聚砜中激基缔合物的形成及紫外光辐照的影响

详细研究了芳环在主链上不含脂肪族柔性链的高分子聚砜在二氯甲烷中的荧光光谱。由荧光谱的浓度依赖关系可知聚砜在二氯甲烷中能形成分子间的激基缔台物;由极稀的聚砜的二氯甲烷溶液(5.21×10~(-7)M)的荧光谱看出没有任何种类的激基缔合物产生,但经紫外光照射会形成分子内的激基缔合物。由激基缔合物的荧光强度随温度的变化关系可得出活化能和键能分别为2.55和2.18 kcal/mol。     

表面单层组装多环芳烃荧光行为的Monte Carlo模拟

用MonteCarlo方法模拟了惰性基片表面单层组装多环芳烃 (传感元素 )的荧光行为 ,考察了基片表面传感元素固定化百分率、传感元素激发百分率 (光吸收效率 )以及传感元素分子在介质中相互缔合形成激基缔合物趋势大小 (用P表示 ,P值介于 0到 1)等因素对传感元素激基缔合物荧光发射强度与单体荧光发射强度之比所产生的影响 .结果表明 ,具有中等光吸收效率的多环芳烃适宜于作为传感元素 ,中等固定化密度的基片可能具有比较理想的传感性能     

聚β-乙烯基萘与1,4-二氰基苯形成的三分子激基复合物

本文旨在研究聚β-乙烯基萘链内激发态缔合物与基态受体分子1,4-二氰基苯相互作用后,形成三分子激基复合物的机理,用稳态和时间分辨荧光光谱技术证明了分子间的三分子激基复合物形成机理:测定了分子内激基缔合物的形成速度; 三分子激基复合物的形成速度常数,详细讨论了由激发态激基缔合物形成分子间三分子激基复合物的处理模型。     

乙醇-水团簇分子形成激基缔合物及荧光发射机理研究

紫外光照射具有特殊结构的长链式乙醇-水团簇分子时,处于激发态和基态的分子形成了分子间激基缔合物,并发射荧光.根据实验结果分析和能量转移理论可知,激发态单分子和激基缔合物间形成了电子迁移洛合物并发生了能量转移.根据Mulliken理论对电子迁移洛合物进行量子力学处理,得出了团簇分子在基态和激发态能量E^b_N和E^b_E以及由于电子迁移而引起的静电相互作用能E^s;根 关键词： 荧光光谱 激基缔合物 电子迁移 乙醇-水团簇     

新型酞菁的光致发光性质研究

研究了2,3-四-(2-异丙基一5-甲基苯氧基)氢酞菁在10,77,177和300 K下石英衬底上的浇铸膜和单晶硅衬底上真空镀膜(约200 nm厚)在300 K下光致发光光谱.氢酞菁的浇铸膜光致发光光谱在上述温度下均出现荧光发射和磷光发射峰,在177和300 K下出现了1 673 nm激基缔合物峰.该峰的出现与分子抗聚集能力的强弱有关,在300 K激基缔合物峰比在177 K下的峰强,从氢酞菁分子结构特点讨论了形成激基缔合物的原因.随着温度的升高,可以观察到荧光发射峰渐渐减弱而激基缔合物峰变强.由于浇铸膜和真空镀膜的酞菁分子聚集态不同导致了斯托克司位移的差异,真空镀膜的发光峰峰值在1 140 nm左右,与酞菁浇铸膜的峰值差别较大.浇铸膜的发光峰的半高宽为300 nm,而真空镀膜发光峰的半高宽为100 nm左右.     

芘与1,4—二氰基苯形成的三分子激基复合物

本文用稳态和瞬态荧光光谱技术研究了芘与１，４－二氰基苯体系形成三分子激基复合物的条件。测定了该体系中激基缔合物，激基复合物，三分子激基复合物的稳态荧光光谱及荧光强度随时间变化的行为和特性，测定了芘在苯溶液中的荧光衰减寿命，讨论了三分子激基复合物形成的光物理机理。     

水溶性汞离子荧光探针的研究新进展

汞离子(Hg2+)是剧毒的重金属元素之一,对汞离子的选择性识别尤其是汞离子的原位、实时、在线监测对于医学、生物学和环境科学都具有重要意义。本文综述了近5年来水溶性汞离子荧光探针的最新研究进展。按照作用机理来分,汞离子荧光分子探针主要可分为光诱导电荷转移(PET)、激发态分子内质子转移(ESIPT)、激基缔合物(Monomer/Eximer)的形成和消失、分子内电荷转移(ICT)、荧光共振能量转移(FRET)等。本文列举了每类探针代表性的化合物并分析比较了不同机理类型的水溶性汞离子荧光探针体系。     

