声矢量传感器信号处理

声矢量传感器能够同步、共点、直接测量声场空间一点处声压和质点振速,从而有可能改善传统水声测量或探测设备的性能,为解决一些实际的水声问题拓展了新的思路。尽管声矢量传感器出现在水声领域的历史不算久,但是由于巨大的潜在军事需求牵引,它在最近十数年间的发展势头愈发地强劲,逐渐演变为不断被重视的水声技术之一。在此背景下,本文尝试综述声矢量传感器信号处理研究的当前进展,如信号检测、 DOA估计、波束形成等。     

Silicon-carbide-based extreme environment temperature sensor using wavelength-tuned signal processing

A wavelength-tuned signal-processing approach is proposed for enabling direct unambiguous temperature measurement in a free-space targeted single-crystal silicon carbide (SiC) temperature sensor. The approach simultaneously exploits the 6H SiC fundamental Sellmeier equation-based wavelength-sensitive refractive index change in combination with the classic temperature-dependent refractive index change and the material thermal-expansion path-length change to encode SiC chip temperature with wavelength. Presently, the technique is useful for fast coarse temperature measurement as demonstrated from room temperature to 1000 degrees C using a 10-peak count wavelength-tuned measurement with a 0.31 nm total wavelength change. This coarse technique can be combined with the previously presented two-wavelength signal-processing temperature measurement approach to simultaneously deliver a wide temperature range and a high-resolution temperature sensor. Applications for the sensor range from power plants to materials processing facilities.     

各向同性噪声场中单矢量传感器虚源消除MUSIC测向方法

为降低声矢量圆阵方位估计方法的计算复杂度, 避免声压振速联合处理需选取观测方向的问题, 提出了一种主特征向量加权的声矢量圆阵波束域多重信号分类(MUSIC)测向方法。在信号总功率与噪声功率之比最大的优化准则下, 求解得到单矢量传感器最优的加权向量, 即主特征向量。结合主特征向量设计相应的波束形成矩阵, 并从理论上对声矢量圆阵阵元域和波束域MUSIC的目标方位估计方差进行比较。推导了单矢量传感器的大特征值和信号功率、大特征值对应的特征向量和其导向向量之间的关系。通过仿真实验验证了基于主特征向量波束形成矩阵的有效性, 所提方法具有较低的计算复杂度和良好的方位估计性能。水池实验数据分析表明, 所提方法能够准确估计目标方位。

     

液体中的声处理应用和声空化工程

1引言 声波在好几个方面有它广泛不可替代的用途，像声通讯、声检测、控制声、声控制等。在几个方面的用途中有声处理一项，这时利用了声的能量。本文只讨论液体中的声处理应用。在长时期的实验室试验中它显示了，并且继续在显示，强大的潜力，但比较奇特的是，这么大量的实验室成果，只有很少数转化为生产力。本文强调转化为生产力的有利性和紧迫性。本文并且指出，液体中声处理的基本机理多是声空化，因此，分析研究在液体中大规模或生产化声处理时声空化的特征和行为，     

Laser spectroscopic oxygen sensor using diffuse reflector based optical cell and advanced signal processing

In this paper, an improved signal processing method is given, aiming at a sensitivity improvement of the tunable diode laser spectroscopy based gas concentration measurement. The gas absorption spectrum is probed with an optimum wavelength scanning function which enables a more efficient curve fit than for traditional linear wavelength scanning. The wavelength scanning function is determined to be optimum, in the sense that the variance of the estimated concentration noise is minimized. This optimum scanning function depends on the signal model used in curve fitting. Several models including interfering gas spectra and etalon fringes are examined. Compared to the gas absorption spectrum recorded by ramping the wavelength linearly, the optimum spectrum waveforms have a cascade structure, which means that the optimum scanning preferably samples important points of the spectrum. The new method theoretically enables a factor of ∼2 improvement on detection sensitivity of the estimated concentration. Furthermore, direct spectroscopy is superior to second harmonic detection, because the concentration noise can be an additional factor of ∼2 lower.     

Acoustic traffic signal for blind pedestrians

The development of an acoustic traffic signal for blind pedestrians is described. The WALK and WAIT signals used represent a compromise between many contradictory demands, e.g. easy localisation and detection in a background of traffic noise, minimum annoyance, maximum attenuation into dwellings and simple and reliable construction. The WALK sound consists of 200 ms pulses at a repetition rate of 2·5 Hz. The WAIT sound consists of 400 ms pulses at a repetition rate of 0·5 Hz. Both WALK and WAIT pulses are formed from an 880 Hz sawtooth or square wave signal.A weak attention signal is audible (automatic level control) within a distance of 2–3 m from the traffic light pole. The system has been in use for more than 2 years. Twenty-six blind pedestrians tested the system and found it very useful. A questionnaire investigation showed no adverse reactions from neighbours to the system. The attention system is being standardised in Denmark. The system is prepared for extension with a louder guiding signal which guides the blind across the crossing.     

