Thermal decomposition behavior, kinetics, and thermal hazard evaluation of CMDB propellant containing CL-20 by microcalorimetry

The thermal decomposition behavior of composite modified double-base propellant containing hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20/CMDB propellant) was studied by microcalorimetry. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were obtained from the analysis of the heat flow curves. The effect of different proportion of CL-20 to the thermal decomposition behavior, kinetics, and thermal hazard was investigated at the same time. The critical temperature of thermal explosion (T _b), the self acceleration decomposition temperature (T _SADT), and the adiabatic decomposition temperature rise (??T _ad) were calculated to evaluate the thermal hazard of the CL-20/CMDB propellant. It shows that the CMDB propellant with 38% CL-20 has relative lower values of E and lgA, and with 18% CL-20 has the highest potential hazard.     

柠檬酸镧催化双基推进剂的非等温热分解反应动力学

采用TG-DTG和DSC技术研究了含二缩三乙二醇二硝酸酯(TEGDN)和硝化甘油(NG)的混合酯、硝化棉(NC)和用作燃烧催化剂的柠檬酸镧组成的双基推进剂在常压和流动态氮气气氛下的非等温热分解反应动力学. 结果表明, 该双基推进剂的热分解过程存在2个失重阶段: 第I失重阶段为混合酯的挥发分解过程; 第II失重阶段为主放热分解反应, 机理服从三级化学反应, 减速型α-t曲线, 动力学参数: Ea=231.14 kJ·mol-1, A=10^23.29 s-1, 动力学方程为dα/dt=10^22.99(1-α)³ e^-2.78×104/T. 由外推起始点温度(Te)和峰顶温度(Tp)计算得出该双基推进剂的热爆炸临界温度值分别为Tbe=463.62 K, Tbp=477.88 K. 反应的活化熵(⊿S^≠)、活化焓(⊿H^≠)和活化能(⊿G^≠)分别为219.75 J·mol-1·K-1, 239.23 kJ·mol-1和135.96 kJ·mol-1.     

TG studies of a composite solid rocket propellant based on HTPB-binder

Thermal decomposition kinetics of solid rocket propellants based on hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene-HTPB binder was studied by applying the Arrhenius and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa's methods. The thermal decomposition data of the propellant samples were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG) at different heating rates in the temperature range of 300-1200 K. TG curves showed that the thermal degradation occurred in three main stages regardless of the plasticizer (DOA) raw material, the partial HTPB/IPDI binder and the total ammonium perchlorate decompositions. The kinetic parameters E _a (activation energy) and A (pre-exponential factor) and the compensation parameter (S _p) were determined. The apparent activation energies obtained from different methods showed a very good agreement. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Evaluating the Thermal Hazard of Double-Base Propellant SQ-2 by Using Microcalorimetry Method

The thermal decomposition behavior of double‐base rocket propellant SQ‐2 was studied by a Calvet microcalorimeter at four different heating rates. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were obtained from the analysis of the heat flow curves. The critical temperature of thermal explosion (T_b), the self acceleration decomposition temperature (T_SADT), the adiabatic decomposition temperature rise (ΔT_ad), the time‐to‐explosion of adiabatic system (t), critical temperature of hot‐spot initiation (T_cr), critical thermal explosion ambient temperature (T_acr), safety degree (SD) and thermal explosive probability (P_TE) were presented to evaluate the thermal hazard of SQ‐2.     

