聚合溶液pH值对染料敏化太阳电池中聚吡咯对电极结构和性能的影响

电化学合成聚吡咯(PPy)时,聚合电解液的pH值对PPy薄膜的形貌和性质有较大的影响,进而影响PPy薄膜对I-/I3-的电催化活性以及基于PPy对电极(CE)的染料敏化太阳电池(DSSCs)的光电转换性能.本文采用电化学恒电位方法,在掺杂氟的SnO2(FTO)导电玻璃上合成出了对甲苯磺酸根离子掺杂的聚吡咯(PPyTsO)电极,并将其作为DSSCs的对电极.通过改变吡咯聚合时聚合电解液的pH值,借助扫描电镜(SEM)、紫外-可见(UV-Vis)吸收光谱、X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)和循环伏安(CV)等表征技术,详细探讨了聚合溶液pH值对PPy CE形貌、结构及其对I-/I3-的电催化性能的影响.研究发现在pH 2.0下合成的聚吡咯对阴离子掺杂率最高且链共轭性最佳,具有对I-/I3-氧化还原介质最强的催化能力,基于此PPy CE的电池光电转化效率也最高.pH值太大或太小都不利于生成具有高掺杂率和高催化活性的PPy电极,组装成DSSCs后的光电转换效率也较低.     

海水环境中典型阴离子对5083铝合金腐蚀行为的影响

采用析因分析试验及动电位极化曲线、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)等测试方法,研究了海水环境因素中的典型阴离子（Cl^-、HCO₃^-、SO₄^2-交互作用对5083铝合金耐蚀性的影响. 结果表明,三种阴离子中,Cl^-、HCO₃^-对铝合金点蚀起促进作用. Cl-与HCO₃^-交互作用时,在Cl^-浓度一定的情况下,随着HCO₃^-浓度的增加,5083铝合金耐蚀性呈现出上升→下降→再上升的趋势,在70～90mg•L^-1时耐蚀性能明显降低;在HCO₃^-浓度一定的情况下,Cl^-浓度较低时5083铝合金耐蚀性比Cl^-浓度较高时差. 在Cl^-、HCO₃^-浓度较低情况下,SO₄^2-具有抑制腐蚀的作用;当Cl^-、HCO₃^-浓度较高时,SO₄^2-抑制腐蚀的作用不明显.     

基于Au/rGO/FeOOH的新型电化学传感器一步检测亚硝酸盐

亚硝酸盐是一种广泛存在的原料,长期食用会对人体健康不利甚至致癌。因此,简单、灵敏的亚硝酸盐检测方法的开发具有非常重要的意义。本文合成了金/还原氧化石墨烯/羟基氧化铁(Au/rGO/FeOOH)复合材料,并通过SEM、 XRD和EDX等测试进行了材料表征。将合成的复合材料滴涂在氧化氟锡(FTO)电极表面,利用它们的协同催化氧化性能,成功构建了一步检测亚硝酸盐(NO₂^-)的新型电化学传感器。在最佳优化实验条件下, 通过差分脉冲伏安法实现NO₂^-的定量检测, 其线性范围为0.001 ~ 5 mmol·L^-1, 检出限为0.8 μmol·L^-1(S/N = 3), 且响应时间小于2 s。同时, 所制备的传感器表现出良好的选择性和重现性, 也能用于实际样品的测定。     

Enhanced performance of ruthenium dye-sensitized solar cell by employing an organic co-adsorbent of N,N'-bis((pyridin-2-yl)(methyl) methylene)-o-phenylenediamine

A pyridine-anchor co-adsorbent of N,N'-bis((pyridin-2-yl)(methyl) methylene)-o-phenylenediamine(named BPPI) is prepared and employed as co-adsorbent in dye-sensitized solar cells(DSSCs). The prepared co-adsorbent could overcome the deficiency of N719 absorption in the low wavelength region of visible spectrum, offset competitive visible light absorption of I₃^-, enhance the spectral responses of the co-adsorbed TiO₂ film in region from 300 nm to 750 nm, suppress charge recombination, prolong electron lifetime, and decrease the total resistance of DSSCs. The optimized cell device co-sensitized by BPPI/N719 dye gives a short circuit current density of 12.98 mA cm^-2, an open circuit voltage of 0.73 V, and a fill factor of 0.66 corresponding to an overall conversion efficiency of 6.22% under standard global AM 1.5 solar irradiation, which is much higher than that of device solely sensitized by N719(5.29%) under the same conditions. Mechanistic investigations are carried out by various spectral and electrochemical characterizations.     

