黏度对流固界面滑移影响的试验研究

为了研究微纳米间隙下固液界面间流体的流动及输运特性,本文改进了商用的原子力显微镜,并利用其对微纳米间隙下固液界面的边界滑移现象进行了试验研究,重点考察了流体黏度对边界滑移的影响.固体壁面样品采用Si(100)表面,试验液体采用不同黏度的去离子水和蔗糖溶液.结果表明,Si(100)表面与去离子水和蔗糖溶液作用会发生边界滑移,而且随着溶液黏度的升高,滑移长度也随之升高,表现了边界滑移与流体黏度的相关性.所得结果对于微流体输运与控制有重要的理论意义与实际价值.     

基于分形导数对非牛顿流体层流的数值研究

非牛顿流体具有复杂的流变特性,揭示该流变特性可以更加合理地指导非牛顿流体在工农业生产中的应用.经典的非牛顿流体本构模型往往形式复杂,仅能应用于某些特定的情况.分数阶导数模型具有参数少和形式简单的特点,己成功地应用于描述非牛顿流体的运动.Hausdorff分形导数作为一个备选的建模方法,相比分数阶导数具有更简单的形式以及更高的计算效率.本文基于Hausdorff分形导数改进现有牛顿黏性模型,提出分形黏壶模型.通过研究分形黏壶在常应变率下表观黏度的变化情况,以及在加、卸载条件下的蠕变及恢复特性,发现分形黏壶模型适合于描述具有黏弹性的非牛顿流体(本文称之为分形流体).结合连续性方程及运动微分方程,推导出分形流体在平行板间层流的基本方程.按是否拖动上板和是否存在水平的压力梯度分为3种工况,分别用数值方法计算这3种工况下流速在板间的分布及其随时间变化的情况.通过分析不同工况下的流速分布,发现水平的压力梯度会改变流速随时间变化的形状,且会推迟流速到达稳定的时间.在水平压力梯度不存在的情况下,不同阶数的分形流体具有相同的流速分布或是演变过程.另外,在水平压力梯度存在的情况下,上板速度不影响不同阶数分形流体间稳定速度的差值.     

基于虚拟区域法的黏弹性流体中微生物游动的数值模拟和应用

微生物是自然生态系统的重要组成部分,掌握微生物在复杂流体中的运动特性可以为微型器件的设计制造提供理论指导.壁面效应是微生物游动研究中的重要问题之一,已有研究表明微生物在壁面附近存在复杂的行为特征.然而已有研究大多集中于微生物在牛顿流体中的游动模拟,仅有少数涉及黏弹性流体等非牛顿流体.本文采用直接力虚拟区域法与乔列斯基分解相结合的数值方法,引入Squirmer微生物游动模型,研究了微生物在黏弹性流体中的游动问题.首先给出求解黏弹性流体本构方程的数值格式;并将该方法应用于研究微生物游动中的壁面效应.研究结果表明,游动方向是影响微生物颗粒壁面效应的重要因素.流体弹性应力会对微生物产生一个反向转矩,影响微生物的游动方向,从而阻碍微生物逃离壁面.微生物颗粒在黏弹性流体中与壁面作用时间较长,几乎达到牛顿流体的两倍以上.     

剪切变稀流体液滴撞击疏水表面回弹现象及最大铺展的研究

非牛顿流体液滴撞击固体表面的行为广泛存在于多种工农业生产中, 然而目前相关研究主要关注牛顿流体, 非牛顿流变特性对液滴撞击动力学的影响机制还有待探索. 本文研究了纯剪切变稀流体(质量分数≤ 0.03%的黄原胶水溶液)液滴撞击疏水表面后的最大铺展及回弹行为. 通过高速摄像技术捕获液滴撞击疏水表面的运动过程及形态变化, 研究了液滴的铺展回缩过程. 实验结果表明, 在相同We下, 剪切变稀特性对液滴撞击疏水表面后的铺展阶段影响很小, 但对回缩阶段影响很大. 黄原胶浓度增加使得液滴依次表现出部分回弹、完全回弹和表面沉积三种不同的回弹行为. 利用能量守恒定律推导出了液滴能在疏水表面上回弹的临界无量纲高度ξ_c理论值. 发现牛顿流体与非牛顿流体液滴最大无量纲高度ξ_max均符合标度律ξ_max ~ αWe斜率随黄原胶浓度增大而减小. 基于有效雷诺数Re_eff, 提出了一种有效黏度μ_eff表达式, 并据此建立了剪切变稀流体的最大无量纲直径β_max预测模型. 该模型在较广We区间与实验测量值取得了良好一致.      

