Ultrasonic measurement of the bending of a bolt in a shear joint

An ultrasonic pulse/echo technique is used to measure preload in bolts used in structural joints. In this paper, the same instrument is used in a different way to measure change in the ultrasonic measurements due to bending in the bolts. A theory that explains the ultrasonic measurements is developed. The bending loads result in a rotation and a translation of the ultrasonic pulse reflecting face. It also creates a stress gradient in the bolt. This results in a phase variation (or gradient) in the received ultrasonic beam across the face of the transducer. It also results in a physical shift in the received beam relative to the ultrasonic transducer. The phase gradient and the shift in the beam results in change in the pulse travel time. A number of experiments were performed on the bolt to study the effect of the bending on the ultrasonic measurements. The experiments and the theory validate a sensitive new method for measuring the bending loads in the bolts.     

双柱单锥型液-液旋流管内流场的激光诊断

应用激光测速仪，对一种双柱单锥型液 液旋流管内的流动结构，进行了全场范围内的多工况流动诊断研究．揭示出其切向速度由内旋流区和外旋流区构成，其中内旋流区中的速度分布符合准强制涡关系，外旋流区中的速度分布符合准自由涡关系；轴向速度由上行流动区和下行流动区构成，两者之间在直管段以零速点作分界，在锥体段则以零速区作过渡并伴随有一定的回流出现，且该过渡区或回流区的大小随锥体截面的收缩而减小，直到进入直管段后消失；各湍流量的分布以管芯处最大向外逐渐减小，沿轴向是直管段中的湍流度大于锥体段中的湍流度，而且湍流度在旋流管内具有各向异性的特性．     

Experimental investigation of converging shocks in water with various confinement materials

Fluid-solid coupling typically plays a negligible role in confined converging shocks in gases because of the rigidity of the surrounding material and large acoustic impedance mismatch of wave propagation between it and the gas. However, this is not true for converging shocks in a liquid. In the latter case, the coupling can not be ignored and properties of the surrounding material have a direct influence on wave propagation. In shock focusing in water confined in a solid convergent geometry, the shock in the liquid transmits to the solid and both transverse and longitudinal waves propagate in the solid. Shock focusing in water for three types of confinement materials has been studied experimentally with schlieren and photoelasticity optical techniques. A projectile from a gas gun impacts a liquid contained in a solid convergent geometry. The impact produces a shock wave in water that develops even higher pressure when focused in the vicinity of the apex. Depending on the confining material, the shock speed in the water can be slower, faster, or in between wave speeds in the solid. For solid materials with higher wave speeds than the shock in water, regions in the water is put in tension and cavitation occurs. Materials with slower wave speeds will deform easily.     

连通容器泄爆过程的影响因素

以甲烷/空气混合物为研究对象,开展了连通容器气体泄爆影响因素的实验研究。结果表明:连通容器泄爆片泄爆时,随着破膜压力和量纲一泄压比的减小,大、小球容器的最大泄爆压力均增大;在等量纲一泄压比条件下,随着连接管道长度的增加,传爆容器的最大泄爆压力增大。连通容器无膜泄爆时,大球点火条件下,无论管长如何,起爆容器和传爆容器均比单个容器最大泄爆压力大。小球点火条件下,当管道长度为0.45 m时,起爆容器和传爆容器的最大泄爆压力均小于单个容器。连通容器无膜泄爆且量纲一泄压比相同时,当管道长度为0.45 m时,大、小容器内的最大泄爆压力基本相等;当管道长度为2.45 m时,大容器点火时,传爆容器最大爆炸压力大于起爆容器,但小容器点火时,起爆容器最大泄爆压力大于传爆容器;当管道长度为4.45和6.45 m时,传爆容器最大泄爆压力均大于起爆容器。     

盐岩储库区地面沉降预测与控制研究现状与展望

利用盐岩地层建设地下油气储库群已成为各国发展能源储备的重要方向,然而关于储库区地面沉降的研究至今仍处于探索阶段。由于地面沉降所造成的重大事故屡见不鲜,因此有必要集中力量研究盐岩库区地面沉降问题,为我国盐岩储库群的建设提供可靠的理论依据。本文主要从以下3个方面总结了近几十年来国内外学者在盐岩储库区地面沉降预测方面所做出的努力与成绩： （1）现场监测——法国、德国、美国先后建立了现场监测网络,获得了大量的长期监测数据;  （2）理论计算——我国学者于20世纪90年代末将随机介质理论引入到盐矿水溶开采地面沉降预测中,从而为储库区地面沉降预测提供了新的理论基础;  （3）数值模拟——欧洲学者利用FLAC2D 程序对盐岩储库区的地面稳定性进行了数值模拟,而我国学者则利用在新概率积分法的基础上建立起的预测模型成功进行了沉降预测模拟。此外,为了有效地控制库区地面变形,预留矿柱式水溶开采法在国外众多盐岩地下储库群建设中得以广泛应用。本文最后提出在后续研究中将重点着眼于地表变形随时间的发展过程,并对现有理论模型进行适当的修正以及利用现场实测数据进一步完善预测所需参数的选取方法,从而使预测结果更为准确可靠。     