BTATz-Pb复合物对双基和RDX-改性双基推进剂的热行为、非等温动力学及燃烧性能的影响

制备了含3,6-双(1-氢-1,2,3,4-四唑-5-氨基)-1,2,4,5-四嗪(BTATz)铅复合物(LCBTATZ)的双基推进剂和改性双基推进剂. 采用热重-微商热重法(TG-DTG)及差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了其热分解行为和非等温分解动力学并在此基础上评价了其热安全性. 结果表明, LCBTATz-DB复合物中在350-540 K之间只存在一个放热分解峰, LCBTATz-CMDB复合物中存在两个连续的放热分解峰在390-540 K温度范围内, 其机理方程分别为: f(α)=α^-1/2和f(α)=2(1-α)^3/2. 计算了热加速分解温度(T_SADT)、热爆炸临界温度(T_b)、热点火温度(T_TIT)和绝热至爆时间(t_Tlad),其值分别为: DB001复合物T_SADT=444.50 K, T_TITT=453.96 K, T_b=471.84 K; t_Tlad=39.36 s; CMDB100复合物, T_SADT=442.38 K, T_TITT=452.89 K,T_b=464.13 K,t_Tlad=21.3 s,并以此来评价化合物的热安全性. 考察了LCBTATz-DB以及LCBTATz-CMDB的燃烧性能, 结果表明LCBTATZ 是一种高效的双基燃烧催化剂, 在较大的压力范围内可以显著的提高燃速并且大幅度的降低压力指数. 对于双基推进剂在2-8 MPa压力范围内出现了明显的超燃速现象, 8-12 MPa出现了“麦撒”效应, 对于改性双基推进剂的压力指数降到0.18.     

Thermal Decomposition Behavior and Non-isothermal Decomposition Reaction of Copper（ll） Salt of 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dinitropyridine Oxide and Its Application in Solid Rocket Propellant

The thermal decomposition behavior and kinetic parameters of the exothermic decomposition reactions of the title compound in a temperature‐programmed mode have been investigated by means of DSC, TG‐DTG and lower rate Thermolysis/FTIR. The possible reaction mechanism was proposed. The critical temperature of thermal explosion was calculated. The influence of the title compound on the combustion characteristic of composite modified double base propellant containing RDX has been explored with the strand burner. The results show that the kinetic model function in differential form, apparent activation energy E_a and pre‐exponential factor A of the major exothermic decomposition reaction are 1‐a,207.98 kJ*mol^?1 and 10^15.64 s^?1, respectively. The critical temperature of thermal explosion of the compound is 312.87 C. The kinetic equation of the major exothermic decomposition process of the title compound at 0.1 MPa could be expressed as: dα/dT=10^16.42 (1–α)e‐2.502×10⁴/T As an auxiliary catalyst, the title compound can help the main catalyst lead salt of 4‐hydroxy‐3,5dinitropyridine oxide to enhance the burning rate and reduce the pressure exponent of RDX‐CMDB propellant.     

Determining the temperature to initiate the explosion of a propellant

Summary Gun propellants are per definition instable substances. During their lifetime a slow decomposition process is going-on. During this decomposition process the heat that is generated accelerates the process, which could result to an unsafe situation, or an unexpected explosion of the material. The temperature to initiate the explosion of a propellant is of importance for the storage conditions of such a substance. The method used so far to evaluate this temperature is based on an extrapolation of the Kissinger equation at zero heating rate. A new proposal is the use of the invariant kinetic parameters (IKP) method to determine the iso-kinetic temperature and extrapolating it to zero heating rate as an alternative method. The results are discussed for some examples.     

Synthesis and Characterization of a New Energetic Plasticizer: Acyl-Terminated GAP

A new energetic plasticizer, acyl-terminated glycidyl azide polymer (GAP), was synthesized through the reaction between 2,4,6-trinitrobenzoyl (TNB) chloride and GAP. The TNB-GAP structure was confirmed by FT-IR, UV-vis, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR. The glass transition temperature (T _g ) of TNB-GAP was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the thermal stability of TNB-GAP was tested by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). DSC traces showed that TNB-GAP had a T _g of ?46.01°C. TGA curves showed that the thermo-oxidative degradation of TNB-GAP in air was a two-step reaction, and the percentage of degraded TNB-GAP nearly reached 100% at 650°C. Exothermic decomposition reaction kinetic parameters of TNB-GAP were also studied using the non-isothermal DSC method. Results indicated that the values of apparent activation energy of TNB-GAP were 80.16 and 162.92 kJ/mol, and the values of the pre-exponential constant were 1.75 × 10¹⁰ and 1.22 × 10¹⁶.     

