凝胶渗透色谱法对桉木过氧化氢化学法化学机械浆制浆过程木素分子量变化的

利用凝胶渗透色谱法和元素分析法测定了尾叶桉酶解木素在过氧地化学机械浆（ＡＰＭＰ制浆及漂白过程分子量的变化。研究结果表明：由于ＨＯＯ的特殊作用制浆及漂白之后,浆中剩余木素的平均分子量相对有所增加。     

混合煤制浆对水煤浆性质的影响

实验选用三种性能较差，不适宜制浆的煤作为原料煤，选用成浆性、稳定性或流变性较好的三种煤作为配煤进行混合煤制备水煤浆。实验结果表明，在相同的制浆条件下，加入成浆性、稳定性较好的煤种，使得水煤浆性质较差的煤成浆性、稳定性均有不同程度的提高，浆体流变性得到改善，煤浆粘度明显降低。根据配煤加入量的不同，煤的成浆浓度可提高约2%～3%，浆体稳定性增加，产生软沉淀的时间由1 d提高到10 d。加入成浆性较差的褐煤，亦可明显提高难制浆煤种的稳定性和改善浆体的流变性，使得浆体由胀塑性流体变为假塑性流体。煤的表面性质分析表明，配入表面性质差异较大的煤种，有利于改善难制浆煤种的水煤浆性质。     

中国不同变质程度煤制备水煤浆的性质研究

在相同的制浆条件下,以中国煤种资源数据库为依据,考察了24种不同地区、不同变质程度煤制备成水煤浆的成浆性、流变性及静态稳定性。结果表明,山西阳泉、山东淄博石谷、河北下花园等煤种适宜制浆,这些煤的浆体质量分数均可达到66%以上,浆体呈假塑性流体,且煤浆产生软沉淀的静态稳定性均在15 d以上;山西潞安石圪节、安徽淮南、淮北石台等煤成浆性较好,稳定性在7 d左右,浆体呈胀塑性流体;山东枣庄八一、甘肃靖远红会、河南鹤壁等煤可达到较高的煤浆质量分数,浆体流变性及稳定性均较差,其他的煤则不适宜用于制备水煤浆。     

聚对苯乙烯磺酸钠添加剂的分子量对水煤浆浆体性质的影响

选用了变质程度不同的八种煤和三种不同分子量的聚对苯乙烯磺酸钠（PSS）添加剂，详细考查了该添加剂的分子量对水煤浆浆体性质的影响。结果发现，在考查PSS相对分子量的范围内（质均分子量为5.34×104～33.39×104），八种煤的水煤浆成浆性随着分子量的增大而增加，水煤浆成浆性与PSS添加剂的平均分子量的关系可归因于添加剂在煤粒上的吸附，分子量小的PSS在煤粒上的吸附量大于分子量大的PSS；PSS分子量的增加有利于水煤浆的流变性由胀性向假塑性转变；PSS分子量的增加使水煤浆的静态稳定性得到显著的改善。     

辣根过氧化物酶改性木质素磺酸钠的结构特征及吸附分散性能

在室温及水溶液体系中,采用辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)对亚硫酸法制浆造纸废液的副产物木质素磺酸钠(木钠)进行改性,通过凝胶渗透色谱、电位滴定、红外光谱和核磁共振波谱等表征了HRP改性木钠的结构.结果表明,HRP可以有效聚合木钠大分子,调节HRP的用量,得到不同分子量的木钠产品,当HRP浓度为6 g/L时,可使木钠分子量增大155%.HRP可氧化木钠分子上的酚羟基变成苯氧自由基,该自由基可直接交联,也可转移到酚羟基的邻位或对位再发生聚合作用,其聚合方式主要为β-O-4'及β-β'连接.HRP改性还可使木钠磺化度增加27%.采用静电逐层自组装技术研究了HRP改性对木钠吸附特征的影响,结果表明,经HRP改性后,木钠在平板上的吸附量增大;对TiO2浆体的分散稳定性能也得到改善,这主要是因为分子量增大,空间位阻作用增强;磺化度增大,静电排斥作用增强,从而使TiO2颗粒更好地分散在水中.     