有机混合薄膜中的F(o)rster能量转移

通过掺杂不同的染料有机电致发光器件可以得到不同颜色的光发射。掺杂小分子有机材料?p酸四甲酯perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylicacid(TMEP)到蓝色发光聚合物poly(N-vinyl-carbazole)聚乙烯基咔唑(PVK),得到了很好的绿光发射。TEMP掺杂质量分数为0.01时,295. 5nm激发波长的荧光光谱可以明显观察到在420 nm处PVK和530 nm处TEMP的发射峰值;当TMEP掺杂质量分数达到0.05～0.10之间,器件的电致发光光谱和荧光光谱发射峰几乎完全被TEMP的绿光所占据。光谱的转移归因于从聚合物PVK到小分子有机材料TMEP的Forster能量转移。荧光光谱中随着TMEP掺杂浓度的的增大发射峰值有明显的红移,这种现象被归因于在TMEP高浓度掺杂情况下激基缔合物的形成。激基缔合物的形成从TMEP在薄膜状态下与溶液状态下的荧光光谱的比较中得到证实。     

有机混合薄膜中的Frster能量转移

通过掺杂不同的染料有机电致发光器件可以得到不同颜色的光发射。掺杂小分子有机材料苝酸四甲酯perylene- 3,4,9,10 -tetracarboxylicacid(TMEP)到蓝色发光聚合物poly(N -vinyl carbazole)聚乙烯基咔唑(PVK),得到了很好的绿光发射。TEMP掺杂质量分数为0.01时,295. 5nm激发波长的荧光光谱可以明显观察到在420 nm处PVK和530 nm处TEMP的发射峰值;当TMEP掺杂质量分数达到0.050.10之间,器件的电致发光光谱和荧光光谱发射峰几乎完全被TEMP的绿光所占据。光谱的转移归因于从聚合物PVK到小分子有机材料TMEP的F -rster能量转移。荧光光谱中随着TMEP掺杂浓度的的增大发射峰值有明显的红移,这种现象被归因于在TMEP高浓度掺杂情况下激基缔合物的形成。激基缔合物的形成从TMEP在薄膜状态下与溶液状态下的荧光光谱的比较中得到证实。     

磺化金属萘酞菁聚集倾向的光谱研究

在磺化金属萘酞菁的荧光光谱和电子吸收光谱的Q谱带上观察到激基缔合物的荧光光谱峰和基态聚集物的吸收光谱峰。荧光光谱和吸收光谱实验说明 ,溶液中聚体分子和单体分子同时存在 ;聚体放出或吸收光子后都解离为单体 ;在荧光光谱中金属萘酞菁的激基缔合物荧光峰相对于单体荧光峰发生红移 ,在吸收光谱中金属萘酞菁基态聚集体的吸收峰相对于单体吸收峰发生蓝移 ,聚集体的荧光光谱和吸收光谱有镜像对称关系。磺化萘酞菁钴浓度较大时 ,其荧光光谱的猝灭较大。     

Spectral Properties of Thioflavin T and Its Complexes with Amyloid Fibrils

Comparative analysis of the absorption and fluorescence spectra and fluorescence excitation spectra of thioflavin T (ThT) in various solvents and in the composition of amyloid fibrils has shown that ThT, when excited in the region of the long-wavelength absorption band, fluoresces in the spectral region with a maximum at 478–484 nm. The appearance in aqueous and alcohol solutions of a fluorescence band with a maximum near 440 nm has been attributed to the presence in the composition of the ThT preparations of an impurity with an absorption band in the 340–350-nm range. The literature data showing that in glycerol ThT has a wide fluorescence spectrum with two maxima are due to the artifact connected with the use of a high concentration of the dye. It has been suggested that the cause of the low quantum yield of ThT aqueous and alcohol solutions is the breakage of the system of conjugated bonds due to the reorientation of the benzothiozole and benzaminic rings of ThT in the excited state with respect to one another. The main factor determining the high quantum yield of fluorescence of ThT incorporated in fibrils is the steric restriction of the rotation of the rings about one another under these conditions. The suggestions made have been verified by the quantum-chemical calculation of the ThT molecule geometry in the ground and excited states.     

Analysis of fluorescence decay kinetics of thioflavin t by a maximum entropy method

The application of a maximum entropy method (MEM) for analysis of time-resolved fluorescence data is discussed. A developed version of MEM has been tested using simulated kinetic data. Based on computed results, practical criteria have been established to determine whether the lifetime distribution of emitting centers is described by a discrete spectrum (a set of two or three exponentials) or by a continuous one (mono- or bimodal distribution of exponentials). The proposed method has been used to analyze the fluorescence decay kinetics of thioflavin T (ThT) intercalated into amyloid fibrils. The presence of two peaks in the lifetime distribution of emitting centers has been explained by the existence in fibrils of two types of binding centers substantially differing in microenvironment rigidity. This suggestion is supported by the results of fluorescence quenching of intercalated ThT with the quencher KI.     

