On the theory of scattering in media having space-time fluctuations

The propagation of electromagnetic waves in nondispersive media having space-time fluctuations of the permittivity is considered. Within the framework of the method of small perturbations the effective permittivity tensor and the spectrum of the scattered field are calculated. It is shown that the presence of time fluctuations affects the energy relationships for the propagating wave. In particular, for fairly fast fluctuations the average field of the wave increases regardless of scattering.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 249–256, February, 1972.The authors thank N. G. Denisov, N. S. Stepanov, Yu. A. Ryzhov, and V. V. Tamoikin for their helpful discussions.     

两组份复合材料光学非线性性质的临界行为

对两组份非线性复合材料的光学非线性性质的临界行为进行了研究。考虑第一组份为非线性材料,其电流、电压间服从I=g1V x1V^β关系;而第二组份为线性材料,电流、电压间满足I—g2V,其中g1,x1是第一组份的线性电导和光学非线性极化率,g2是第二组份的线性电导,β是第一组份材料的光学非线性指数。分别采用了有效介质近似和相对电阻涨落的标度理论两种方法计算了系统有效响应的临界指数随光学非线性指数及维数的变化规律。用不同的方法得到系统的有效线性电导g和有效光学非线性极化率xe(β)的临界指数M(β)和N(β)的结论也不同。有效介质近似得到M(β)=1和N(β)=(β 1)/2,即M(β)与β和d都无关,而N(β)只与有β关而与d无关;而相对电阻涨落标度理论方法得到的M(β)和N(β)与β和d都有关。     

Field emission property of copper nitride thin film deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering

Copper nitride (Cu₃N) thin film was deposited on silicon (Si) substrate by reactive magnetron sputtering method. X-ray diffraction measurement showed that the film was composed of Cu₃N crystallites with anti-ReO₃ structure and exhibited preferential orientation of [1 0 0] direction. The field emission (FE) result showed that Cu₃N film had a turn-on electric field of about 3 V/μm at a current density of 1 μA/cm² and a current density of 700 μA/cm² was obtained at the electric field of 24 V/μm. The emission mechanism inferred by Fowler-Nordheim (FN) plot is shown as following: thermal electron emission at low field region and tunneling electron emission at high field region.     

Mössbauer spectra of partially inversed spinels

A method is given for determining the sign of the electric field gradient and examining the cation distribution from the characteristic changes in the symmetry of particular positions in the structure on successive change in composition in order to determine the cation distributions over the nonequivalent positions in chrome spinels.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii Fizika, No. 5, pp. 65–68, May, 1981.We are indebted to Sh. Sh. Bashkirov, V. N. Lebedev, and I. N. Pen'kov for direction in this work and valuable comments, and to I. I. Grigor'eva and N. V. Pavlov (Institute of Geology and Experimental Mineralogy, Academy of Sciences of the USSR) for providing the chrome spinel specimens.     

Elerctron Transport Coefficients in N2 in Crossed Fields at Low E/p

The numerical solutions of Boltzmann transpott equation for the energy distribution of electrons moving in crossed fields in nitrogen have been obtained for 100 ? E/p ? 1000 V M-1 Torr-1 and for 0? B/p ? 0.02 Tesla Torr-1 using the concept of energy dependent effective field intensity. From the derived distribution functions the electron mean energy, the tranaverse and perpendicular drift velocities and the averaged effective field intensity (Eavef) which signifies the average field intensity experienced by electron swarms in E × B field have been derived. The maximum difference between the electron mean energy for a given E × B field and that corresponding to Eavef/p (p is the gas pressure) is found to be within ±3.5%.     

N.A.0.75平场复消色差显微物镜光学设计

为解决普通生物显微物镜视场小、场曲和色差严重的问题,本文利用光学软件Code V设计了一款20×平场复消色差显微物镜,通过合理的结构优化、光焦度分配及材料选择,使该物镜具有大视场、高数值孔径、平场复消色差的特点。设计分析结果表明,该物镜平场数为0.11 μm,最大焦移量为0.5 μm,满足显微物镜国际标准的规定;光学传递函数(MTF)曲线与理论衍射极限接近,达到指标要求,该物镜在可见光范围内实现了平场复消色差设计。公差分析结果表明RMS波前差劣化至0.24λ,能够满足加工和实际应用要求。     

Linear interaction of electromagnetic waves in an inhomogeneous magnetoactive plasma

In this paper we discuss an asymptotic method which permits one to separate the initial equations for the fields in a plane stratified plasma into two independent systems, describing waves of differing types which propagate in a single direction. The coefficients of the derived equations remain regular at points of equality between the indices of refraction of normal waves, n₁=n₂. The equations are used to analyze a specific type of interaction which is of current interest in connection with research on low-frequency waves in the ionosphere. A solution is found by the method of the standard system which describes the field in the interaction region; outside this region, it turns into the geometric optics solution. Wave transformation coefficients are compared with those obtained earlier by the phase integral method.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 21, No. 11, pp. 1563–1571, November, 1978.The author thanks N. G. Denisov for constant interest in this work and helpful discussions, and V. E. Belov and L. V. Rodygin for a valuable remark.     