Heat (mass) transfer and friction loss in two-pass ducts with various parallel rib arrangements

The present study investigated the effects of four parallel rib arrangements on heat/mass transfer and pressure drop characteristics in rotating two-pass ducts. The experiments of mass transfer and pressure measurement are performed to obtain heat transfer distributions and friction losses. The highest averaged heat (mass) transfer and friction loss in each region appeared in the turning region in the stationary cases, but appeared in the upstream region of the second pass in the rotating cases. Among the tested rib arrangements, the averaged heat (mass) transfer and the friction factor in the second pass in the stationary ducts were high in the cases with the NN- and PP-type ribs; however, in the rotating ducts, they were high in the cases with the NN- and PN-type ribs. The thermal performance in the four different rib arrangements was almost the same.     

有效集法在数学规划加权残值法中的应用

本文研究有效集法在数学规划加权残值法求解微分方程问题中的应用。从理论上和实际应用方面 阐明，对于数学规划加权残值法和线性规划问题，有效集法比常用的单纯形法更简便、易程序化、计算速度更快，因此更适用于数学规划加权残值法求解微分方程问题。     

Development of wake of a rectangular cylinder in a curved stream

In the wake of a rectangular cylinder measurements of mean velocity and some turbulent stresses are carried out in a straight duct and in a curved duct. The difference in turbulent quantities in the wake of the body, in the straight duct an in the curved duct is significant especially in the downstream side of the wake. The shear stresses are more sensitive to curvature than the normal stresses.     

Relaxed representations and improving stability in time-stepping analysis of three-dimensional structural nonlinear dynamics

In the present paper, we propose a representation of the discrete motion equations in structural nonlinear dynamics to obtain an improvement in the stability of time numerical integrations. A geometrically nonlinear total Lagrangian formulation for three-dimensional beam elements in the hypotheses of large rotations and small strains is presented. In this formulation, slopes are used instead of rotation parameters to compute the nonlinear representations of the strain measures in the inertial frame of reference. Such representations of the internal strains??rotations compatibility are then imposed in their time derivatives version. The results, related to Newmark approximations for the variations in the displacement and velocity vectors, show a significant increase in the range of stability of the time integration process and a reduction in the number of Newton iterations required in the time integration steps. The numerical tests, furthermore, show that the variation in the total energy in the time steps has bounded oscillations about the zero value.     

Separation zone in fluctuating flow past an obstacle in a channel

The results of an experimental investigation of hydrodynamic processes in separated turbulent flows in the presence of superimposed flow-rate fluctuations are presented. A sharp shortening of the separation zone in the fluctuating flow is found to exist in the vicinity of Sh = 1. The dependence of the separation zone length on the superimposed fluctuation frequency is the same in the cases in which the obstacle is located in the regions of antinodes of both the flow velocity and the pressure.     

Elastic Energies in Circular Inhomogeneities: Imperfect Versus Perfect Interfaces

The change in the total potential energy in a stressed elastic plane system, consisting of an unbounded matrix containing a cylindrical inhomogeneity of circular cross-section, is studied, when an imperfect bonding is formed across the interface. The imperfect bonding is simulated by linearly elastic springs distributed over the interface. Two loading cases are examined: an equilibrium system of fixed uniform tractions acting in the remote boundary of the matrix, and a phase transformation in the inhomogeneity prescribed by stress free uniform eigenstrains distributed in the inhomogeneity region. For both loadings, the fully elastic fields in explicit forms are derived involving the spring compliances and three new two-phase parameters depending on the elastic properties of the two materials. The elastic energies stored in the whole system and in its constituents are determined in simple and compact forms. It is shown that, in both loading cases, the total potential energy of the system is reduced. It is found that, in nanoscale, the ratio of the elastic energy stored in interface to the elastic energy stored in inhomogeneity increases rapidly for small values of the circular radius and tends to zero for large values. Also, this ratio increases as the matrix becomes softer compared to the inhomogeneity.     

半晶态聚合物拉伸变形的微观机理

应用大规模分子动力学方法,采用粗粒化聚乙烯醇模型,模拟了晶区与非晶区随机交杂的半晶态聚合物模型系统,研究了半晶态聚合物在单轴拉伸变形过程中的应力-应变行为和微观结构演变.应力-应变曲线表现出4个典型变形阶段:弹性变形、屈服、应变软化和应变强化.在拉伸变形过程中,主要存在晶区折叠链之间的滑移、晶区破坏、非晶区的解缠结,以及分子链沿拉伸方向重新取向等4种主要的微结构演变形式.在屈服点附近,晶区分子链之间排列紧密程度减小而发生滑移,之后晶区变化需要的应力变小,从而形成应变软化现象.随着应变的增大,经各分子链段协同作用使非晶区分子链的解缠结和重新取向行为扩展到相对宏观尺度,导致拉伸应力增大而形成应变强化现象.      

