Anisotropic flow at RHIC

STAR’s measurement of directed flow for pions,kaons（K 0 S ）,protons and anti-protons,for Au＋Au collisions at 200 GeV obtained in Run7 are presented,as well as elliptic flow for identified particles measured in Au＋Au（Run7） and Cu＋Cu（Run5） collisions.It is found that the slope of proton v 1 （y） at midrapidity is extremely small.Elliptic flow results are compared to Hydro calculation and the discrepancy is discussed.     

Universal scaling of the elliptic flow data at RHIC

Recent PHOBOS measurements of the excitation function for the pseudo-rapidity dependence of the elliptic flow in Au + Au collisions at RHIC have posed a significant theoretical challenge. Here we show that these differential measurements, as well as the RHIC measurements on transverse momentum satisfy a universal scaling relation predicted by the Buda-Lund model, based on exact solutions of perfect fluid hydrodynamics. We also show that the recently found transverse kinetic energy scaling of the elliptic flow is a special case of this universal scaling.     

RHIC能区Au+Au非对心碰撞中的事件形状

利用相对论量子分子动力学模型RQMD,结合2π干涉学分析,对RHIC能区s=200AGeV Au+Au非对心碰撞的事件形状进行了研究.研究表明,HBT参数可以反映事件在坐标空间的非对称性,而不能直接给出事件在动量空间的压力梯度.另外,HBT参数对横动量的依赖关系对系统的空间–动量关联较为敏感.     

Elliptic flow at SPS and RHIC: from kinetic transport to hydrodynamics

Anisotropic transverse flow is studied in Pb+Pb and Au+Au collisions at SPS and RHIC energies. The centrality and transverse momentum dependence at midrapidity of the elliptic flow coefficient v₂ is calculated in the hydrodynamic and low density limits. Hydrodynamics is found to agree well with the RHIC data for semicentral collisions up to transverse momenta of 1–1.5 GeV/c, but it considerably overestimates the measured elliptic flow at SPS energies. The low density limit LDL is inconsistent with the measured magnitude of v₂ at RHIC energies and with the shape of its p_t-dependence at both RHIC and SPS energies. The success of the hydrodynamic model points to very rapid thermalization in Au+Au collisions at RHIC and provides a serious challenge for kinetic approaches based on classical scattering of on-shell particles.     

Elliptic flow in a hadron-string cascade model at 130 GeV energy

We present the analysis of elliptic flow at =130 A GeV energy in a hadron-string cascade model. We find that the final hadronic yields are qualitatively described. The elliptic flow v ₂ is reasonably well-described at low transverse momentum (p t<1 GeV/c) in mid-central collisions. On the other hand, this model does not explain v ₂ at high p t or in peripheral collisions and thus generally, it underestimates the elliptic flow at RHIC energy.     

High density matter at RHIC

QCD predicts a phase transition between hadronic matter and a quark-gluon plasma at high energy density. The relativistic heavy ion collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory is a new facility dedicated to the experimental study of matter under extreme conditions. Already the first round of experimental results at RHIC indicated that the conditions to create a new state of matter are indeed reached in the collisions of heavy nuclei. Studies of particle spectra and their correlations at low transverse momenta provide evidence of strong pressure gradients in the highly interacting dense medium and hint that we observe a system in thermal equilibrium. Recent runs with high statistics allow us to explore the regime of hard-scattering processes where the suppression of hadrons at large transverse momentum, and quenching of di-jets are observed thus providing further evidence for extreme high density matter created in collisions at RHIC.     

RHIC能区Au+Au碰撞中椭圆流的横半径依赖

用RQMD模型模拟了质心系束能量为s_NN=200GeV的Au+Au非对心碰撞, 研究了椭圆流对末态粒子冻出位置的关系. 研究表明, 随着冻出半径的增加, 椭圆流逐渐增强, 在源的初始表面处达到最大值, 随着冻出半径的继续增加, 椭圆流逐渐减小. 椭圆流的这种变化趋势反映了随着半径的增加, 压力梯度在各个方向上不同的变化. 本文提出了利用平均径向速度分析压力梯度的方法.     