Thermal decomposition kinetics of some aromatic azomonoethers

The non-isothermal kinetic parameters corresponding to the decomposition of 4-[(4-chlorobenzyl)oxy]-4’-nitro-azobenzene were evaluated. The kinetic analysis was performed by means of different multi-heating rates methods: isoconversional (‘model-free’) methods (Flynn–Wall–Ozawa) and invariant kinetic parameters method (IKP) associated with the criterion of the independence of activation parameters on the heating rate. The values of the obtained non-isothermal kinetic parameters are in satisfactory agreement.     

Kinetics of Thermal Decomposition of Solid Propellant Based on Aluminum and Ammonium Perchlorate

Kinetic regularities of the mass loss and heat and-gas release were studied in the thermal decomposition of a solid propellant composed of aluminum, ammonium perchlorate, and a polymer binder. It was shown that, under heating from 40 to 340°C under permanent vacuum conditions, propellant samples decompose without ignition, with the limiting mass loss in the decomposition being 48%. When experiments were performed in air, the propellant formulation decomposes with sharp ignition, with the inflammation temperature (270–287°C) and amount of volatiles released by this instant of time (10–16 wt %) dependent on the heating rate. The kinetic regularities of the mass loss in the decomposition of a solid propellant were described in terms of the polychromatic kinetics model that assumes that the reaction system has ensembles of particles differing in reactivity. The distribution functions of the mass fractions of the propellant by activation energies of decomposition were calculated. The heat release kinetics in the decomposition of a propellant formulation in the temperature range 153–270°C in a closed evacuated system is described by a sum of equations for two parallel reactions: 1st-order reaction with a heat effect Q₁ = 200 ± 5 kJ kg^–1 and 1st-order autocatalysis with heat effect Q₂ = 1900 ± 50 kJ kg–1. The rate constants and the activation parameters of the process were determined.

     

Study of The Mechanism and Kinetic Parameters of The Thermal Decomposition of Cobalt Sulphate Hexahydrate

Thermogravimetry (TG-DTG), and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were used in the study of the kinetics of decomposition of cobalt sulphate hexahydrate under an air atmosphere. The kinetics of the particular stages of CoSO₄ 6H₂ O decomposition were evaluated from the dynamic mass loss data. The values of the kinetic parameters for each stage of the thermal decomposition were calculated from the α(T) data by using the integral method, applying the Coats-Redfern approximation. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Kinetic Analysis of Single or Multi-Step Decomposition Processes; Limits introduced by statistical analysis

A kinetic study on decomposition processes of some penicillin and some commercial drugs was carried out. As expected by the complex structures of penicillins, several steps with different activation energies occurred in their decomposition processes. Model-fitting and model-free kinetic approach were applied to non-isothermal and isothermal data. In the model-fitting methods the kinetic triplets (f(α), A and E _a) that defines a single reaction step resulted in being at variance with the multi-step nature of penicillins decomposition. The model-free approach represented by isothermal and non-isothermal isoconversional methods, gave dependences of the activation energies on the extent of conversion. The complex nature of the multi-step process of the studied compounds was more easily revealed using a broader temperature range in non-isothermal isoconversional method. The failure in the model fitting method did not allow calculating storage times. Model-fitting and model-free methods, both isothermal and non-isothermal, showed that F1 mechanism is able to describe decomposition processes for drugs (having Phosphomycin salts as active component) for which a single decomposition process occurs. Statistical analysis allowed us to select reliable kinetic parameters related to the decomposition processes for these last compounds. This procedure showed that the values obtained by extrapolation, outside the temperature range where the processes occurred must be used with caution. Indeed half-life and shelf-life values, commonly extrapoled at room temperature, seemed to be unrealistic. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Studies on multistep thermal decomposition behavior of polytriazole polyethylene oxide‐tetrahydrofuran elastomer