化学跑合剂对跑合效果的影响

在ＢＪ５２Ａ胶合试验机、ＪＰ－ＢＤ１５００型接触疲劳试验机和ＣＬ－１００齿轮试验机上考察了化学跑合剂的作用，并就其机理进行了探讨。结果表明：采用化学跑合剂跑合后，表面粗糙度明显降低；表面接触面积增大，可以实现１次满载快速跑合；与采用含磨料的跑合方法比较，化学跑合剂可以明显提高表面接触精度，减少裂纹源的发生和发展，使表面承载能力明显提高。当齿轮加工精度较低或高速、重载齿轮的硬齿面精加工存在困难时，可     

Damping characteristics of pipes vibrating in flexure and filled with various materials

Tanks and pipes vibrating in flexure and filled with various materials have been a problem in power plants, factories, airplanes and tankers. The present experimental investigation was carried out on a pipe vibrating in flexure and filled with various materials, both liquid and solid. The tests showed that, in general, filling a pipe in flexure with any material, liquid or solid, increases its damping characteristics. An increase in the kinematic viscosity of the filling liquid, or a decrease in the size of the particles of the filling solid, will result in a corresponding increase in the equivalent damping factor of the system.     

The effect of inflation pressure and vehicle loading on the sidewall of a radial tire

The sidewall is one of the regions where service failures occur in a pneumatic tire. Knowledge of the stresses or strains developed in the sidewall under varying service conditions is required if such pneumatic-tire failures are to be avoided. This paper describes an experimental investigation into the effect of inflation pressure, vehicle load and camber angle on the sidewall-surface strains in a radial tire. Photoelastic coating and a specially designed strain-gaging technique were used. For pure-inflation pressure, the magnitude of the measured shear strains in the sidewall is directly related to the inflation pressure. The maximum sidewall shear strains in pure inflation are located in the lower sidewall (18 mm from bead), irrespective of the magnitude of the inflation pressure. The mendional sidewall strain is predominant in the inflated but otherwise unloaded tire. The meridional strain is proportional to the square root of the inflation pressure. The maximum mendional strain is located in the mid-sidewall region. For a constant vehicle loading, there is a transition inflation pressure below or above which the circumterential shoulder strain increases sharply. This observation highlights the importance of maintaining satistactory inflation pressure in passenger-car tires as an under-inflated tire will induce severe strain development at the shoulder. In addition to the vehicle load, the introduction of camber angle produces localized change in the meridional and circumterential strains within the contact zone. The increase of camber angle up to 10 deg causes continuous increase in the meridional strain in the lower sidewall but decrease in the upper sidewall. The mid-sidewall meridional strains remain practically unchanged. The circumferential strains along the load line are, in general, lower due to the increase in camber angle.     

化学跑合对齿轮胶合的影响

选用了３ 种跑合剂在ＣＬ－１００ 型齿轮试验机上进行满载跑合能力对比试验和齿轮抗胶合载荷级对比试验．结果表明：材质为４５＃ 钢的试验齿轮副和材质为２０ＣｒＭｎＴｉ钢的试验齿轮副用含磨料跑合剂进行１ 次满载跑合试验时,发生严重胶合;而采用化学跑合剂可以实现１ 次满载跑合,且用化学跑合剂跑合后的齿面比用普通油跑合后的齿面抗胶合能力提高１ 个载荷级,显示化学跑合剂在齿轮中的应用很有潜力．     

动脉狭窄对血液流速的影响

为了定量计算动脉局部狭窄对动脉管中血液流动速度的影响，本文分别对狭窄区域内定常流和非定常流动进行了求解，得出了狭窄区域内定常流和脉动流的速度表达式。本文将均匀段的流速形经Ｆｏｕｒｉｅｒ分解成定常和脉动两部分，然后分别计算出狭窄区域内对应的定常和脉动流速，经Ｆｏｕｒｉｅｒ合成还原成流速时域波形，同时针对各种情况将不同狭窄对不同的流速波形的作了分析比较。     

Compressible Flow in a Half-Space with Navier Boundary Conditions

We prove the global existence of weak solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations of compressible flow in a half-space with the boundary condition proposed by Navier: the velocity on the boundary is proportional to the tangential component of the stress. This boundary condition allows for the determination of the scalar function in the Helmholtz decomposition of the acceleration density, which in turn is crucial in obtaining pointwise bounds for the density. Initial data and solutions are small in energy-norm with nonnegative densities having arbitrarily large sup-norm. These results generalize previous results for solutions in the whole space and are the first for solutions in this intermediate regularity class in a region with a boundary.     

中国沿海地质环境与区域持续发展的若干问题探讨

本文分析了中国沿海岩石圈动力学的基础特征, 指出中国东部沿海地质环境与灾害存在南北分异的格局, 阐述了沿海区域工程地质环境的基本规律, 并通过全球及中国近百年海平面变化, 以及人类工程活动对河口海岸地质环境影响的分析, 对沿海地区未来的地质环境与灾害趋向做了初步评估, 并认为中国沿海21世纪的环境与发展将面临严峻的挑战, 特别是环渤海地区。最后, 对影响沿海区域发展的若干问题进行了初步探讨并提出了几点建议。