铁矿石、锰矿石和铬矿石取样和样品制备技术概况

我国钢铁工业的主要原料铁矿石、锰矿石和铬矿石进口量大,对外依存度分别在80%,55%,95%以上,贸易中经常发生质量纠纷,有些质量纠纷的焦点为取样和样品制备技术。从影响样品代表性的角度概述了铁矿石(包括直接还原铁和热压块)、锰矿石和铬矿石取样和样品制备所涉及的方法标准、品质波动、样品部位、最小份样数、最小份样量、缩分方法、最小留样量和设备的技术要求,分析了取样和样品制备中存在的问题,提出了确保取样和样品制备人员能正确执行方法标准、采取有代表性样品应采取的措施。     

计算机模拟地质化验室分样及取样常数Ks的估算

提出了计算机模拟地质化验室取样过程,考察取样误差与取样量、样品粒度之间关系,并估算取样常数.实验所得的误差与取样量之间的关系与Ingamells的取样方程一致,取样常数及取样常数和样品粒度关系式也与Ingamells推导的相符.由于计算机模拟是一颗颗取样,不用预设分布模式,不存在分析方法误差和分样操作误差的叠加,误差完...     

增量取样量接近分析试样量时的取样——理论修正与结果

化学分析取样几乎总是一个多步骤过程,所有的步骤都会导致分析结果的总体不确定性。样品采取之后,不论后续采样过程如何精细,前期采样阶段的误差都无法在后续采样过程中更正。第一次取样是最重要的,通常其方差远远超过实验室测量的方差。但这不意味着在最终实验室分析试样制备阶段可以忽略采样理论的原理。现代分析仪器旨在处理小样本(从毫克到几克)。在这种情况下,如果样品是包含少量分析物的混合颗粒,则物料的不均匀性可能会很大以至于破坏整个分析过程。不均匀性计算和样品制备过程中基本采样误差方差的估计对于开发适用的分析程序至关重要。在样本制备的最后步骤中,新的增量本是父增量本的重要组成部分,在估算样本方差时必须考虑到这种影响。TOS提供了用于处理这些情况的工具。通过两个案例阐明了不均匀性计算的应用。在第一个例子中,评估了鸡饲料中低含量添加剂的成分不均匀性,在第二个例子中,对样品制备进行了优化,以校正用于分析硅灰石精矿中矿物杂质含量的红外仪器。在处理颗粒混合物和评估混样效率时,不均匀性评估也很重要。     

分光光度法测定水合肼技术性因素的研究

针对现行肼测定的标准分析方法(水质肼的测定-对二甲氨基苯甲醛分光光度法HJ674-2013)影响测定质量的因素,以实际测定为依据,从分析方法和统计学方法出发,研究和论述了校准曲线的建立、方法的测定范围、被测定样品的取样方式等几个方面,对分析测定及测定结果造成的影响。结果表明,分析方法的校准曲线建立方式会对校准曲线的质量和精密度产生很大影响,最终将影响到样品测定的准确性;测定范围将会影响到方法的适用性;方法中不正确的取样方式,不仅影响到样品测定的准确性,同时也使溯源性受到影响。本文给出的建议,可对方法的应用和修订提供技术支持。     

单波长激发-能量色散X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤全量硅、铝、铁、钾、钠、钙、镁、锰、磷、钛、硫

土壤质量受农作物种植、气候变化和工业发展等因素的持续影响而不断变化。及时准确评估土壤质量对于合理利用土地资源以及确保农业粮食生产的安全至关重要。土壤质量的评估涉及多种无机元素含量的分析和检测。传统的分析方法包括全量硅、磷、硫、铝等多种元素,但这些方法通常需要较长的实验周期、复杂的样品前处理以及成本较高。基于以上问题,本研究为了实现土壤中多种元素的高效检测,通过对样品粒度、取样量、压片压力和保压时间对测定结果的影响,建立了单波长激发-能量色散X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤全量硅、铝、铁、钾、钠、钙、镁、锰、磷、钛、硫元素的方法。结果显示,当样品粒度为0.150 mm(100目),取样量为4.0 g,压力20 MPa,保压时间为60 s时,可实现最优检测。在最优检测条件下,各元素的方法检出限为3 mg/kg~0.10%,定量限为12 mg/kg~0.40%,且方法的正确度和精密度可靠。该方法具有各类土壤类型的适应性,同时具备检测速度快、分析成本低、前处理简单、对土壤样品无损等特点,适用于实验室及现场快速检测。该方法能够提高分析效率,降低人员间误差,提高样品分析通量,为土壤分析工作者提供一种可靠快速的分析方法。     