Radial, sideward and elliptic flow at AGS energies

We study the baryon transverse in-plane (sideward) and elliptic flow from SIS to AGS energies for AuAu collisions in a relativistic dynamical simulation model that includes all baryon resonances up to a mass of 2 GeV as well as string degrees of freedom for the higher mass continuum. There are two factors which dominantly determine the baryon flow at these energies: the momentum dependence of the scalar and vector potentials and the resonance-string degrees of freedom. We fix the explicit momentum dependence of the nucleon-meson couplings of NL3(hard) equation of state (EoS) by the nucleon optical potential up to 1 GeV of kinetic energy. We simultaneously reproduce the sideward flow, the elliptic flow and the radial transverse mass distribution of protons data at AGS energies. In order to study the sensitivity of different mean-field EoS, we use NL2(soft) and NL23(medium) along with NL3(hard) momenta-dependent mean-field EoS. We find that to describe data on both sideward and elliptic flow, NL3 model is better at 2 A·GeV, while NL23 model is at 4–8 A·GeV.     

Systematics of elliptic flow in heavy-ion collisions

We analyze elliptic flow from SIS to RHIC energies systematically in a realistic dynamical cascade model. We compare our results with the recent data from STAR and PHOBOS collaborations on elliptic flow of charged particles at midrapidity in Au+ Au collisions at RHIC. In the analysis of elliptic flow at RHIC energy, we find a good fitting with data at 1.5 times a scaling factor to our model, which characterizes that the model is required to have extra pressure generated from the subsequent parton scattering after the initial minijet production. In energy dependence of elliptic flow, we notice re-hardening nature at RHIC energies. Both these two observations would probably imply the possible formation of quark-gluon plasma.     

Azimuthal correlations between directed and elliptic flow in heavy ion collisions

A method for investigating the azimuthal correlations between directed and elliptic flow in heavy ion collisions is described. The transverse anisotropy of particle emission at AGS energies is investigated within the RQMD model. It is found that the azimuthal correlations between directed and elliptic flow are sensitive to the incident energy and impact parameter. The fluctuations in the     

Azimuthal correlations between directed and elliptic flow in heavy ion collisions

A method for investigating the azimuthal correlations between directed and elliptic flow in heavy ion collisions is described.The transverse anisotropy of particle emission at AGS energies is investigated within the RQMD model.It is found that the azimuthal correlations between directed and elliptic flow are sensitive to the incident energy and impact parameter.The fluctuations in the initial stage and dynamical evolution of heavy ion collisions are not negligible.     

高能重离子碰撞中的横向非对称流

对末态粒子方位角分布的研究可以获得反应中有关横向非对称流的信息.研究了碰撞中侧向流与椭圆流间的方位角关联,给出了一种定量测量反应中椭圆流大小的方法,该方法的计算结果可以有效地消除估计反应平面离散的影响.     

From RHIC to LHC: a relativistic diffusion approach

We investigate the energy dependence of stopping and hadron production in high‐energy heavy‐ion collisions based on a three‐sources Relativistic Diffusion Model. The transport coefficients are extrapolated from Au + Au and Cu + Cu at RHIC energies ( = 19.6–200 GeV) to Pb + Pb at LHC energies = 5.52 TeV. Rapidity distributions for net protons, and pseudorapidity spectra for produced charged particles in central collisions are compared to data at RHIC energies, and discussed for several extrapolations to LHC energies.     

重离子碰撞中的横向非对称流与多粒子方位角关联

非对心重离子碰撞中,横向非对称核物质流的存在引起了末态的多粒子方位角关联.对600A MeV Au+Au碰撞的QMD模拟数据分析表明,不同事件中侧向流与椭圆流在横向上的夹角存在明显的涨落,多粒子方位角关联揭示了相互作用区域核物质运动的空间–动量相关性.椭圆流对碰撞系统的演化过程反映敏感,在中间快度区域,不同事件中椭圆流的差别与反应过程中粒子经历再散射的情况有关.     

