造特征向量,实现了高维波形数据的特征值提取,达到了数据压缩和降维的目的,为进一步实现LIA故障智能诊断、预测维护提供了一种可行的途径。     

小波分析在强流直线感应加速器信号处理中的应用

 应用小波变换具有良好的时频局部特性,通过对强流直线感应加速器(LIA)脉冲信号的去噪声、信号突变点检测以及时间间隔测量等处理,表明小波变换在LIA信号处理中有广泛的应用前景;利用小波包分析的每个节点都代表了对应频带的信号特征的特点,对“神龙一号”快脉冲波形数据进行小波包变换,以各频带信号能量为元素构造特征向量,实现了高维波形数据的特征值提取,达到了数据压缩和降维的目的,为进一步实现LIA故障智能诊断、预测维护提供了一种可行的途径。     

Hidden corrosion detection in aircraft aluminum structures using laser ultrasonics and wavelet transform signal analysis

Preliminary results of hidden corrosion detection in aircraft aluminum structures using a noncontact laser based ultrasonic technique are presented. A short laser pulse focused to a line spot is used as a broadband source of ultrasonic guided waves in an aluminum 2024 sample cut from an aircraft structure and prepared with artificially corroded circular areas on its back surface. The out of plane surface displacements produced by the propagating ultrasonic waves were detected with a heterodyne Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Time-frequency analysis of the signals using a continuous wavelet transform allowed the identification of the generated Lamb modes by comparison with the calculated dispersion curves. The presence of back surface corrosion was detected by noting the loss of the S(1) mode near its cutoff frequency. This method is applicable to fast scanning inspection techniques and it is particularly suited for early corrosion detection.     

Image displacement detection using double phase-encoded joint transform correlator based on wavelet denoising

Since double phase-encoded joint transform correlator (DPEJTC) cannot directly detect the motion between image frames of a video sequence with inadequate exposure, an image displacement detection method using DPEJTC based on log-Gabor wavelet denoising is proposed. The method uses a log-Gabor wavelet transform to denoise the reference and the target image obtained in the condition lack of enough exposure, preserving the phase information of them. Experimental results show that the method can successfully accomplish the motion detection. The technology improves the detection ability in conditions of low illumination and low contrast, showing great promise for motion detection under these circumstances. A possible hybrid electronic–optic setup is proposed.     

Determination of the characteristics of the spectra of neutron scattering for tungsten using the wavelet transform

The problem of the determination of the spectral characteristics using the lifting scheme with the linear approximation of signals and the Haar wavelet-transform algorithm (à trous algorithme) is considered. These transforms are recommended for use in combination with standard methods. Based on analysis of the behavior of the wavelet coefficients, a method to localize the peaks and to determine the positions of maxima is proposed. The efficiency of the use of non-traditional wavelet transforms for the filtration and compression of spectral data and the localization of peaks, in particular, for neutron-scattering spectra, is demonstrated.     

小波相位解调轮廓术

针对傅里叶变换轮廓术因混频难以准确提取基频的问题,可将小波变换用于三维形貌相位直接解调。对其原理进行了研究,通过编程实现了小波相位解调。取Morlet复小波作为小波母函数,对调制栅线图逐行进行连续小波变换,从各位置的沿尺度方向的小波变换系数幅值的极值中可直接求取对应的相位数据。由于小波函数具有空域_频率两域的局部化特性,因此它对变形栅具有很强的自适应能力。为验证新方法,对其进行了仿真分析,同时还对石膏半球模型和化妆品瓶进行了实际测量,并分别用傅里叶变换和小波变换进行了处理。结果表明,新方法有效地克服了混频的问题,改善了相位解调效果,提高了测量精度,特别适合于复杂物体的形貌测量。     

Measurement of out-of-plane static and dynamic deformations by processing digital speckle pattern interferometry fringes using wavelet transform

In this paper, we are presenting measurement of static and dynamic deformations in rectangular plate fixed at one end using digital speckle pattern interferometry (DSPI). To improve the measurement accuracy, we have developed a new filtering scheme based on combination of average/median filtering and Symlet wavelet filtering which enhances the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the speckle interferogram obtained from DSPI. Experimental results show that our filtering scheme is quite effective in improving SNR of the speckle interferogram. The measurements by DSPI and calculations from beam theory in the case of out-of-plane static deformation and the measurements by DSPI and accelerometer in the case of dynamic deformation are in good agreement.     