A Label-Free Oligonucleotide Based Thioflavin-T Fluorescent Switch for Ag<Superscript>+</Superscript> Detection with low Background Emission

A novel fluorescent Ag⁺ sensor was developed based on the label-free silver (I) specific oligonucleotide (SSO) and Thioflavine T (ThT) monomer-excimer switch. C-rich SSO which contain C-C mismatched base pairs can selectively bind to Ag⁺ ions and the formed duplexes which constructed by C-Ag⁺-C structure are thermally stabilized without largely altering the double helical structure. ThT give very weak fluorescent in bulk solution and/or in the presence of SSO. However ThT shows high fluorescence in the presence of SSO and Ag⁺ at the same time mainly because ThT excimer, which has the high quantum yield, formed and stabilized in the minor or major groove. Based on the discovery, we developed the novel Ag⁺ sensor. Under the optimum condition, the selectivity of this system for Ag⁺ over other metal ions in aqueous solution is remarkably high, and Ag⁺ can be quantified over the dynamic range of 30–450 nM, with a limit of detection of ~16 nM and a linear correlation coefficient of 0.995.     

A Spectroscopic Study of 2-[4′-(Dimethylamino)phenyl]-benzothiazole Binding to Insulin Amyloid Fibrils

The spectroscopic properties of 2-[4′-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-benzothiazole (BTA-2) in solution and in the presence of amyloid fibrils were investigated using absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Solution studies show that BTA-2 forms micelles in aqueous solutions, but that the dye can be solvated upon the addition of acetonitrile (CH₃CN). BTA-2 binds to amyloid fibrils in solution leading to a characteristic blue-shift in the emission spectrum and an increase in fluorescence intensity. However, in solutions with increasing CH₃CN concentration, there was a marked decrease in binding of the BTA-2 to fibrils. Studies demonstrating the effect of BTA-2 concentration on binding were performed. A comparison with the standard amyloid fluorescent marker, thioflavin T (ThT), showed that BTA-2 is more fluorescent, making it an excellent dye to label amyloid samples.     

Different Conformation of Thiol Protease Inhibitor During Amyloid Formation: Inhibition by Curcumin and Quercetin

Cystatins are thiol proteinase inhibitors ubiquitously present in mammalian body and serve various important physiological functions. In the present study, we examined the effects of acid denaturation on newly identified thiol protease inhibitors from the lungs of Capra hircus (Goat) with a focus on protein conformational changes and amyloid fibril formation. Acid denaturation as studied by CD (Circular Dichroism) and fluorescence spectroscopy showed that purified inhibitor named GLC (Goat Lung Cystatin) populates three partly unfolded species, a native like state at pH?3.0, a partly unfolded intermediate at pH2.0, and unstructured unfolded state at pH?1.0, from each of which amyloid like fibrils grow as assessed by thioflavin T (ThT) spectroscopy. The result showed, native like structure formed at pH?3.0 is more responsive towards amyloid formation when compare to other conformation of proteins. Morphology of the protein species incubated for amyloid process was observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Moreover, anti-fibrillogenic effects of curcumin and quercetin were analysed using ThT binding assay. Curcumin and quercetin produced a concentration dependent decline inThT fluorescence suggesting deaggregation of the fibrils. When added prior to amyloid fibril initiation 50 μM curcumin inhibited amyloid aggregation. However, more quercetin is needed to prevent the same extent of fibrillation. Implications for therapeutics in view of polyphenols as essential nutrients are suggested in lung diseases.     

Thioflavin T Displays Enhanced Fluorescence Selectively Inside Anionic Micelles and Mammalian Cells

Thioflavin T (ThT) has been widely employed to detect amyloid fibrils in tissues and recently in presence of SDS micelles. However, the contribution of membranes or micelles to ThT fluorescence has never been investigated. In this paper, we show for the first time that the anionic micellar microenvironment of SDS has a profound impact on the absorption and fluorescence spectra of ThT in sharp contrast to cationic (CTAB) and neutral micelles (Triton X-100 & Tween 20). Unlike CTAB or Triton X-100 or Tween 20 micelles, formation of SDS micelles shifts the λ_max for ThT absorption from 412 nm in buffer to 428 nm inside the micelle, with a 28% increase in the peak molar absorptivity and a ∼13 fold increase in ThT fluorescence (λ_max = 489 nm). Extending these observations to cell plasma membranes, we show that ThT can quickly enter and appear selectively fluorescent inside mammalian cells like BHK21 and HT29, against a dark background owing to negligible fluorescence from free ThT in aqueous medium. The above results suggest that ThT can be a useful probe for live cell imaging and for selectively labeling micelles on the basis of the charge in the polar headgroup. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