计算机模拟取样确定标准物质的最小取样量

本文提出用计算机模拟取样对不同的取样量重复进行测试多次,统计其检测结果的标准偏差,做出标准偏差s对取样量m的拟合曲线,再计算最小取样量。设计的模式是一颗一颗地取样,这样不存在取样操作及测试过程带来的误差,操作是可行的,结果是可靠的。计算机运算速度快,参数转换方便,也可以取毫克甚至亚毫克样进行实验。只要有足够的岩矿鉴定的资料,可以模拟不同状态下的样品取样过程。     

有机微量燃烧分析中强挥发及不稳定液体样品的取样方法

在有机微量燃烧分析中,对于特殊性质的样品,如强挥发性或既吸水又挥发或在空气中不稳定的液体有机化合物,要获得正确的分析结果,除了必须掌握称量、分析方法本身技术外,还必须要有正确的取样和进样的方法,以防止样品在分析前的损失或破坏。在燃烧方法中,对于挥发性样品的装样称量,困难不大,其主要困难在于进样。一般文献上报导有二种方法:1.管外进样法,2.管内进样法。其要点是使样品防止挥发,损失。至于在空气中强烈吸潮而分解的样品,除了进样技术外,还必须在干燥或惰性气体下采样。     

卜松分布下的实验室样品缩分特性及取样常数K_s确定法的探讨

对于一个由两种不同质的晶粒组成的实验室随机(均质性)样品来说,文献以K_S=R~2·W 来描述其缩分特性规律,即取样相对标准方差 R~2与所缩取的子样重 W 成反比,比例常数 K_S 称实验室样品取样常数。一般认为,这是一个经验规律,且只在所考察的目标组份 X%呈对称(正态)分布下才成立。木文论证了当 X%呈卜松分布即 X%处于痕量组份下,这一规律仍然成立;并在此基础上,进一步完善了卜松分布下的 K_s 确定方法。     

环境监测中实验室强化空白的制备及应用

<正>实验人员在进行日常监测分析的精密度和准确度试验时,应选择更具代表性和操作性强的标准样品或质量控制样品进行试验,即要求使用与实际样品基体接近的标准样品或质量控制样品。但环境监测领域有时很难找到与此类标准样品或质控样品,这就需要模拟实际样品配制人工合成标准样品或质控样品进行质量控制,尤其是低浓度水平的基体质控样品——实验室强化空白[1]的制备(本工作提出的实验室强化空白的概念与文献[1]的解释有所不     

照相影像RMS粒度的测试研究

RMS粒度是照相材料成像质量的重要特性。使用显微光密度计-电子计算机系统进行该项测定是目前最为先进的方法。这种方法自动进行数字采样,按编制好的程序计算,具有快速简便的优点。但测试过程中有许多重要环节,如果处理不当,计算出的结果值就完全不能代表样品的粒度水平而只是一个完全错误的结果。本文通过设计的各种实验,研究了仪器系统噪声,样品中宏观密度不均及影像数字化时采样间距对RMS粒度测值的影响。结果表明,必须选取恰当的实验参数和数据处理方法,才能消除上述各种干扰,得到RMS粒度的正确估值,同时,本文还对数字模拟光孔与真实光孔的RMS粒度测值作了比较,得到了有实际应用价值的结果。     

Estimation of measurement uncertainty by the budget approach for heavy metal content in soils under different land use

