混合金属氧化物阳极在海水中的电化学性能

采用热分解方法制备钛基混合金属氧化物阳极 ,用扫描电镜对阳极涂层显微形貌进行了分析 ,并通过实海模拟试验考察了混合金属氧化物阳极在海水阴极保护系统中的使用性能 .SEM分析结果表明 ,混合金属氧化物阳极涂层呈多孔多裂纹的显微结构 ,与其它阳极材料相比 ,此种阳极具有更大的活性表面积 .电化学试验结果表明 ,混合金属氧化物阳极在海水中具有良好的电化学稳定性和电化学活性 ;此外 ,混合金属氧化物阳极在海水中的消耗率很低 ,属于不溶性的阳极材料 ,作为外加电流阴极保护的辅助阳极具有广泛的应用前景     

海水电解Ru-Ti-Ir-Sn氧化物阳极涂层研究

应用热分解法制备不同组分的Ru-Ti-Ir-Sn氧化物阳极涂层,并由SEM、EDX、强化电解寿命、电流效率、抗Mn2+污染、极化曲线和循环伏安等实验方法研究该Ru-Ti-Ir-Sn氧化物阳极涂层的物理性能和电化学性能.结果表明,优化配方的Ru-Ti-Ir-Sn氧化物阳极涂层对电解海水具有较好的综合性能.     

渗铝钢在海水中的电化学行为研究

应用化学浸泡实验,电化学测试技术研究渗铝钢在海水中的电化学行为.试验表明,在海水中渗铝钢的腐蚀电位比20#钢的负,其阳极活性大于后者,在低电位下发生阳极溶解.20#钢和渗铝钢的腐蚀速率分别为5.80mg/dm2·d和3.36mg/dm2·d.渗铝钢在海水中具有优良的耐蚀性能是由于环境遮断和电偶保护的综合效果.其腐蚀产物含有氯离子,说明氯离子参与海水中的腐蚀过程,是导致腐蚀的主要原因.渗铝钢除了表层形成的Al、Fe化合物和致密、连续、具有高效防护作用Al的氧化物保护膜外,Al Fe合金层起到牺牲阳极的电化学保护作用.     

模拟深海压力环境下有机涂料/基底金属腐蚀电化学行为研究Ⅰ.海水压力对水在涂层中传输行为和涂层防护性能的影响

于实验室模拟深海压力环境,应用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)研究了有机涂料/基底金属的腐蚀电化学行为.分析海水压力对水在涂层中传输行为和涂层防护性能的影响.结果表明,与常压海水相比,在高压海水(3.5MPa)条件下,该涂层具有不同的电化学阻抗特征,主要表现在高压海水加快了涂层的吸水过程,增大了涂层的吸水率,从而加速了涂层的腐蚀失效过程,致使防护性能变差.     

添加碳纳米管对钌铱锡氧化物阳极性能的影响

本文采用热分解法制备Ti/Ru-Ir-Sn氧化物阳极,运用TGA、SEM、EDS、循环伏安、电化学交流阻抗、极化曲线以及强化电解寿命测试方法,探讨添加不同含量碳纳米管（CNTs）对Ti/Ru-Ir-Sn氧化物阳极的影响规律. 热重分析和阳极能谱数据表明,在烧结温度470 ^oC条件下CNTs未发生高温氧化分解,仍以单质形式存在阳极涂层中. 与对比样品相比,涂层表面裂纹增多,但仍保持典型形貌. 添加CNTs显著改善了Ti/Ru-Ir-Sn氧化物阳极的电化学性能,增大了阳极的活性表面积,减小了涂层内部电阻,提高了阳极析氯电催化活性,析氯电位增加缓慢,阳极强化电解寿命也得到明显延长. 其中,添加0.1 g·L^-1 CNTs的Ti/Ru-Ir-Sn氧化物阳极电催化活性和稳定性最优.     

脉冲阳极电沉积制备锰氧化物涂层电极

采用脉冲阳极电沉积工艺制备掺杂的锰氧化物涂层电极, 并利用FESEM、SEM、XRD及电化学等方法研究了涂层电极的形貌、相结构及性能. 结果表明, 该方法通过脉冲参数的调整, 可获得优异的电催化性能与稳定性能的涂层电极. 当脉冲频率(f)为90 Hz, 脉冲通断比为1:2时, 具有较大的镀速, 获得较厚的涂层; 氧化物为独特的纳米线与近球状纳米颗粒共聚的网络结构, 不仅增加了电极的电催化活性, 而且有效提高了电极的使用寿命,加速寿命达到1635 h, 比直流阳极电沉积提高55.3%.     