Four-fermion interaction as a quantum source of a twisting field

The twisting of space can be represented as a bound state of matter fields. In this approach, the Einstein-Cartan theory arises in a model for an approximate quantization of the four-fermion interaction. The twisting field is a collective field similar in nature to a field of Cooper pairs. There is no classical twisting field in the theory. The square of the twisting field is nonzero.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 1, pp. 7–12, January, 1985.We wish to thank V. N. Ponomarev, V. Ts. Gurovich, A. A. Starobinskii, and all the participants of the scientific seminar of D. D. Ivanenko for stimulating discussions.     

Particular solution of self-consistent-field equations of charged liquid

The system of Maxwell equations and Euler equations describing the interaction of a charged liquid with its intrinsic electromagnetic field reduces to nonlinear equations of a vector field. A class of accurate particular solutions is obtained for equations of motion in which, for media with a constant invariant density, the field equations transform to equations of Prock type.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 6, pp. 55–58, June, 1978.It remains to thank Yu. S. Vladimirov, V. N. Mel'nikov, N. V. Mitskevich, and S. I. Syrovatskii for discussions of the problem and for useful remarks, and also I. K. Fetisov for supporting the work.     

Energy of the fundamental level of an anharmonic oscillator in the strong-coupling limit

A nonperturbative method of calculating functional integrals is developed. The effectiveness of its application is illustrated for the example of calculating the energy of the fundamental level of an anharmonic oscillator.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 7, pp. 64–69, July, 1990.It remains to thank A. A. Afonin, V. N. Kapshai, V. N. Starikov, and V. G. Teplyakov for interest in the work and useful discussions of the results.     

垂直磁记录薄膜实施剩余磁化测量时退磁场的补偿

对于垂直磁记录薄膜，进行剩余磁化强度的测量时，必须补偿退磁场.提出一种新方法，在直流退磁剩磁和等温剩磁测量中采用有效反向磁场来直接补偿退磁场.从而可以正确地得出垂直磁记录薄膜的ΔM曲线并评价晶粒间的磁相互作用.还采用了三种方法来确定其中的关键参数——退磁因子.结果表明，c轴垂直取向的钡铁氧体薄膜中，晶粒间的磁相互作用是交换偶合型的；而Co-Cr-Ta薄膜中，晶粒间磁相互作用是静磁相互作用. 关键词： 退磁场补偿 直流退磁剩磁(DCD) 等温剩磁(IRM) ΔM曲线     

On the confinement potential formation in a two-electron quantum dot

A model of a quantum dot for two interacting electrons is proposed and analyzed. The properties of the ambient determining the form of the confinement potential for electrons are simulated using the electrostatic field of the image charge. Analytic expressions for the eigenvalues of each subsystem are derived taking into account the external magnetic field and using the representation of the system Hamiltonian as the sum of the Hamiltonians of the center of mass and of relative motion on the basis of the method of oscillator representation [M. Dineykhan and G. V. Efimov, Element. Chast. At. Yadra 26, 651 (1995); M. Dineykhan, G. V. Efimov, G. Ganbold, and S. N. Nedelko, Oscillator Representation in Quantum Physics, Lecture Notes in Physics, Vol. 26, Springer, Berlin (1995)]. The relative motion of electrons is responsible for a confinement potential which differs from the parabolic confinement potential and is a function of the electron effective mass as well as the characteristics of the image charge.     

Kinetics of classical charged particles in a space with torsion

The kinetics of classical charged particles is examined in this paper within the framework of Einstein-Cartan theory. It is shown that the Vlasov equation in Riemann Cartan space has the same form for spinless charged particles as in Riemann space. As an example, the solution is examined of the system of Einstein-Cartan-Vlasov equations in Minkowski space. Spatially periodic solutions for the vector field potential are obtained for a relativistic statistical system of particles with brief vector interaction. The period of the structure occurring is compared with the analog in general relativity theory (GRT).Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 5, pp. 103–108, May, 1989.The author is grateful to G. G. Ivanov and A. V. Zakharov for a number of valuable remarks and to Prof. V. R. Kaigorodov and Prof. V. N. Ponomarev for attention to the research.     

Magnetic properties of nitrogen doped ZnO

Using the first principle method based on density functional theory,this paper studies the electronic structure and the ferromagnetic stability in N-doped ZnO.The calculated results based on local density approximation(LDA) and LDA+U method show that ferromagnetism coupling between N atoms is more energetically favourable for eight geometrically distinct configurations.The dominant ferromagnetic interaction is due to the hybridization between O 2p and N 2p.The origin of the ferromagnetic state in N doped ZnO is discussed by analysing coupling between N 2p levels.We also analyse N dopant concentration and lattice strain effect on ferromagnetism.     