Interactions between heavy quarks and tilted QGP fireballs in 200 A GeV Au+Au collisions

Heavy quark observables are applied to probe the initial energy density distribution with violation of longitudinal boost invariance produced in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Using an improved Langevin model coupled to a (3+1)-dimensional viscous hydrodynamic model, we study the nuclear modification factor (begin{document}$R_{AA}$end{document}) and directed flow (begin{document}$ v_1 $end{document}) and elliptic flow (begin{document}$ v_2 $end{document}) coefficients of heavy mesons and their decayed electrons at an RHIC energy. We find that the counter-clockwise tilt of nuclear matter in the reaction plane results in a positive (negative) heavy flavor begin{document}$ v_1 $end{document} in the backward (forward) rapidity region, whose magnitude increases with the heavy quark transverse momentum. The difference in the heavy flavor begin{document}$R_{AA}$end{document} between different angular regions is also proposed as a complementary tool to characterize the asymmetry of the medium profile. Our model results are consistent with currently available data at the RHIC and provide predictions that can be tested by future measurements.     

NeXSPheRIO results on elliptic flow at RHIC and connection with thermalization

Elliptic flow at RHIC is computed event by event with NeXSPheRIO. Reasonable agreement with experimental results on v ₂(η) is obtained. Various effects are studied as well: reconstruction of impact parameter direction, freeze-out temperature, equation of state (with or without crossover), emission mechanism.     

利用中-质微分流探测对称能的高密行为

基于同位旋和动量依赖的强子输运模型IBUU04，研究了¹³²Sn+¹²⁴Sn在三种不同碰撞能量、两种不同对称能作用下，中-质微分流随快度的变化关系. 发现中-质微分流的强度随碰撞能量的增大而增强. 在碰撞能量为400 MeV每核子时，中-质微分流对对称能最为敏感. 关键词： 重离子碰撞 中-质微分流 对称能     

Heavy quarks at RHIC and LHC within a partonic transport model

Production and space-time evolution of heavy quarks in central and non-central heavy-ion collisions at RHIC and LHC are studied with the partonic transport model Boltzmann Approach of MultiParton Scatterings (BAMPS). In addition to the initially created heavy quarks in hard parton scatterings during nucleon-nucleon collisions, secondary heavy quark production in the quark-gluon plasma is investigated and the sensitivity on various parameters is estimated. In BAMPS heavy quarks scatter with particles of the medium via elastic collisions, whose cross section is calculated with the running coupling and a more precise implementation of Debye screening. In this framework, we compute the elliptic flow and nuclear modification factor of heavy quarks and compare it to the experimental data.     

Nucleon effective mass splitting and density-dependent symmetry energy effects on elliptic flow in heavy ion collisions at E_(lab)= 0.09 ～ 1.5 GeV/nucleon

By incorporating an iso spin-dependent form of the momentum-dependent potential in the ultra-relativistic quantum molecular dynamics(UrQMD) model,we systematically investigate effects of the neutron-proton effective mass splitting m*_(n-p)=m*_n-m*_p/m and the density-dependent nuclear symmetry energy E_(sym)(ρ) on the elliptic flow v_2 in~(197)Au+~(197) Au collisions at beam energies from 0.09 to 1.5 GeV/nucleon.It is found that at higher beam energies(≥0.25 GeV/nucleon) with the approximately 75 MeV difference in slopes of the two different E_(sym)(ρ),and the variation of m*_(n-p) ranging from-0.03 to 0.03 at saturation density with isospin asymmetry δ=(ρ_n-ρ_p)/ρ-0.2,the E_(sym)(ρ) has a stronger influence on the difference in v_2 between neutrons and protons,i.e.,v_2~n-v_2~p,than m*_(n-p) has.Meanwhile,at lower beam energies(≤0.25 GeV/nucleon),v_2~n-v_2~p is sensitive to both the E_(sym)(ρ) and the m*_(n-p).Moreover,the influence of m*_(n-p) on v_2~n-v_2~p is more evident with the parameters of this study when using the soft,rather than stiff,symmetry energy.     

RHIC能区Au+Au碰撞中集合径向流的研究

利用相对论量子分子动力学模型RQMD,对RHIC能区s=200A GeV Au+Au碰撞的集体膨胀效应进行了研究,对散射粒子的横质量谱进行了分析.研究表明,在RHIC能区的重离子反应中存在有强的集合径向流.对单粒子谱的拟合结果给出Au+Au的源冻结温度为160MeV,平均径向流速度为0.6c.