The effect of polarization separation on the performance of Candecomp/Parafac-based vector sensor array processing

In this paper we generalize the polarization separation measure introduced by Compton (1981) [2] for collocated sources, to the case of two sources with distinct DOAs recorded on a vector sensor array. We give a geometrical interpretation of this new measure and show that this polarization separation becomes essential for source estimation accuracy when the angular separation is insufficient.     

基于光纤耦合器的声发射传感器

为检测变压器内局部放电产生的声发射信号,介绍了一种基于特殊光纤熔融拉锥耦合器型声发射传感器。它是利用声波引起的扰动改变耦合器两臂光功率输出的特点来检测声发射信号。实验结果表明：此种传感器在10kHz～250kHz范围内对声发射信号有良好响应,在155kHz灵敏度为5.6×10^-6V/Pa,噪声为1.8Pa声压,有望在复合材料与结构、电力无损检测方面得到应用。     

环境适应处理方法*

水声传播与海洋环境密切相关,环境效应是制约水声应用的关键因素之一。文章总结了作者及其合作者近十年在环境适应处理方法方面的相关研究及其相关国内外研究,包括数据驱动匹配场处理、波导不变量应用及其数据驱动格林函数提取与单边声场聚焦方法,强调方法间的相互联系和理论条件,并讨论了各种方法存在的问题及可能的研究方向。     

Acoustic field positioning for containerless processing

The non-contact positioning of materials in a space processing chamber is accomplished using a new type of acoustic levitator. Liquid and solid materials are positioned using a single source of sound. Fine control of position may be obtained by motion of an acoustical reflector. The electrical power required is usually less than 100 watts. The system operates satisfactorily at high and low temperatures and is adaptable as an “add-on” feature to existing space experiments. Containerless melting and solidification can be performed and a freely suspended liquid can be shaped to the contour of the sound field. Experiments are described in which aluminium, glass and plastic materials are melted and solidified in the containerless state. The system has applications to containerless crystal growth, melting and related processes.     

压电矢量传感器的低噪声设计

针对压电矢量传感器的低噪声设计问题,建立了基于压电敏感器件、悬挂结构、前置放大电路及电缆的同振式矢量传感器等效自噪声分析模型;结合敏感器件的低噪声设计、悬挂结构对自噪声的影响以及前置放大电路低噪声匹配等内容提出了一种低噪声设计方法。设计了低噪声矢量传感器样机,研制了自噪声测量平台并对样机进行了测试。结果表明:样机的等效噪声声压谱级达到了55.5 dB/√Hz2@200 Hz,低于同频率Knudsen零级海况下海洋环境噪声;测试结果与设计结果相符,验证了低噪声设计方法的有效性,也为压电矢量传感器的低噪声设计提供了理论依据。     

利用矢量海洋环境噪声提取声场格林函数

考虑到矢量水听器在垂直方向上具有8字形指向性,能够有效抑制远方非平稳噪声源的干扰,提出了一种矢量环境噪声相关函数(NCF)提取声场时域格林函数(TDGF)的方法。基于简正波理论建立了声压和垂直振速垂直相关性模型。在此基础上,给出了声压和垂直振速相关函数提取声场纵向格林函数的过程.数值仿真对比和实验数据分析表明,相对于声压提取方法,垂直振速提取方法能够有效消除直达波前出现的亮纹与亮区干扰。此外,对于同等时间长度噪声序列,声压提取方法只提取到直达波路径,而垂直振速提取方法还提取到了我们更为关心的海底反射路径。利用直达波与海底反射波到达时延差估计的海深与实测海深吻合较好。     

Trading dimensionality in signal processing

By trading one spatial dimension, in an optical processor, one can implement simple optical set-ups for signal synthesis and signal processing. We show that this concept, of trading dimensionality, has been applied advantageously in four classical optical processors. We also discuss another four applications of the same concept: the generation and parallel display of certain special functions, the synthesis of complex amplitudes with binary screens, and the generation of radially symmetric apodizers with binary sectors.     