Measurement of Electrical Conductivity of Porous Titanium and Ti6A14V Prepared by the Powder Metallurgy Method

Porous titanium and Ti6A14V are produced by the powder metallurgy method. Dependence of the electrical conductivity on the porosity and pore size is investigated and the experimental results are correlative and compared with several earlier models. A newly modified Mori-Tanaka relationship based on the effective field method is proposed, which is successfully applied to describe the dependence of the electrical conductivity of porous titanium and Ti6A14V on the porosity. The pore size has a minor effect on the electrical conductivity of both samples.     

Calculations of 8He + p elastic scattering cross sections using the microscopic optical potential

The optical potential of ⁸He+p scattering is calculated using the folding model for its real part and the high-energy approximation for the imaginary part. On this basis, the experimental differential elastic scattering cross sections are analyzed at energies below 100 MeV/nucleon. Conclusions are drawn on the applicability of the optical potential model and on the selection of an adequate model of the ⁸He nucleus structure. Original Russian Text ? V.K. Lukyanov, E.V. Zemlyanaya, K.V. Lukyanov, D.N. Kadrev, A.N. Antonov, M.K. Gaidarov, 2009, published in Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Fizicheskaya, 2009, Vol. 73, No. 6, pp. 887–891.     

Baikal neutrino telescope: Status, results, and prospects of development

The main physical results obtained with the Baikal neutrino telescope NT200 during the period 1998–2003 are reviewed: the limits for the diffuse flux of high-energy neutrinos, high-energy muons, and magnetic monopoles and the results of search for neutrinos from the center of the Earth due to annihilation of weakly interacting massive particles and from local neutrino sources. In April, 2005, the neutrino telescope NT200 was extended by introduction of three new strings, located at a distance of 100 m from the NT200 center. The new deep-water complex NT200+ has an effective volume for detecting cascades from high-energy neutrinos larger than that of NT200 by a factor of 4. At a cascade energy of 10 PeV, the effective volume of the new complex is 10⁷ m³. Further development of the Baikal neutrino experiment is related to the design and fabrication of a detector with a volume of about 1 km³. Original Russian Text ? K.V.Antipin, V.M. Ainutdinov, V.A. Balkanov, I.A. Belolaptikov, D.A. Borshchev, N.M. Budnev, R.V. Vasil’ev, R. Vishnevskii, I.A. Danil’chenko, G.V. Domogatskii, A.A. Doroshenko, A.P. D’yachok, Zh.-A.M. Dzhilkibaev, O.N. Gaponenko, K.V. Golubkov, O.A. Gress, T.I. Gress, O.I. Grishin, V.A. Zhukov, A.M. Klabukov, A.I. Klimov, A.A. Kochanov, K.V. Konishchev, A.P. Koshechkin, L.A. Kuz’michev, V.F. Kulepov, E. Middel, T. Mikokaiskii, M.B. Milenin, R.R. Mirgazov, S.P. Mikheev, E.A. Osipova, G.L. Pan’kov, L.V. Pan’kov, A.I. Panfilov, D.P. Petukhov, E.N. Pliskovskii, P.G. Pokhil, V.A. Poleshchuk, E.G. Popova, V.V. Prosin, M.I. Rozanov, V.Yu. Rubtsov, Yu.A. Semenei, B.A. Tarashchanskii, S.V. Fialkovskii, B.K. Shaibonov, A.A. Sheifler, A.V. Shirokov, K. Spiring, I.V. Yashin, 2007, published in Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Fizicheskaya, 2007, Vol. 71, No. 4, pp. 597–601.     

Density functional theory study of the electronic and field emission properties of nitrogen- and boron-doped carbon nanocones

Using first-principles density functional theory, we have investigated the electronic and field emission properties of carbon nanocones (CNCs) doped with N or B with 60° disclination. Our findings are that the emission properties for the doped CNCs depend on the doping species, position, and concentration. Compared to pristine CNC, N-doped CNCs exhibit better field emission properties, in which as the doping concentration increases from 1.25% to 2.5% the maximum emission current at applied electric field of 0.3 V/Å increases from 0.94 μA (one N atom is doped at the position adjacent to the pentagon) to 2.90 μA (two N atoms are doped at pentagon). As for pristine CNC the emission current is only 0.21 μA. However, B-doping has no significant influence on the emission properties of CNCs. Our findings suggest that N-doped CNCs can be used as a candidate for cold-emission electron sources.     

Axiomatic restrictions on scattering amplitudes of hadrons

Problems of expsrimental verification of the quantum field theoretical principles by experimental test of any one of physical corollaries of the axiomatic quantum field theory are shortly discussed. A selective review of available axiomatic restrictions on scattering amplitudes of hadrons is given.The author is very indebted to E. P.Sabad, I. Yu.Krivsky, V. I.Kelemen, and Yu. A.Xaveri for the help offered to him during the preparation of this review. The author is especially indebted to Academician N. N.Bogolyubov for his approval of Theorem XXVIII before publishing it in Ref. [67], as well as to Prof. M. I.Podgoretsky (Dubna) and Prof. V. Ya.Fajnberg (Moscow) for numerous discussions of this theorem and Prof. Yu. M.Shirokov (Moscow) for a preciseful stimulating remark.