聚合时间对染料敏化太阳能电池中聚苯胺对电极结构和性能的影响

采用恒电压方法, 以掺杂氟的SnO₂ (FTO)导电玻璃为基底, 采用不同的聚合时间制备SO₄^2?掺杂的聚苯胺对电极(PANI CEs). 利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、紫外-可见(UV-Vis)吸收光谱、循环伏安法(CV)和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)等技术详细研究了聚合时间对PANI CEs的表面形貌、结构(如掺杂度、共轭性、氧化态等)和对I^?/I^3?的催化活性的影响. SEM结果表明PANI在FTO上的生长分两个阶段. 适当增加聚合时间可以增加PANI CEs的比表面积, 为催化I^?/I^3?反应提供更多的活性位点, 同时聚苯胺链的共轭性、半氧化态聚苯胺(EB)结构的含量和对阴离子SO₄^2?的掺杂度会随着增加, 进而PANI 的导电率也逐渐增大. 然而, 聚合时间过长会引起薄膜厚度的增加和氧化结构的过多, 使PANI CEs的导电率降低, 电子在PANI 薄膜中的传输阻抗增加, 进而影响其对I^?/I^3?的催化性能. 聚合时间为300 s 时制备出的PANI 薄膜作为染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSCs)对电极和以D149 为染料时, 获得的最高电池光电转换效率为5.30%, 可达到基于Pt 对电极电池效率的88%. 因此, 通过电化学方法制备的PANI CEs有望代替贵金属Pt CEs用于DSSCs中.     

Ni–Al composite hydroxides fabricated by cation–anion double hydrolysis method for high-performance supercapacitor

Chemical doping of nickel hydroxide with other cations(e.g. Al~(3+)) is an efficient way to enhance its electrochemical capacitive performances. Herein, a simple cation–anion(Ni~(2+)and AlO_2) double hydrolysis method was developed toward the synthesis of nickel–aluminum(Ni–Al) composite hydroxides. The obtained composite hydroxides possesses a porous structure, large surface area(121 m~2/g) and homogeneous element distribution. The electrochemical test shows that the obtained composite hydroxides exhibits a superior supercapacitive performances(specific capacitance of 1670F/g and rate capability of 87% from 0.5 A/g to 20 A/g) to doping-free nickel hydroxide(specific capacitance of 1227 F/g and rate capability of 47% from 0.5 A/g to 20 A/g). Moreover, the galvanostatic charge/discharge test displays that after 2000 cycles at large current density of 10 A/g, the composite hydroxides achieves a high capacitance retention of 98%, indicative of an excellent electrochemical cycleability.     

Nucleophilic Substitution of Halogenonitrobenzenes by Electrogenerated O2- on Carbon Gas-diffusion-electrode

Introduction The electrochemical reduction of O_2 was investigated widely during the past two decades. O_2~- can react with various organic compounds. O_2~- as a new synthesis reagent has been being explored.     

Novel Receptor for the Rapid Reaction and Colorimetric Detection of HSO3- in Aqueous Solutions

A novel high-yield Schiff base was designed and synthesized as an anion receptor that specifically select HSO₃^- anions in aqueous solutions of H₂O/DMSO(15:85, volume ratio), which can be detected via colorimetry under direct visualization. The sensor exhibited different results for other anions, such as F^-, Cl^-, Br^-, I^-, H₂PO₄^-, AcO^-, HSO₄^- and ClO₄^-. The changes in the UV-Vis spectra also show the specific recognition of HSO₃^-, rather than similar anions H₂PO₄^- and HSO₄^- in the same aqueous solution. The detection limit of HSO₃^- was 1×10^-6 mol/L.     

Effect of mechanical stress on the kinetics of heterogeneous electron transfer

The scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) combined with a computerized tensile stage was employed to measure the kinetics of electron transfer (ET) reactions at stainless steel electrodes as a function of the applied mechanical stress. Reproducible current versus distance curves were obtained for different values of the tensile stress applied to a stainless steel (T-316) sample by using hexaammineruthenium as a redox mediator. The dependences of the extracted rate constant on substrate potential (i.e., Tafel plots, ln k versus E) were linear, in agreement with classical electrochemical theory. Possible origins of the stress effect on the ET rate and its implications for studies of stress corrosion cracking are discussed.     

碳包覆碳酸钴锂离子电池负极材料的制备及电化学性能

以葡萄糖作为碳源,通过简单的水热反应获得菱形碳包覆碳酸钴(CoCO₃/C)复合材料,并研究了其作为锂离子电池负极材料的电化学性能.晶型和表面形貌通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)进行表征,用热重-差热分析法(TG-DTA)来测试CoCO₃/C材料中碳的含量,用拉曼光谱分析无定型碳的存在. Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH)则用来分析材料的孔径分布情况.实验表明,碳包覆不仅在CoCO₃颗粒表面包覆了一层无定性碳,使得CoCO₃材料在充放电过程中保持结构的稳定性,也形成了一些大约30 nm左右的介孔,这种孔的存在有助于电解液中离子的传输,从而提高材料的电化学性能.电极材料在0.90C(1.00C = 450 mAh•g^-1)倍率下进行循环测试, 500次后的容量仍保持在539 mAh•g^-1,显示出了较好的循环性能.当增加到3.00C倍率时CoCO₃/C容量为130 mAh•g^-1,再恢复到0.15C倍率时容量依然能够达到770 mAh•g^-1,表现出了CoCO₃/C具有良好的稳定性.     