A reference database was used for the estimation of the standard uncertainties resulting from sampling, sample preparation, and analysis of soil samples from a target area in Switzerland. This evaluation was based on an extended reference sampling of the Comparative Evaluation of European Methods for Sampling and Sample Preparation of Soils Project. Samples were taken according to the national sampling protocols of 15 European countries and were analyzed for zinc, cadmium, copper, and lead. The combined uncertainty for all laboratories was estimated according to the ISO Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement. It was found that the sampling uncertainty was not larger than the analytical uncertainty if more than ten sample increments were taken. The uncertainty due to variation in sampling depth and sample size reduction was only significant under unfavorable conditions. On the basis of an uncertainty budget the sampling protocols can be optimized and a ranking is possible, aimed at conditions that are fit for the specific purpose.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary Material is available in the online version of this article at     

The analytical and economic importance of correctness in sampling

Sampling is part of quality evaluation as well as of the analysis. Probabilistic and non-probabilistic sampling methods are discussed, with examples of the severe financial consequences of incorrect sampling procedures. Only probabilistic methods (cross-stream and splitting) can be correct but their correctness depends on sample increment delimitation, increment extraction and integrity of increments and final sample. Recommendations are given for designing sampling procedures and designing sampling equipment. Common sources of error are described. The need for analytical specialists to be responsible for both sampling and sample processing is emphasized.     

Quantitation in capillary gas chromatography with emphasis on the problems of sample introduction

Sampling techniques for practical quantitative capillary GC have to meet certain principal requirements. Both the absolute and the relative peak areas (e.g. column loads) must be reproducible with high precision and at high accuracy; discrimination of certain constituents according to their volatility should not take place on sampling. On the basis of systematic studies, the three most reliable sampling techniques used for GC analyses with the aim of achieving precise and accurate quantitative data proved to be the following: On-column, injection, splitless PTV injection, and an optimized version of split sampling called “cooled needle split” injection. The on-column technique can be optimized by using precolumns with wider internal diameters and without stationary phase coatings to overcome the problems of large liquid sampling volumes and for automation. The PTV technique should only be used in the splitless mode because discrimination cannot be suppressed completely with the split mode. All three of the techniques can be operated automatically, either to avoid “human interference”, i.e. to improve precision or for unattended operation to save man-power.     

Bragg scattering from a filamentary array

Elastic scattering from a filamentary array is studied using Fermi's “golden rule”. The intensity of the Bragg peaks varies dramatically with the magnitude of the incoming wave vector.     

渐进取样法及其应用

提出了渐进取样法,通过样本数目的累积,使总方差估计值达到所需的精度。应用Ｍｏｎｔｅ Ｃａｒｌｏ模拟技术考察了满足一定取样精度的样本数目及其偏差。将该方法应用于散装生铁块中Ｓｉ、Ｍｎ、Ｃ、Ｓ、Ｐ含量分析的取样,结果令人满意。该项研究对于大宗货物的实际随机取样具有重要参考价值。     

Development and validation of a new direct sampling method for coarse mono- and mixed waste fractions bound in bales

Sampling of coarse waste materials is considered to be a particularly challenging task and is at the same time the most crucial step in the overall data acquisition process. Despite this fact, research work on new sampling methods or new scientific approaches to sampling has been rather limited over the last decades. This paper focuses on a completely new sampling procedure for coarse two-dimensional materials similar to municipal solid waste or packaging plastics. The developed method is especially suitable for materials with particle sizes >100 mm and is based on the ‘press-and-drill method’ introduced by researchers from Fachhochschule Nordhausen. The basic idea is to sample the material in its compressed form (e.g. as bales) with a drilling tool in order to gain increments. The study presented in this paper shows the results of two extensive test series applying this new sampling technique to a middle-calorific fraction produced from packaging material (mainly plastics, textiles and paper). In parallel, the state-of-the-art approach was also applied on the same materials to gain valuable reference data. Results from both approaches are used for the extensive validation of the new sampling method. The verification of accuracy was realised by doping the material with defined pieces of foil containing molybdenum sulphide (MoS₂) which acted as a tracer in the bale. The results obtained by the new direct bale sampling showed not only good accordance with the actual tracer content in each bale but also with results derived from the state-of-the-art approach. In this study, homogeneously distributed parameters (e.g. loss of ignition) were included just as inhomogeneously distributed elements (i.e. Cu). It is shown that sufficient representativeness for coarse materials (d₉₅ > 300 mm) is obtained despite relatively small sample amounts and without previous comminution of the material.     