乙酰化修饰抑制?-synuclein的纤维化聚集

天然无结构蛋白a-synuclein（a-syn）的纤维化聚集是帕金森病的特征表现。静电相互作用已被证明会显著影响a-syn 的聚集。该文通过简单的赖氨酸乙酰化修饰改变蛋白的净电荷,研究静电效应对于a-syn 的构象和纤维化聚集的影响。核磁共振（NMR）实验结果表明乙酰化后的a-syn仍然是无序结构,而且展现出比野生型更加伸展的构象。由于N端和C端都高度带负电荷,结构打开会更加暴露NAC区域,静电排斥和疏水作用共同存在,但 ThT 荧光实验发现乙酰化修饰抑制了它的纤维化聚集,因此我们认为这里静电排斥占据主导作用。这种依赖电荷的作用机理会帮助我们更好地理解a-syn的纤维化聚集,而乙酰化修饰也提供了一种抑制聚集的新方法。     

Effect of electrostatics on aggregation of prion protein Sup35 peptide

Self-assembly of misfolded proteins into ordered fibrillar structures is a fundamental property of a wide range of proteins and peptides. This property is also linked with the development of various neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Environmental conditions modulate the misfolding and aggregation processes. We used a peptide, CGNNQQNY, from yeast prion protein Sup35, as a model system to address effects of environmental conditions on aggregate formation. The GNNQQNY peptide self-assembles in fibrils with structural features that are similar to amyloidogenic proteins. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence assay were employed to follow the aggregation process at various pHs and ionic strengths. We also used single molecule AFM force spectroscopy to probe interactions between the peptides under various conditions. The ThT fluorescence data showed that the peptide aggregates fast at pH values approaching the peptide isoelectric point (pI = 5.3) and the kinetics is 10 times slower at acidic pH (pH 2.0), suggesting that electrostatic interactions contribute to the peptide self-assembly into aggregates. This hypothesis was tested by experiments performed at low (11 mM) and high (150 mM) ionic strengths. Indeed, the aggregation lag time measured at pH 2 at low ionic strength (11 mM) is 195 h, whereas the lag time decreases ~5 times when the ionic strength is increased to 150 mM. At conditions close to the pI value, pH 5.6, the aggregation lag time is 12 ± 6 h under low ionic strength, and there is minimal change to the lag time at 150 mM NaCl. The ionic strength also influences the morphology of aggregates visualized with AFM. In pH 2.0 and at high ionic strength, the aggregates are twofold taller than those formed at low ionic strength. In parallel, AFM force spectroscopy studies revealed minimal contribution of electrostatics to dissociation of transient peptide dimers.     

PDI抑制α-synuclein纤维化聚集作用机制研究

天然无结构蛋白?-synuclein在帕金森症(PD)患者脑部的路易小体中异常聚集,被认为是引起PD的重要原因之一,但是目前关于?-synuclein的聚集机制仍没有定论.蛋白质二硫键异构酶(PDI)是细胞内质网中重要的分子伴侣蛋白,能够阻止内质网中无结构蛋白的聚集.在PD患者的脑细胞内发现PDI过量表达,且酶活性位点半胱氨酸被亚硝基化使其活性受到抑制.体外实验证明,PDI能够抑制?-synuclein的聚集,但其具体的分子机制还不清楚,研究PDI抑制?-synuclein聚集的具体机制可能对于PD治疗有重要意义.该文利用核磁共振(NMR)方法研究了?-synuclein与PDI的相互作用,发现?-synuclein与PDI的结合位点位于?-synuclein的N端;将PDI所有的6个半胱氨酸突变成丝氨酸,得到突变体PDI C-S,发现?-synuclein与PDI C-S的结合位点则位于其C末端;荧光实验结果表明突变体PDI C-S对?-synuclein纤维化聚集的抑制作用减弱,说明PDI抑制?-synuclein的纤维化聚集主要是通过与?-synuclein的N端残基结合来实现的.     

蛋白质二硫键异构酶与α-突触核蛋白的相互作用及对其聚集的影响

α-突触核蛋白（α-synuclein,αsyn）的错误折叠和聚集是帕金森症的疾病特征.分子伴侣蛋白质二硫键异构酶（PDI）可在体外结合αsyn的N端并抑制其聚集,但PDI的识别机制至今仍不明确.我们通过液体核磁共振（NMR）实验,发现人源PDI b'xa'可结合αsyn的N端区域.此外,硫黄素T（ThT）荧光实验结果表明PDI b'xa'会显著抑制αsyn的聚集.我们进一步利用NMR滴定实验确定了PDI主要通过b'结构域的疏水空腔结合αsyn.最后,我们以此构建了PDI结合αsyn的对接模型,并提出了PDI抑制αsyn聚集的作用机理.这一工作为理解PDI抑制αsyn聚集提供了实验依据.