第十讲数字信号处理与数字信号处理器（DSP）

文章简要介绍了“数字信号处理”与“数字信号处理器（DSP）”的发展历史.在数字信号处理的应用中,实时实现是非常重要的,而DSP在实时处理中,扮演了一个重要的角色.文章中还介绍了DSP在实际应用中的一些关键技术,例如DSP的种类和选型,DSP的开发工具,实时软件的开发过程等.最后,还介绍了一些DSP的应用实例,如语音编码器,视频电话和视频会议系统,用于雷达和声纳的DSP并行处理系统     

第十讲数字信号处理与数字信号处理器(DSP)

文章简要介绍了“数字信号处理”与“数字信号处理器（DSP）”的发展历史．在数字信号处理的应用中，实时实现是非常重要的，而DSP在实时处理中，扮演了一个重要的角色．文章中还介绍了DSP在实际应用中的一些关键技术，例如DSP的种类和选型，DSP的开发工具，实时软件的开发过程等．最后，还介绍了一些DSP的应用实例，如语音编码器，视频电话和视频会议系统，用于雷达和声纳的DSP并行处理系统     

声矢量传感器研究进展

声矢量传感器由传统的无指向性声压传感器和偶极子指向性质点振速传感器复合而成,可以同步共点测量声场中一点处的声压和质点振速若干正交分量,由此得到的幅度和相位信息为解决一些水声问题提供了新的思路。因其实际的和潜在的工程应用价值,所以在最近十年间与此相关的声矢量传感器技术备受水声界关注。本文尝试综述声矢量传感器技术近五十年间在物理基础、传感器设计制作、相关工程应用等各方面的发展历史、现状和所取得的一些研究进展。     

TOMBO sensor with scene-independent superresolution processing

One approach to flat sensor design is to use a lenslet array to form multiple subimages of a scene and then combine the subimages to recover a fully sampled image by using a superresolution algorithm. Previously, superresolution image assembly has been based on information derived from the observed scene. For lenslet arrays, we propose a new scene-independent approach based only on known imager properties in which relative subimage shifts are accurately estimated with a calibration procedure using point source imaging. Thus, the relative resolution enhancement provided by the scene-independent superresolution algorithm is impervious to changes in subimage content, contrast, sharpness, and noise.     

Wideband high-resolution direction of arrival estimation method based on the pressure-velocity combined processing using the acoustic vector sensor array

In order to solve the problem of DOA (Direction of Arrival) estimation of underwater distant wideband targets, a novel coherent signal-subspace method based on the cross spectral matrix of pressure and particle velocity using the Acoustic Vector Sensor Array (AVSA) is proposed in this paper. The proposed method is different from existing AVSA based DOA estimation methods in using particle velocity information of Acoustic Vector Sensor (AVS) as an independent array element. It is entirely based on the combined information processing of pressure and particle velocity, namely, the P-V cross spectrum, has better DOA estimation performance than existing methods in isotropic noise field. By theoretical analysis, both focusing principle and eigendecomposition theory based on the P-V cross spectral matrix are given. At the same time, the corresponding criteria for source number detection is also presented. Computer simulations with data from lake trials demonstrate that the proposed method is effective and obviously outperforms existing methods in resolution and accuracy in the case of low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR).     

Acoustic emission detection using intensity-modulated DFB fiber laser sensor

The bonded distributed feedback(DFB) fiber laser(FL) acoustic emission sensor and the intensity response of the DFB-FL to external acoustic emissions are investigated. The dynamic sensitivity of the DFB-FL is calibrated by a referenced piezoelectric receiver. In the DFB-FL we used here, the minimum detectable signal is2 × 10~(-6)m∕s at 5 kHz. Using wavelet packet technology, the collected signals are analyzed, which confirms that an intensity-modulated DFB-FL sensor can be used to detect acoustic emission signals.     

Optical signal processing using nonlinear fibers

Ultra-fast optical signal processing is a promising technology for future photonic networks. This paper describes possible applications of nonlinear fibers to optical signal processing. The third-order optical nonlinearities in a fiber are discussed by analyzing the interaction of co-propagating optical waves. The properties of a nonlinear fiber are then considered in terms of optimizing the dispersion for achieving phase matching and decreasing walk-off. A highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF) is a practical candidate for an ultra-high-speed signal processor. Using HNLF, the following experiments are successfully demonstated: ultra-broadband wavelength conversion/optical phase conjugation by four-wave mixing, 160 Gb/s optical 3R-regeneration, and optical switching up to 640 Gb/s using a parametric amplified fiber switch. Steps for further improvements are also discussed.