非牛顿流体力学研究的若干进展

简要介绍微极性流体,应力偶流体,非整数阶Maxwell流体和智能流体的基本概念,通过简单的例子阐述它们与牛顿流体的本质差别,并介绍非牛顿流体在以上热点研究领域的若干进展．     

非牛顿流体在Hele-Shaw模型中的流动

本文研究了非牛顿流体在Hele-Shaw模型中的流动特性,并用摄动法求出了Bingham流体、Power-law流体的速度分布、压力降与流量的关系,分析了屈服应力及幂律指数对物理参数的影响.     

狭窄血管内偶应力流体流动分析

本文考察了血管狭窄对血液流动的影响,血液以偶应力流体表示,并在求解过程中采用了在管壁上流体质点无相对涡量的边界条件,结果表明,和Young的经典工作相比流动阻抗和壁切应力大于同样程度狭窄下牛顿流体的相应值,偶应力流体对狭窄的敏感性大于牛顿流体;在狭窄发展过程中,偶应力流体的流量要小于牛顿流体的流量,和牛顿流体相比,这些结果更符合生理实际。     

基于光滑粒子流体动力学的滑油泵数值仿真

基于光滑粒子流体动力学方法,构建齿轮泵壳体及内部流体的粒子模型,对内啮合齿轮泵在不同工况下的流量特性进行数值模拟。首先设置了均匀分布的油泵出入口压强,计算得到的流量结果与试验结果吻合,且在中低转速下流量与转速呈线性关系;针对高转速下油泵流量降低的问题,通过适当减小周期模型内部的流体粒子数反映流量降低,获得了与试验值相吻合的连续转速流量的模拟结果;针对影响齿轮泵性能的间隙和空化现象,结合模型特点给出了相应的近似处理方法。通过以上研究,将SPH方法成功地应用于滑油泵问题的分析计算。     

同心旋转圆柱间弱弹性流的非线性稳定性分析

基于同心旋转圆柱间Ｏｌｄｒｏｙｄ－Ｂ型流体的六维动力系统,探讨了小间隙大扰动条件下高分子添加剂对滑动轴承间油膜非线性稳定性的影响。结果表明,弱弹性流体的失稳结构与牛顿流体相似,随着转速的增加,流体以同宿轨道分岔失稳,与牛顿流体相比,少量的高分子添加剂具有推迟流体层流的稳的作用。     

边界膜剪切弹性模量对于微接触性能的影响

建立接触模型,理论分析了微接触中边界膜剪切弹性模量对于接触性能的影响. 接触区由两平行平面形成,属一维接触. 上接触表面为粗糙表面,具有矩形微凸体. 下接触表面为光滑平面. 两接触表面均处理成刚性表面. 微接触区中充满流体. 它分成两个子区,在微接触的出口区由于极小的接触间隙充满边界膜,在微接触的入口区由于接触间隙较大充满流体膜. 边界膜和流体膜行为决定整个微接触性能. 当膜厚较大时,这里边界膜可看成纳米级薄膜. 由于上接触表面处有限的剪应力承受能力,边界膜可于上接触表面滑移. 设下接触表面处剪应力承受能力很大而边界膜在下接触表面不滑移. 由于边界膜-接触表面间相互作用,边界膜黏度、密度和剪切弹性模量均沿膜厚变化,在理论分析中使用它们的等效值,这些值与边界膜厚度有关. 流体膜在两个接触表面均不发生滑移,分析中不考虑流体膜剪切弹性模量. 流体膜采用传统分析法. 给出了理论分析和若干变工况参数下的计算结果.      

Displacement of a Newtonian fluid by a non-Newtonian fluid in a porous medium

This paper presents an analytical Buckley-Leverett-type solution for one-dimensibnal immiscible displacement of a Newtonian fluid by a non-Newtonian fluid in porous media. The non-Newtonian fluid viscosity is assumed to be a function of the flow potential gradient and the non-Newtonian phase saturation. To apply this method to field problems a practical procedure has been developed which is based on the analytical solution and is similar to the graphic technique of Welge. Our solution can be regarded as an extension of the Buckley-Leverett method to Non-Newtonian fluids. The analytical result reveals how the saturation profile and the displacement efficiency are controlled not only by the relative permeabilities, as in the Buckley-Leverett solution, but also by the inherent complexities of the non-Newtonian fluid. Two examples of the application of the solution are given. One application is the verification of a numerical model, which has been developed for simulation of flow of immiscible non-Newtonian and Newtonian fluids in porous media. Excellent agreement between the numerical and analytical results has been obtained using a power-law non-Newtonian fluid. Another application is to examine the effects of non-Newtonian behavior on immiscible displacement of a Newtonian fluid by a power-law non-Newtonian fluid.     