提升小波加权自相关函数的基音检测算法*

随着计算机技术的发展,语音信号处理作为人机交互的重要渠道,其在复杂噪声环境下的特征值检测算法直接关系到计算机的运算效率。基音周期是语音特征值提取的重要参数之一。针对传统基音检测算法在噪声环境下检测精度低的问题,提出了一种基于自适应提升小波变换加权线性预测误差自相关函数的基音检测算法。该方法用多级提升小波近似系数加权求和的方法来弥补自相关函数随着时间延迟量的增加幅值衰减的缺陷;用线性预测误差自相关函数的方法来抑制共振峰的干扰,然后将两种方法结合来突出基音周期处的峰值。实验结果表明,与传统的自相关函数法和小波加权法相比,该方法能有效减弱共振峰的影响,突出基音周期处的峰值,提高基音周期检测精度,鲁棒性更好。     

Edge detection with large depth of focus using differential Haar–Gaussian wavelet transform

We propose a new differential Haar–Gaussian (DHG) wavelet transform together with the bandwidth matching algorithm to perform edge detection, which can be processed with fast computation in both spatial and frequency domains. The telecentric optics is used to produce high-precision edge detection with large depth of focus.     

小波变换和自适应噪声抵消在闭合裂纹超声检测中的应用

在闭合裂纹超声检测中,裂纹散射口波信号非常微弱,难以检测。本文分别用小波变换和自适应噪声抵消方法来抑制应电压背景噪声和随机电噪声,提高了信噪比,增强了裂纹检测率.     

Coherence gating in optical heterodyne detection measurements of scattering and absorption in highly scattering media

Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) from the S₁ state of acetone and 3-pentanone was studied as a function of temperature and pressure using excitation at 248 nm. Additionally, LIF of 3-pentanone was investigated using 277 and 312 nm excitation. Added gases were synthetic air, O₂, and N₂ respectively, in the range 0–50 bar. At 383 K and for excitation at 248 nm, all the chosen collision partners gave an initial enhancement in fluorescence intensity with added gas pressure. Thereafter, the signal intensity remained constant for N₂ but decreased markedly for O₂. For synthetic air, only a small decrease occurred beyond 25 bar. At longer excitation wavelengths (277 and 312 nm), the corresponding initial rise in signal with synthetic air pressure was less than that for 248 nm. The temperature dependence of the fluorescence intensity was determined in the range 383–640 K at a constant pressure of 1 bar synthetic air. For 248 nm excitation, a marked fall in the fluorescence signal was observed, whereas for 277 nm excitation the corresponding decrease was only half as strong. By contrast, exciting 3-pentanone at 312 nm, the signal intensity increased markedly in the same temperature range. These results are consistent with the observation of a red shift of the absorption spectra (9 nm) over this temperature range. Essentially, the same temperature dependence was obtained at 10 and 20 bar pressure of synthetic air. It is demonstrated that temperatures can be determined from the relative fluorescence intensities following excitation of 3-pentanone at 248 and 312 nm, respectively. This new approach could be of interest as a non-intrusive thermometry method, e.g., for the compression phase in combustion engines.     

Improvement of signal-to-noise ratio in digital holography using wavelet transform

The basic problem in optical and digital holography is the presence of speckle noise in the reconstruction process, which reduces the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The presence of speckle noise is serious drawback in optical and digital holography since it substantially reduces the SNR in the reconstructed image. In this paper, we present wavelet filtering to improve SNR in the reconstructed images from digital holograms. Experimental results are presented.     

基于小波变换和数据融合技术的弱小目标检测

 鉴于弱小目标检测所固有的难点及常用的单一分辨率下的检测方法还不能准确稳定地检测出目标，提出了一种弱小目标检测新方法。考虑到实际应用中的复杂背景和大量干扰噪声，运用数据融合技术，先对图像进行小波多分辨率分解，然后将不同分辨率下的子图进行最优加权平均融合来检测弱小目标。用实地拍摄的空中弱小目标红外和可见光图像分别进行实验验证，实验图像取256×256像素点阵大小，其中目标占10×10像素左右。结果表明该方法能够准确稳定地检测弱小目标，为后续的跟踪作了很好的铺垫。