Measurement uncertainty from physical sample preparation: estimation including systematic error

A methodology is proposed, which employs duplicated primary sampling and subsequent duplicated physical preparation coupled with duplicated chemical analyses. Sample preparation duplicates should be prepared under conditions that represent normal variability in routine laboratory practice. The proposed methodology requires duplicated chemical analysis on a minimum of two of the sample preparation duplicates. Data produced from the hierarchical design is treated with robust analysis of variance (ANOVA) to generate uncertainty estimates, as standard uncertainties ('u' expressed as standard deviation), for primary sampling (ssamp), physical sample preparation (sprep) and chemical analysis (sanal). The ANOVA results allow the contribution of the sample preparation process to the overall uncertainty to be assessed. This methodology has been applied for the first time to a case study of pesticide residues in retail strawberry samples. Duplicated sample preparation was performed under ambient conditions on two consecutive days. Multi-residue analysis (quantification by GC-MS) was undertaken for a range of incurred pesticide residues including those suspected of being susceptible to loss during sample preparation procedures. Sampling and analytical uncertainties dominated at low analyte concentrations. The sample preparation process contributed up to 20% to the total variability and had a relative uncertainty (Uprep%) of up to 66% (for bupirimate at 95% confidence). Estimates of systematic errors during physical sample preparation were also made using spike recovery experiments. Four options for the estimation of measurement uncertainty are discussed, which both include and exclude systematic error arising from sample preparation and chemical analysis. A holistic approach to the combination and subsequent expression of uncertainty is advised.     

Calculations of autoionization states of He and H−

The positions and lifetimes of several ¹S and ^1,3P autoionizing states of He and H^? are obtained by two methods involving standard techniques of electronic structure calculation which can be extended to more complicated systems. The first method involves an approximate evaluation of Miller's “golden rule” formula; the second is an application of the recently developed complex coordinate method.     

A new multi-axial particle shape factor--application to particle sampling

Because for a given sample size the sampling uncertainty increases with increasing particle mass, the mass of a representative sample depends on the particle mass during chemical, physical and biological analysis. Sampling theory can be used to formulate the quantitative relationship between the particle mass and the corresponding mass or weight of a representative sample. But in practice, especially for small particles, it is often easier to evaluate the particle size in dimension of length (e.g. μm) rather than in dimension of mass (e.g. μg). In order to be able to apply sampling theory to predict the mass or weight of a representative sample, a well-defined methodology that relates the mass of a particle to its size is required. We here propose a new multi-axial shape factor which requires information of multiple sizes of the particle of interest, whereas a uniaxial shape factor only needs one. In view of the information loss that is implicit in the use of a one-dimensional shape factor like the Brunton shape factor, the here-proposed new multi-axial shape is expected to perform better. Experimental data confirm the better performance of the new shape factor. A multi-segment generalisation of the new multi-axial shape factor is proposed.     

Quantitation in miniaturized GC and SFC systems

Separations of high efficiency and/or speed can be achieved in capillary GC by capillary columns of lower internal diameter (< 50 μm). Sampling techniques for the analytical application of narrow bore fused silica columns have been evaluated with regard to quantitation. On-column injection cannot be applied. Therefore liquid samples have to be vaporized in external devices before they enter the chromatographic system. Sample introduction by syringe with subsequent splitting must and can be applied but requires special syringes with perfect piston sealing because of the high inlet pressures needed even with hydrogen as carrier gas. For general analytical applications, valve systems should be developed to eliminate both the syringe and the septum from instrumental GC set-up's. In SFC using either narrow bore capillary or packed microbore columns, time-controlled valve sampling with partial displacement of the sample from the loop seems to be an adequate technique because of the very high inlet pressures involved. Splitting in combination with valve operation can also be applied in capillary SFC at least to samples of good solubility in the mobile phase. A disadvantage of splitting in SFC is that another restriction for the adjustment of the split flow is necessary.