阴离子型添加剂的分子结构特征对水煤浆浆体性质的影响

选用分子结构特征不同的三类共七种添加剂和变质程度不同的八种煤,对添加剂的分子结构特征与煤质及水煤浆浆体各性质间的匹配规律进行研究。结果表明,以多核芳烃为缩聚单体的磺酸盐类添加剂中甲基取代基的引入对煤的成浆性不利,但有利于浆体向塑性流体转变和静态稳定性的提高;苄基取代基的引入能提高分析基氧体积分数低的煤种的成浆性,但是其浆体的静态稳定性较差。富含极性含氧官能团且变质程度较低的煤种在使用磺化程度较高的腐植酸盐类添加剂制浆时,可以制备出较高定黏浓度的水煤浆。腐植酸类添加剂磺化度较高时改善了浆体的流变性。对于腐植酸类和木质素类添加剂,磺化度较高的添加剂有利于挥发分较高的煤种所制浆体的静态稳定性的提高。     

草类原料制浆新工艺 Ⅰ.甘蔗渣碱性亚硫酸盐蒽醌制浆

本文探讨了甘蔗渣等草类原料对碱性亚硫酸盐蒽醌(AS—AQ)制浆的适应性。在蔗渣AS—AQ法制浆中,AQ的添加量以0.05—0.15％(对蔗渣原料)为宜;最协调的碱性条件是Na2SO_3/总药量为65—85％的弱碱性范围,此时的脱木素作用最强、选择性最好。与常规Soda法相比,蔗渣AS—AQ浆具有得率高、未漂浆白度高、易漂,物理性能还有所改善等优点,还具备容易制取硬度很低的全漂化学软浆的一大特点,这些都是木材原料所不具备的。     

水煤制备过程中浆体抗搅拌性能的研究

选用两种不同的类型的分散剂，考察了１１种不同变质程度煤在高浓度煤浆制备的过程中的浆体抗搅拌性能。发现高浓度煤浆制备对应的最佳搅拌强度不仅与分散的种类有关，而且取决于煤的变质程度。浆体抗搅拌性能随制浆用煤的变质程度的提高而增强，从而使较高变质程度煤的高浓度煤浆制备需在较高的搅拌强度下进行，才能最大限度地提高煤的成浆性。     

阴极电泳涂料用颜料分散树脂及颜料浆的研制

采用多异氰酸酯制备一种季铵化剂,该季铵化剂和环氧树脂反应制备含有季铵盐基团的阳离子颜料分散树脂及颜料浆。本文研究了TDI单体类型、环氧树脂分子量、IO封闭TDI摩尔比例对颜料分散树脂水溶性、分散性及颜料浆稳定性的影响,并对颜料分散树脂和颜料浆的性能进行测试,结果表明:该颜料分散树脂对颜料具有优异的分散效果;该颜料分散树脂和常见颜料分散研磨而成的颜料浆贮存稳定性、施工稳定性性能优异,该产品具有良好的市场应用前景。     

纤维素燃料乙醇废液与煤的成浆性能研究

提出了一种纤维素燃料乙醇废液大规模资源化利用的新方法—将纤维素燃料乙醇废液与煤共混制备废液煤浆作燃料用。借助旋转黏度计对废液煤浆(WLCS-CEF)进行流变性测定,研究了成浆浓度、废液加入量和添加剂对煤浆流变性的影响。结果表明,废液煤浆的表观黏度随成浆浓度及废液加入量的增加而增大,添加剂的加入明显改善废液煤浆的流变特性。废液中大分子量的木质素及未水解完全的纤维素和半纤维素能起到稳定煤浆的作用,同浓度下的废液煤浆比水煤浆稳定性高,且煤浆稳定性随浓度增大而增强,合适的添加剂也能改善稳定性。当选择添加剂A,成浆浓度为62%,废液添加量为煤量的2.5%时,制得的废液煤浆比较适合气化。     

Alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping of wheat straw with enzyme treatment