烧结温度对Ru-Ir-Sn氧化物阳极涂层性能的影响

应用溶胶凝胶法制备不同焙烧温度的氧化物阳极涂层,SEM,EDX,XRD、强化电解寿命、循环伏安和电化学阻抗等测试表明,烧结温度对阳极涂层的表面形貌以及电化学性能有着很大的影响.随着烧结温度的升高,析氯电位相应增加,寿命相对较长,循环伏安电量与双电层电容值有所下降.     

高阳极电势窗口的SnO2-Sb2O3/Ti电极的制备

制备了不同热处理温度和涂层次数的SnO2-Sb2O3/Ti电极,研究了不同电极涂层的氧化物组成,涂层表面形貌和阳极电势窗口及其三者的内在关系,考察了不同制备工艺条件的电极对电催化高铁性能的影响.结果表明430℃是电极最佳的热处理温度,涂层次数增加为30次时,电极具有高的阳极电势窗口,同时能降低高铁氧化还原反应的超电势,更真实的展现高铁电化学生成的热力学原貌.     

电位阶跃法沉积羟基磷灰石的研究

采用电化学方法在钛金属基底上沉积羟基磷灰石(HA)。系统考察了阶跃电位、沉积时间等实验条件对涂层质量的影响。在一定温度下经碱液处理后获得的羟基磷灰石(HA)涂层的形貌和结构分别用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X-射线衍射(XRD)进行了表征；用粘结拉伸法测得涂层的界面结合强度达7．44MPa，并在模拟生物体液中考察了生物活性以及电化学腐蚀性能。     

荆棘状羟基磷灰石棒的电化学法制备及性能表征

先后在低浓度和高浓度的钙、磷电解液中,采用两步电化学沉积法在纯钛金属表面制备了荆棘状羟基磷灰石棒(THA)。微观结构分析表明,THA的主干是由HA单晶构成,直径为100~200 nm,叉刺为HA多晶结构,直径为10~50 nm,它们在钛金属表面构成了具有两重微纳形貌的多孔涂层。溶解性实验与接触角测试结果表明,与单纯的HA棒涂层相比,这种THA涂层具有较高的钙离子释放速度和优异的表面润湿性。     

Ru-Ir-Ti氧化物阳极正反电流电解失效机理研究

应用热分解法制备适用于海水电解的钛基金属氧化物阳极.由SEM、EDX和XRD分析表征该阳极的形貌、成分及相结构,结果表明,烧结后阳极表面形成了固溶体结构,分别为(Ru,Ir,Ti)O2和(Ir,Ti)O2,失效后氧化物阳极的固溶体结构几乎完全消失,活性物质丧失.强化正反向电流寿命测试、循环伏安曲线和电化学阻抗谱等测试表明,失效后氧化物阳极表面的电化学活性点大大减少,同时膜电阻增加,这是由于活性物质脱落导致的,进一步说明正反向电流导致阳极表面活性物质脱落是氧化物阳极失效的根本原因.     

低温海水用钛基金属氧化物阳极的制备与性能

将Ti N纳米粉体与Ta Cl5正丁醇饱和溶液混合制得中间层涂覆液,通过热分解法在不同焙烧温度下得到了含有中间层的Ti/(Ti-Tax)O2/Ir O2电极,并与相同工艺下得到的传统Ti/Ir O2电极进行对比分析.采用X射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜对制备的电极进行了表征,通过循环伏安曲线、极化曲线和恒流加速寿命测试等电化学手段对电极性能进行了分析.结果表明,引入中间层可以使Ti/(Ti-Tax)O2/Ir O2电极400℃低温焙烧样品表层Ir O2结晶发育更好,得到了通常高温下才具有的典型龟裂纹形貌;相对于500℃高温焙烧样品,其在海水中的电化学活性表面积提高近6倍,在4℃和100 m A/cm2电流密度下的电极电位(1.37 V)降低100 m V,催化性能得到显著提高;同时加速寿命相对于传统的Ti/Ir O2电极提高10倍以上,是一种适用于低温海水环境的、具有较高活性和耐久性的新型阳极.     

Conformal Surface Coatings to Enable High Volume Expansion Li‐Ion Anode Materials

An alumina surface coating is demonstrated to improve electrochemical performance of MoO₃ nanoparticles as high capacity/high‐volume expansion anodes for Li‐ion batteries. Thin, conformal surface coatings were grown using atomic layer deposition (ALD) that relies on self‐limiting surface reactions. ALD coatings were tested on both individual nanoparticles and prefabricated electrodes containing conductive additive and binder. The coated and non‐coated materials were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling. Importantly, increased stability and capacity retention was only observed when the fully fabricated electrode was coated. The alumina layer both improves the adhesion of the entire electrode, during volume expansion/contraction and protects the nanoparticle surfaces. Coating the entire electrode also allows for an important carbothermal reduction process that occurs during electrode pre‐heat treatment. ALD is thus demonstrated as a novel and necessary method that may be employed to coat the tortuous network of a battery electrode.     