Numerical simulation of the non-Newtonian blood flow through a mechanical aortic valve

This work focuses on the comparison between Newtonian and non-Newtonian blood flows through a bileaflet mechanical heart valve in the aortic root. The blood, in fact, is a concentrated suspension of cells, mainly red blood cells, in a Newtonian matrix, the plasma, and consequently its overall behavior is that of a non-Newtonian fluid owing to the action of the cells’ membrane on the fluid part. The common practice, however, assumes the blood in large vessels as a Newtonian fluid since the shear rate is generally high and the effective viscosity becomes independent of the former. In this paper, we show that this is not always the case even in the aorta, the largest artery of the systemic circulation, owing to the pulsatile and transitional nature of the flow. Unexpectedly, for most of the pulsating cycle and in a large part of the fluid volume, the shear rate is smaller than the threshold level for the blood to display a constant effective viscosity and its shear thinning character might affect the system dynamics. A direct inspection of the various flow features has shown that the valve dynamics, the transvalvular pressure drop and the large-scale features of the flow are very similar for the Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid models. On the other hand, the mechanical damage of the red blood cells (hemolysis), induced by the altered stress values in the flow, is larger for the non-Newtonian fluid model than for the Newtonian one.     

Numerical study of electroosmotic micromixing of non-Newtonian fluids

Biofluids which exhibit non-Newtonian behavior are widely used in microfluidic devices which involve fluid mixing in microscales. In order to study the effects of shear depending viscosity of non-Newtonian fluids on characteristics of electroosmotic micromixing, a numerical investigation of flow of power-law fluid in a two-dimensional microchannel with nonuniform zeta potential distributions along the channel walls was carried out via finite volume scheme. The simulation results confirmed that the shear depending viscosity has a significant effect on the degree of mixing efficiency. It was shown as the fluid behavior index of power-law fluid, n, decreases, more homogeneous solution can be achieved at the microchannel outlet. Hence, electroosmotic micromixing was found more practical and efficient in microscale mixing of pseudoplastic fluids rather than those Newtonian and dilatant ones. Furthermore, it was found that increase in Reynolds number results in lower mixing efficiency while electroosmotic forces are kept constant.     

Deformation and breakup of a non-Newtonian slender drop in an extensional flow

The deformation and breakup of a non-Newtonian slender drop in a Newtonian liquid in a simple extensional and creeping flow has been theoretically studied. The power-law was chosen for the fluid inside the drop, and the deformation of the drop is described by a single ordinary differential equation, which was numerically solved. Asymptotic analytical expressions for the local radius were derived near the center and close to the end of the drop. The results for the shape of the drop and the breakup criterion are presented as a function of the capillary number, the viscosity ratio and type of non-Newtonian fluid inside the drop. An approximate analytical solution is also suggested which is in good agreement with the numerical results.     

Computational Modelling of Non-Newtonian Effects on Flow in Channels with Moving Wall Indentations

Non-Newtonian effects in a channel with moving wall indentations are assessed numerically by a finite volume method for solving the unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations and using a power-law model exhibiting shear thinning viscosity and Casson's model as the constitutive equations for the non-Newtonian fluid. The computations show that for a non-Newtonian fluid, there are differences in the velocity profiles and in the structure and size of the reversed flow regions as compared with the corresponding Newtonian fluid. The comparison of non-Newtonian and Newtonian wall shear stress reveals a slight decrease in the magnitude on the average for the non-Newtonian case, eventually resulting in the strength of the “wave train” being slightly weaker than those corresponding to a Newtonian fluid.     

Numerical simulation of pulsatile non-Newtonian flow in the carotid artery bifurcation