Alkaline peroxide mechanical pulping (APMP) of wheat straw with enzyme treatment was studied. Instead of direct enzyme pretreatment on wheat straw, an alternative treatment method was used, in which coarse pulps from refiner defibrated wheat straw rather than wheat straw were pretreated with a crude enzyme containing mainly xylanase, then impregnated with alkaline H₂O₂ solution and further refined. The optimum conditions of enzyme treatment were xylanase dosage of 10–15 IU/g of oven-dried wheat straw, 90 min, 50–60°C, pulp consistency of 5–10%, and initial pH of 5.0, and those for chemical impregnation were 6% NaOH, 70–80°C, 60–90 min, and 4 to 5% H₂O₂. Enzyme treatment improved pulpability of wheat straw by the APMP process, and final pulp quality such as brightness, breaking length, and burst index of pulp. Pulp from the APMP process with enzyme treatment could be bleached to a brightness of 70.5% ISO by two-stage H₂O₂ bleaching sequence with only 4% H₂O₂, and breaking length of the bleach pulp reached 4470 m.     

Catalyzed sulphite and semichemical pulping

Very high yield sulphite pulps were produced by cooking black spruce wafers in pulping liquors at pH 7 or 10, containing 0.1% (on O.D. wood) of soluble anthraquinone (SAQ). These pulps had better strength properties relative to controls prepared without SAQ, breaking length and burst index being greater, on average, by 20%. Other improvements included: increased pulping rate, lower lignin contents at comparable pulp yields, and higher carbohydrate content at the same level of residual lignin in pulp (this resulted in an increase of total pulp yield by 2%). Results of cooks in liquors ranging in pH from 4 to 10, and under variable conditions of time (20–60 min) and temperature (120–160°C) suggested that: firstly, AQ does not act as a pulping catalyst at pH 4, and secondly, the sulphonate contents of AQ-catalyzed pulps are lower than those of the uncatalyzed controls. In the light of the lower sulphonate content, the higher strength is unexpected.     

Fractionation and physico-chemical analysis of degraded lignins from the black liquor of Eucalyptus pellita KP-AQ pulping

The degraded Eucalyptus pellita kraft lignin from the black liquor of KP-AQ pulping was precipitated directly at pH ∼2.0 without further purifying, since the lignin obtained is more representative with a whole distribution of molecular weight. The precipitated lignin was fractionated into six fractions by successive extraction with organic solvents. A comparison study of the lignin heterogeneity between the fractions was made in terms of fractional yield, content of associated polysaccharides, alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation, molecular weight distribution, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy and thermal stability. It was found that the lignin fractions contained higher associated hemicelluloses and ratios of non-condensed syringyl/guaiacyl units which were extracted by organic solvents with higher Hildebrand solubility parameters. The results from GPC and TGA showed that the polydispersity and the thermal stability of the lignin fractions increased with increasing molecular weight. In the low molecular weight fraction, small amounts of β-aryl ether bond (β-O-4) surviving the KP-AQ pulping were detected by both ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra.     

Xylanase and Ultrasound Assisted Pulping of Wheat Straw

In the present work, a novel approach to pretreat wheat straw pulping was investigated with ultrasound and xylanase to achieve maximum reduction in lignin content. Sequential xylanase pretreatment and alkaline pulping was found to reduce kappa number by 0.31 to 4.84?% compared with only alkaline pulping alone at different pulping conditions. Although Klason lignin of ultrasound-treated straw was found to be 7.37?% less compared with untreated straw, sequential ultrasound pretreatment and alkaline pulping could not show any significant reduction in kappa number compared with alkaline pulping alone. Also, sequential xylanase and ultrasound pretreatment could not show any significant reduction in kappa number. Total yield of the pulp was found to be less in ultrasound-assisted processing compared with both alkaline pulping alone and sequential xylanase pretreatment and alkaline pulping.     

Additional Paper Waste in Pulping Sludge for Biohydrogen Production by Heat-Shocked Sludge