Polytriazole polyethylene oxide‐tetrahydrofuran (PTPET) is an energetic propellant elastomer that is prepared using glycidyl azide polymer and trifunctional alkynyl‐terminated polyethylene oxide‐tetrahydrofuran. Its thermal decomposition, determined using thermogravimetic analysis, showed two mass‐loss peaks largely related to the decomposition of azide groups and the main chain. Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa and Kissinger‐Akahira‐Sunose methods were deployed to obtain kinetic triplet parameters of PTPET thermal decomposition by the traditional model‐free method; the Coats‐Redfern approach was used as the model‐fitting method. Kinetics analysis indicated that the mechanism of the two‐step reactions were the primary‐reaction of first order and the power‐law phase reaction of the 2/3 order. The first decomposition stage of PTPET had an activation energy (E_a) of 113 to 116 kJ/mol while the second was 196 to 210 kJ/mol. The thermal decomposition of PTPET with different heating rates and mechanisms showed good kinetic compensation effects, the gas products being further studied with TG‐FTIR.     

Kinetic studies on the thermal decomposition of phosphate-doped sodium oxalate

The thermal decomposition kinetics of sodium oxalate (Na₂C₂O₄) has been studied as a function of concentration of dopant, phosphate, at five different temperatures in the range 783–803 K under isothermal conditions by thermogravimetry (TG). The TG data were subjected to both model-fitting and model-free kinetic methods of analysis. The model-fitting analysis of the TG data of all the samples shows that no single kinetic model describes the whole α versus t curve with a single rate constant throughout the decomposition reaction. Separate kinetic analysis shows that Prout–Tompkins model best describes the acceleratory stage of the decomposition, while the decay region is best fitted with the contracting cylinder model. Activation energy values were evaluated by both model-fitting and model-free kinetic methods. The observed results favour a diffusion-controlled mechanism for the thermal decomposition of sodium oxalate.     

Thermal decomposition of barium(II) tetraphenylborate

Barium(II) tetraphenylborate, Ba(Bph₄))₂·4H₂O was prepared, and its decomposition mechanism was studied by means of TG and DTA. The products of thermal decomposition were examined by means of gas chromatography and chemical methods. A kinetic analysis of the first stage of thermal decomposition was made on the basis of TG and DTG curves and kinetic parameters were obtained from an analysis of the TG and DTG curves using integral and differential methods. The most probable kinetic function was suggested by comparison of kinetic parameters. A mathematical expression was derived for the kinetic compensation effect.     

Effects of the working conditions on the values of the kinetic parameters of the thermal decompositions of some complexes

The kinetic parametersn, A andE (the order of the decomposition reaction, the pre-exponential factor and the activation energy of the thermal decompositions) of some complexes of general formula [MCl₂(GTD)₂]Cl, where GTD=Girard T-diacetylmonoxime cation andM=central metal ion=Mn(II), Fe(III) and Co(II), were calculated through their TG curves. The effects of working conditions such as the sample weight and the rate of heating on the evaluated kinetic parameters are discussed.     

Synthesis, Characterization and Thermal Studies of Some Iron(III) Complexes of o-Vanillin Oxime

Iron(III) complexes of o-vanillin oxime have been synthesized and characterized by different physicochemical techniques. The complexes containing thiocyanate, iodide and sulphate ionshave been subjected to non-isothermal decomposition studies in N₂ using TGand DTG techniques. The kinetic parameters for both stages of decomposition of these complexes were evaluated by weighted least-squares method using the general approach as well as the Coats–Redfern and Horowitz–Metzger equations. The results indicate that the values of kinetic parameters obtained by these three different approaches agree well. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

柠檬酸铋的热分解机理、 非等温反应动力学及其对双基推进剂燃烧的催化作用

用TG和DSC以及变温固相原位反应池/傅里叶红外光谱(RSFTIR)联用技术研究了柠檬酸铋的热分解行为, 提出了可能的反应机理, 并计算了主分解反应的动力学参数. 柠檬酸铋主分解反应的表观活化能和指前因子分别为213.82 kJ/mol和1016.48 s^-1. 将柠檬酸铋应用到双基推进剂配方中研究其对双基推进剂燃烧性能的影响, 结果表明, 柠檬酸铋对双基推进剂燃烧有良好的催化作用, 能显著提高双基推进剂的燃速, 降低压力指数, 特别是与少量炭黑(CB)复合后, 对双基推进剂燃烧的催化效果更好.