Both clinical and post mortem studies indicate that, in humans, the carotid sinus of the carotid artery bifurcation is one of the favored sites for the genesis and development of atherosclerotic lesions. Hemodynamic factors have been suggested to be important in atherogenesis. To understand the correlation between atherogenesis and fluid dynamics in the carotid sinus, the blood flow in artery was simulated numerically. In those studies, the property of blood was treated as an incompressible, Newtonian fluid. In fact, however, the blood is a complicated non-Newtonian fluid with shear thinning and viscoelastic properties, especially when the shear rate is low. A variety of non-Newtonian models have been applied in the numerical studies. Among them, the Casson equation was widely used. However, the Casson equation agrees well only when the shear rate is less than 10 s-1. The flow field of the carotid bifurcation usually covers a wide range of shear rate. We therefore believe that it may not be sufficient to describe the property of blood only using the Casson equation in the whole flow field of the carotid bifurcation. In the present study, three different blood constitutive models, namely, the Newtonian, the Casson and the hybrid fluid constitutive models were used in the flow simulation of the human carotid bifurcation. The results were compared among the three models. The results showed that the Newtonian model and the hybrid model had verysimilar distributions of the axial velocity, secondary flow and wall shear stress, but the Casson model resulted in significant differences in these distributions from the other two models. This study suggests that it is not appropriate to only use the Casson equation to simulate the whole flow field of the carotid bifurcation, and on the other hand, Newtonian fluid is a good approximation to blood for flow simulations in the carotid artery bifurcation.     

Non-Newtonian viscous oscillating free surface jets, and a new strain-rate dependent viscosity form for flows experiencing low strain rates

A model for oscillating free surface jet flow of a fluid from an elliptical orifice, together with experimental measurements, can be exploited to characterize the elongational viscosity of non-Newtonian inelastic fluids. The oscillating jet flow is predominantly elongational, with a small strain that oscillates rapidly between large and zero strain rates. We find that to reproduce the experimentally observed steady oscillating jet flow in model simulations, the assumed form of the non-Newtonian viscosity as a function of strain rate must have zero gradient, i.e., be Newtonian, at zero strain rate (a behavior exhibited, in general, by real inelastic fluids). We demonstrate that the Cross, Carreau, Prandtl-Eyring, and Powell-Eyring forms, although they have finite viscosity at zero strain rate, have either nonzero or even unbounded gradient at zero, and hence are unable to model oscillating jet behavior. We propose a new non-Newtonian viscous form which has all of the desirable features of existing forms (high and low strain rate plateaus, with adjustable location and steepness of the transition) and the additional feature of Newtonian behavior at low strain rates. Received: 7 February 2000 Accepted: 31 October 2000     

电流动聚焦中非牛顿流体射流影响因素的实验研究

在一套流动聚焦装置上加载高压直流电场形成电流动聚焦,并开展了非牛顿流体带电射流的不稳定性特性实验研究。实验在自行设计的装置系统上完成,获得了电流动聚焦中非牛顿流体射流的流动状态,考察了不同控制参数下射流形态的变化。结果表明,由于非牛顿流体具有粘弹性,与牛顿流体相比,非牛顿流体带电射流体现了更复杂的流动特点。这些实验结果为我们理解复杂条件下非牛顿流体射流的流动机理提供了参考,也有助于深入的实验分析和理论研究奠定了基础。     

PIV measurements of slow flow of a viscoelastic fluid within a porous medium

Particle image velocimetry (PIV) and pressure loss measurements were used to investigate slow flow through a square array of cylinders having a solid fraction of 10%. The test fluids were a Newtonian fluid and a Boger fluid, both of high viscosity such that the Reynolds number did not exceed 0.1. The pressure loss data reveal that the onset of elastic effects occurred at a Deborah number around 0.5 and that flow resistance was up to several times Newtonian values at Deborah numbers up to 3. PIV showed that the transverse velocity profiles for the Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid were the same at Deborah numbers below onset. Above onset, the profiles became skewed, increasingly so as the Deborah number increased. In the wake regions between cylinders in a column, periodic flow structures formed in the spanwise direction. The structures were staggered from column to column, consistent with the skewing and were offset. These flow patterns are the result of an apparent elastic instability.     

A boundary integral method for two-dimensional (non)-Newtonian drops in slow viscous flow

A boundary integral method for the simulation of the time-dependent deformation of Newtonian or non-Newtonian drops suspended in a Newtonian fluid is developed. The boundary integral formulation for Stokes flow is used and the non-Newtonian stress is treated as a source term which yields an extra integral over the domain of the drop. The implementation of the boundary conditions is facilitated by rewriting the domain integral by means of the Gauss divergence theorem. To apply the divergence theorem smoothness assumptions are made concerning the non-Newtonian stress tensor. The correctness of these assumptions in actual simulations is checked with a numerical validation procedure. The method appears mathematically correct and the numerical algorithm is second order accurate. Besides this validation we present simulation results for a Newtonian drop and a drop consisting of an Oldroyd-B fluid. The results for Newtonian and non-Newtonian drops in two dimensions indicate that the steady state deformation is quite independent of the drop-fluid. The deformation process, however, appears to be strongly dependent on the drop-fluid. For the non-Newtonian drop a mechanical model is developed to describe the time-dependent deformation of the cylinder for small capillary numbers.