染料敏化纳米薄膜太阳电池中DMPII浓度的优化

利用超微铂电极和循环伏安法及电化学阻抗谱研究了在1,2-二甲基-3-丙基咪唑碘(DMPII)的3-甲氧基丙腈(MePN)溶液中I₃^－和I^－的氧化还原行为，并对比了由不同浓度的I2和DMPII组成的电解质溶液，其染料敏化纳米薄膜太阳电池(DSCs)的光伏性能. 发现以MePN为溶剂，含1.0 mol•dm^-3 DMPII、0.12 mol•dm^-3 I2、0.10 mol•dm^-3 LiI和0.50 mol•dm^-3 4-叔丁基吡啶的电解质溶液，其DSCs的短路光电流密度为16.67 mA•cm^-3、开路电压为0.69 V、填充因子为0.70、光电转换效率达8.08%.     

Comparison of Photochemical Reactions of m-Cresol in Aqueous Solution and in Ice

We compared the photochemical reaction of m-cresol containing OH precursors such as H₂O₂, NO₂^- and NO₃^- in aqueous solution with those in ice. The results show that the conversion rate of m-cresol in aqueous solution was higher than that in ice. H₂O₂, NO₂^- and NO₃^- all accelerated the photoconversion of m-cresol in both aqueous solution and ice. The photochemical reactions of m-cresol obeys the first order kinetics equation. According to the photoproducts identified by GC-MS, we proposed that hydroxylation and nitration reactions occurred in both aqueous solution and ice. Coupling reaction was common in ice, however, in aqueous solution it was found only in UV system. Our results suggest that the photochemical reactions of m-cresol were different in aqueous solution and in ice.     

砷钼杂多酸薄膜化学修饰电极研究

杂多酸和杂多酸化学修饰电极的电化学研究及应用正在不断地深入发展,杂多酸化学修饰电极不仅可用于中心原子的定量分析,还以其优良的电催化性质,应用于液相色谱的电化学检测,因此日益受到重视,本文首次报道以玻碳为基体的砷钼杂多酸薄膜化学修饰电极(简称AsMo₁₂电极)的制备及其电化学和电催化性质,AsMo₁₂电极具有良好的稳定性和电化学活性,电极寿命长,可应用于砷(V)的伏安法测定和IO^3-的电催化检测。     

锈层下碳钢和耐候钢的微区和宏观腐蚀电化学行为

采用扫描电化学显微镜(SECM), 辅以极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱(EIS), 并结合SEM和XRD研究了耐候钢和碳钢在干湿交替环境下的腐蚀行为, 包括微区阳极溶解过程和阴极还原行为、 宏观腐蚀过程和微观结构及组成等. SECM测试结果表明, 锈层下碳钢和耐候钢的腐蚀过程都受阳极控制, 锈层的存在促进氧的还原. 宏观和微区电化学测试结果均表明, 在实验周期内, 初期形成的锈层降低了Fe阳极溶解速率, 从而提高碳钢和耐候钢的耐蚀性能, 后期形成的锈层由于其组成和结构特征的变化, 2种钢的腐蚀速率增加; 同时耐候钢的腐蚀速率较碳钢大, 且氧还原也较碳钢强, 有利于锈层的形成, 从而有利于长期的防护, 但是耐候钢的锈层在短期内并没有很好的保护性. 锈层不够致密, 呈疏松多孔状, 其组成主要有晶态的γ-FeOOH, Fe₃O₄和γ-Fe₂O₃等, 相同的干湿循环条件制备的耐候钢锈层较碳钢厚.     

Study of the effects of hydrogen on the pitting processes of X70 carbon steel with SECM

The effects of hydrogen on the pitting processes of X70 carbon steel in neutral chloride ions containing solution are investigated by using the scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) technique. The tip of the SECM monitors the Fe²⁺ ions produced by the specimen during its anodic dissolution processes, thus the initiation and the propagation of the pitting processes can be observed. Pitting is much more easily observed after the specimen has been pre-charged with hydrogen, for the oxidation of the hydrogen in the X70 decreases the pH value at the X70/solution interface, which retards the formation of an oxide film and subsequently promotes the pitting processes. The observed behaviour is further verified by the decrease of the solution's pH.     