Dark anaerobic fermentation is an interesting alternative method for producing biohydrogen (H₂) as a renewable fuel because of its low cost and various usable organic substrates. Pulping sludge from wastewater treatment containing plentiful cellulosic substrate could be feasibly utilized for H₂ production by dark fermentation. The objective of this study was to investigate the optimal proportion of pulping sludge to paper waste, the optimal initial pH, and the optimal ratio of carbon and nitrogen (C/N) for H₂ production by anaerobic seed sludge pretreated with heat. The pulping sludge was pretreated with NaOH solution at high temperature and further hydrolyzed with crude cellulase. Pretreatment of the pulping sludge with 3% NaOH solution under autoclave at 121 °C for 2 h, hydrolysis with 5 FPU crude cellulase at 50 °C, and pH 4.8 for 24 h provided the highest reducing sugar production yield (229.68 ± 2.09 mg/g_TVS). An initial pH of 6 and a C/N ratio of 40 were optimal conditions for H₂ production. Moreover, the supplement of paper waste in the pulping sludge enhanced the cumulative H₂ production yield. The continuous hydrogen production was further conducted in a glass reactor with nylon pieces as supporting media and the maximum hydrogen production yield was 151.70 ml/g_TVS.     

Chemometrics: an important tool for the modern chemist, an example from wood-processing chemistry

This study briefly outlines the idea of principal component analysis and cross-correlation calculations (applied chemometrics) and presents an illustrative example from wood-processing chemistry. The applicability of chemometric data analysis was demonstrated by investigating the various structural changes that take place in dissolved and degraded lignin ("kraft lignin") during laboratory-scale kraft pulping of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and silver birch (Betula pendula). The structural data (31P NMR and size exclusion chromatographic data) on kraft lignin were further processed by chemometric multivariate techniques (PCA and 2DCC), confirming, for example, that the cleavage of beta-aryl ether structures, the most prominent linkages between monomeric units, is directly related to the decrease in the average molecular mass of lignin.     

Optimal extraction,sequential fractionation and structural characterization of soda lignin

Research on Chemical Intermediates - In this research, soda lignin was extracted from Bambusa bambos using a soda pulping process, and interaction effects of pulping variables were statistically...     

Molecular Structure of Sodium Lignosulfonate from Different Sources and their Properties as Dispersant of TiO2 Slurry

The molecular structure and properties of four sodium lignosulfonates (LSs) derived from pulping or bioethanol production were evaluated and compared. SXP and SAL were produced by sulfite pulping and sulfonation reaction of lignin from alkali pulping of poplar, respectively. LS-180 and LS-150 were from sulfite pretreatment to overcome recalcitrance of lignocelluloses (SPORL) pretreatment of lodgepole pine for bioethanol production. The molecular weights of the two LSs from SPORL were much smaller than those from pulping. However, LS-180 and LS-150 had higher sulfur content, especially LS-180. UV–Vis absorption spectra of LS-180 and SXP showed redshift, indicating increased amount of guaiacyl units or conjugated structures. The infrared spectra showed that LS-180 and SXP had more conjugated structures. LS-150 had the highest methoxyl group content, while SAL and LS-180 had lowest. The ¹H-NMR was used to further investigate the difference of molecular linkages within each LS. LS-150 had more β-O-4′ structures than the others, while SXP had more β-β′ structures. When used as dispersant for TiO₂ slurry, LS-180, LS-150, and SXP all had excellent dispersibility, but not SAL, suggesting LS from bioethanol production is an excellent source of LS and lignin sulfonation of alkali lignin is not sufficient for dispersion applications.     

Significance of fatigue for mechanical defibration

The fatigue induced by high-frequency cyclic loading on the compressibility and tensile properties of wood and wood cell walls was quantified. The non-elastic behavior of fatigued and reference samples was similar, whereas their elastic behavior differed, as expected. Next, the effects of the dynamic fatigue on the mechanical pulping process were quantified by grinding fatigued and untreated samples and by comparing the paper strength produced by the two pulps against the consumed pulping energy. Pre-introducing fatigue increased the energy efficiency of grinding and may allow designing a more energy efficient mechanical pulping process.     

Hemicellulose in Dissolving Pulp and its Behaviour during its Processing to Viscose

The amount of “hemicellulose” in pulps varies according to wood species, and the pulping processes including their bleaching agents. Making viscose cellulosic and non-cellulosic material is removed during mercerisation which is the first processing step. Low molecular weight material is also formed during the reduction of the degree of polymerisation in order to fit the alkali cellulose for xanthation and dissolving, respectively. In this work commercially available dissolving pulps with respect to their behaviour during the preparation of viscose fibres shall be discussed. For these investigations a Eucalyptus sulphite and a Eucalyptus pre- hydrolysed sulphate pulps were selected.