Highly Stable Lithium Metal Anode Interface via Molecular Layer Deposition Zircone Coatings for Long Life Next‐Generation Battery Systems

Herein, molecular layer deposition is used to form a nanoscale “zircone” protective layer on Li metal to achieve stable and long life Li metal anodes. The zircone‐coated Li metal shows enhanced air stability, electrochemical performance and high rate capability in symmetrical cell testing. Moreover, as a proof of concept, the protected Li anode is used in a next‐generation Li‐O₂ battery system and is shown to extend the lifetime by over 10‐fold compared to the batteries with untreated Li metal. Furthermore, in‐situ synchrotron X‐ray absorption spectroscopy is used for the first time to study an artificial SEI on Li metal, revealing the electrochemical stability and lithiation of the zircone film. This work exemplifies significant progress towards the development and understanding of MLD thin films for high performance next‐generation batteries.     

Electrochemical analysis of molybdate conversion coating on hot‐dip galvanized steel in various growth stages

The electrochemical behavior of molybdate conversion coatings in various growth stages was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and equivalent circuits. The chemical composition and microstructure were characterized by SEM/energy dispersive spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and AES. Neutral salt spray tests complemented the information. The results indicated that the growth process of the molybdate conversion coating was accompanied by the growth of micro cracks, consisting of three stages: in the early and middle stages, the protective property of the coatings increased with increasing treatment time and then decreased when the cracks developed in the last stage. On the basis of the observation of the microstructure and the analysis of the electrochemical impedance spectra of the coatings in various stages, a simplified growth process model of the molybdate conversion coating on hot‐dip galvanized steel was created. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Microstructural and in-depth electrochemical characterization of Zn diffusion layers on aluminum 3xxx alloy

AA 3XXX alloys are widely used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) field. Diffusion joining using a filler metal together with flux is employed in some applications as for heat exchangers. In this work, the effect of diffusion of a Zn-based flux on both microstructure and electrochemical behavior has been investigated. In particular, an AA3xxx was coated with a Zn-rich flux and subjected to controlled atmosphere brazing (CAB). Glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES) composition profiles were acquired in order to determine the Zn distribution in the diffusion layer. The GDOES was also employed to produce a controlled erosion of the surface in order to obtain craters with defined depths in the Zn diffusion layer, in which electrochemical analyses could be performed. The Volta potential maps at different depths in the Zn diffusion layer were obtained by scanning Kelvin probe force microscope (SKPFM). The Zn diffusion layer was also investigated by means of Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDXS) and the chemical composition of the phases present in the regions was investigated by SKPFM. Finally, the electrochemical microcell was used in the produced craters in order to determine the electrochemical behavior along the Zn diffusion profile. SKPFM and microcell results showed a correlation between the Zn content and the electrochemical properties. In particular, a higher Zn content in the diffusion layer leads to an increase of the Volta potential difference between the intermetallic particles and the matrix. The electrochemical measurements also showed that the Zn diffusion layer provides galvanic protection to the underlaying aluminum alloy.     

Fabrication of silver patterns on polyimide films based on solid-phase electrochemical constructive lithography using ion-exchangeable precursor layers

We report a fully additive-based electrochemical approach to the site-selective deposition of silver on a polyimide substrate. Using a cathode coated with ion-doped precursor polyimide layers, patterns of metal masks used as anodes were successfully reproduced at the cathode-precursor interface through electrochemical and ion-exchange reactions, which resulted in the generation of silver patterns on the polyimide films after subsequent annealing and removal from the substrate. Excellent interfacial adhesion was achieved through metal nanostructures consisting of interconnecting silver nanoparticles at the metal-polymer interface, which are electrochemically grown "in" the precursor layer. This approach is a resist- and etch-free process and thus provides an effective methodology toward lower-cost and high-throughput microfabrication.     

Electropolymerized coatings of polyaniline on copper by using the galvanostatic method and their corrosion protection performance in HCl medium

The synthesis of polyaniline coatings on the copper (Cu) surface has been investigated by using the galvanostatic method. The synthesized coatings were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV–visible absorption spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy. The anticorrosion performances of polyaniline coatings were investigated in 0.5 M HCl medium by the potentiodynamic polarization technique and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The corrosion rate of polyaniline‐coated Cu was found to be ～27 times lower than bare Cu, and potential corrosion increased from ?0.21 V versus Ag/AgCl for uncoated Cu to ?0.19 V versus Ag/AgCl for polyaniline‐coated Cu electrodes. Electrochemical measurements indicate that polyaniline coating has good inhibiting properties with a mean efficiency of ~96% at 10 mAcm^?2 current density applied on Cu corrosion in acid media. The results of this study clearly ascertain that the polyaniline has an outstanding potential to protect Cu against corrosion in an acidic environment. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.