离子液体电解质种类对活性炭电极超级电容器电化学性能的影响

本文将经水蒸气二次活化的椰壳活性炭（W-AC）作为电极材料,选择1-乙基-3甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐（[EMIM]BF₄）作为电解质,结果表明W-AC电极的比电容量远高于未活化的椰壳活性炭（R-AC）.使用循环伏安、恒电流充放电、交流阻抗等方法研究了不同种类离子液体电解质对超级电容器电化学性能的影响.不同阴阳离子组成的离子液体作为电解质,直接影响超级电容器的电化学性能. 研究表明,由EMIM⁺和BMIM⁺阳离子与BF₄^-、TFSI^-阴离子构成的离子液体电解质较适用于W-AC电极. 其中在[EMIM]BF₄电解质中,单片电极的比电容量可高达153 F·g^-1;在1-丁基-3-甲基-咪唑四氟硼酸盐（[BMIM]BF₄）电解质中电位窗可达3.5V,能量密度可高达57 Wh·kg^-1.本研究对于构筑高性能超级电容器离子液体的选择提供参考,以满足不同应用领域需求.     

离子色谱法同时测定火场爆炸残留物中9种典型阴离子

建立了离子色谱（IC）同时测定火场爆炸残留物中9种典型阴离子（Cl^-、NO₂^-、ClO₃^-、NO₃^-、CO₃^2-、SO₄^2-、S₂O₃^2-、SCN^-、ClO₄^-）的分析方法。使用高容量阴离子交换柱IonPac AS20（250 mm×4 mm）分离,以氢氧化钾（KOH）溶液为流动相,梯度淋洗,进样量为20 μL,柱温为40℃,流速为1.20 mL/min,在25 min内完成了9种典型阴离子的分离分析。9种阴离子在各自的范围内均呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999。9种阴离子的平均加标回收率为92.5%~101.3%,相对标准偏差为1.9%~2.8%（n=6）。该方法简便快捷,选择性好,灵敏度高,可满足火场爆炸残留物中无机离子的分析要求。     

Fluorescence Spectra of the Poly (N-vinylcarbazole) Obtained with Asymmetric Polymerization

Introduction.Poly(N-vinylcarbazole)(PVCZ)hasreceivedmuchattentionasarepresentativephotoconductivepolymerandextensivestudiesonmechanical,physical,chemicalandelectricalpropertieshavebeenreported"'.Ingeneral,thePVCZobtainedbyradicalandordinarycanonpolym...     

The development of iodide-based methods for batch and on-line determinations of phosphite in aqueous samples

Recent developments in the field of microbiology and research on the origin of life have suggested a possible significant role for reduced, inorganic forms of phosphorus (P) such as phosphite [HPO₃²⁻, P(+III)] and hypophosphite [H₂PO₂⁻, P(+I)] in the biogeochemical cycling of P. New, robust methods are required for the detection of reduced P compounds in order to confirm the importance of these species in the overall cycling of P in the environment. To this end, we have developed new batch and flow injection (FI) methods for the determination of P(+III) in aqueous solutions. The batch method is based on the reaction of P(+III) with a mixed-iodide solution containing tri-iodide (I₃⁻) and penta-iodide (I₅⁻). The oxidation of P(+III) consumes free I₃⁻ and I₅⁻ in solution. The remaining I₃⁻ and I₅⁻ subunits are then allowed to react with the amylose content in starch to form a blue complex, which has a λ_max of 580 nm. The measurement of this blue complex is directly correlated with the concentration of P(+III). The on-line FI method employs the same reaction between P(+III) and mixed-iodide producing phosphate [P(+V)] that is determined spectrophotometrically by the molybdenum blue method employing ascorbic acid at a λ_max of 710 nm. The linear range for both the batch and FI determination of P(+III) was 1.0–50 μM with detection limits of 0.70 and 0.36 μM, respectively. Interference studies for the batch method show that arsenite [As(+III)] and sulfite [S(+IV)] can also be determined by this technique; however, these interferences can be circumvented by oxidizing As(+III) and S(+IV) using KMnO₄ which is an ineffective oxidant for P(+III). Both methods were applied to P(+III) determinations in ultra-pure water and simulated creek water. Results and analytical figures of merit are reported and future work is considered.     

NO2、H2O和N2对碘荧光的猝灭

核燃料后处理工业产生的废气中的129I2被排到大气中会造成严重的环境污染,因此迫切需要一种简便、快速而又足够灵敏的检测方法．中子活化分析法的检测极限可达4·0×107mole／cm3[1],虽然其灵敏度可满足要求,但因耗时长无法用于实时监测·激光诱导荧光法（LIF）是一种选择性好且灵敏度高的方法,已被广泛用于痕量物质的测定．该方法用于测定微量碘也已有报道[2,3],Goles等[3]用单模CW激光在580nm波长激发碘分子,用光子计数检测,测定纯129I2检测极限为2×109mole／cm3．但LIF法的最大缺点是荧光的猝灭会使检测灵敏度显著下降．Atsu…