铀元素的激光诱导击穿光谱测量分析

为促进LIBS技术在微量重金属元素检测以及核污染检测领域的应用,提高检测灵敏度和准确性,采用了激光双脉冲LIBS技术和光电双脉冲LIBS技术,分别对土壤和二氧化硅中的铀元素进行分析。首先,对激光脉冲能量、电压和采集延时等参数进行优化,提高铀元素特征谱线的强度和信噪比;然后在优化实验参数条件下,对含不同浓度铀元素的土壤样品和二氧化硅样品进行激发;选取UII 367.01 nm、 UII 454.36 nm两条铀元素的特征谱线作为分析线,通过铀元素浓度与特征谱线强度的线性关系,建立定标曲线。双脉冲激光激发条件为：激光脉冲1作为预脉冲,主要参数为1 064 nm, 90 mJ, 9.2 ns,激光脉冲2作为再加热脉冲,主要参数为355 nm, 50 mJ, 8 ns,两个脉冲的时间间隔800 ns,光谱采集相对第二个脉冲延时1μs,得到铀元素在土壤和二氧化硅两种样品中的浓度检测下限分别为572和110 mg·kg^-1,拟合优度值R²分别为0.958和0.999。在光电双脉冲激发条件下,激光脉冲作为预脉冲,主要参数为355 nm, 50 mJ, 8 ...     

液相基质中重金属元素激光诱导击穿光谱实验参数的优化

针对混合溶液中重金属元素的激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)测量系统,为提高测量系统的检测灵敏度,以提高混合溶液中Ca和Cr金属元素LIBS光谱线强度的信噪比为目标,对LIBS测量系统中的激光脉冲能量、液相样品流速、ICCD门宽、延时等实验参数进行了优化,得到最优化参数激光脉冲能量、样品流速、ICCD门宽、延时分别为35 m J、30 ml/min、1400 ns和2400 ns,为降低LIBS技术应用于混合溶液中痕量重金属元素的检出限提供了实验参数支撑.     

液相射流中中Al元素单双脉冲LIBS研究

为了综合比较单双脉冲激光诱导击穿光谱技术(LIBS)在液体中重金属元素的检测效果,利用自建的液相射流单-双脉冲LIBS技术装置,对AlCl₃水溶液中的Al元素LIBS特性进行测量和分析。实验中使用两台532 nm Nd∶YAG激光器作为激发光源,等离子体辐射信号通过光谱仪和ICCD进行采集。实验研究了单脉冲下Al(396.15 nm)发射谱线的谱线强度随激光能量、ICCD门延时、门宽之间的变化关系,获得了最优化实验参数激光能量为50 mJ,ICCD门延迟为1 200 ns,门宽为150 ns。在相同的实验条件下,实验考察了Al(369.15 nm)发射谱线的谱线强度随双脉冲之间的延时,激光总能量,ICCD门延时的变化关系,获得了最优化实验参数为两双脉冲之间的延时为1 000 ns,激光总能量为50 mJ,ICCD门延时为1 100 ns。单脉冲和双脉冲条件下获得重金属Al的LIBS检测限分别为26.79和10.80 ppm,双脉冲LIBS技术使元素检测限下降2倍多。实验结果表明双脉冲可以提升LIBS技术的探测灵敏度,为LIBS技术应用于水体中重金属快速检测提供了依据。     

铅的单脉冲LIBS定量光谱检测与比较

单脉冲激光诱导击穿光谱技术(single-shot,LIBS)是一种在国际上被广泛使用的物质及元素检测技术,具有快速、准确、无需样品制备等诸多优点.为了满足单脉冲LIBS的实验要求,实验用激光器的选取是非常重要的,它直接关系到诱导激光的强度以及脉冲宽度的大小,而这些又对实验结果产生深刻的影响.因此,选取正确的激光器,是单脉冲LIBS成功的关键.正是基于这个目的,比较了不同波长、不同激光能量的激光脉冲作用下,纯铅发射光谱的定量变化,对于单脉冲LIBS中激光器的选取有着很好的借鉴意义.     

激光击穿光谱检测赣南脐橙中铬元素的实验研究

为评估激光诱导击穿光谱技术(LIBS)对水果样品中重金属元素的检测潜力,选用在不同浓度梯度重铬酸钾水溶液中浸泡了30个小时的赣南脐橙样品进行LIBS实验,采集铬元素的特征谱线与峰值强度信息。在激光照射部位称取3 g左右的脐橙样品进行湿法消解,用原子分光光度计检测样品中的铬浓度。实验数据用Origin软件进行拟合后得到了谱线峰值强度和Cr浓度之间的关系曲线,即定标曲线,二者有线性关系,线性相关度0.981 66。由检测限公式计算得到铬浓度的检测限为11.68 μg·g-1。采用该定标曲线即可对赣南脐橙中的铬元素进行定量检测。实验结果表明LIBS技术是一种检测、定量分析水果样品中重金属元素含量的有效手段。     

应用激光诱导击穿光谱检测污水溶液中的砷

工业冶炼过程中产生的废水中含有As等重金属元素,对环境造成污染并对人类身体健康形成危害,有必要对其进行实时、在线的监测。激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)是一种新型的元素测量技术,具有快速检测等优点。文章作者搭建了一套激光诱导击穿光谱实验装置,采用Nd∶YAG激光器产生的脉冲激光击穿样品产生等离子体,其发射的光谱被中阶梯光栅光谱仪分光,并用ICCD进行光电探测。对从现场采集的含砷工业废水开展了LIBS探测实验,并定性分析出了As元素的特征谱线。根据一系列含As浓度不同的污水样品的LIBS实验结果,获得元素浓度与谱线强度的关系曲线(定标曲线)。采用定标曲线可以对未知含As浓度的工业废水进行定量分析。结果表明,采用LIBS方法能够实现对污水溶液中的As元素的快速检测,具有广泛的应用前景。     

水溶液中金属元素的激光诱导击穿光谱的检测分析

文章对竖直流动的CuSO₄和Pb(NO₃)₂水溶液样品表面的激光诱导击穿光谱的（简称LIBS）特性进行了观测分析。实验中采用的烧蚀激光波长为532 nm,脉冲宽度为10 ns,重复频率为10 Hz;LIBS信号的探测通过一色散相加型双光栅单色仪、Boxcar和PMT的组合来完成。通过对水溶液中金属元素的LIBS信号随时间和能量演化规律的分析,初步确定了系统 的最佳烧蚀能量和最佳探测延时。受样品表面附近空气击穿时氧元素信号的影响,实验对Cu和Pb各自的击穿位置进行了优化。在分析影响LIBS光谱探测因素的基础上,进一步优化了系统的工作条件和探测 参数。通过对不同浓度下LIBS信号的探测分析,初步确定了系统对Cu与Pb的最低检测浓度,分别约为31,50 ppm(μg·mL-1)。文章还对将LIBS技术运用到海水中重金属的实时在线检测的可 行性进行了讨论。     

合金钢的激光诱导击穿光谱实验条件优化

利用1 064 nm波长Nd∶YAG脉冲激光诱导击穿合金钢产生激光等离子体光谱,采用高分辨率及门宽控制的ICCD探测LIBS信号光谱。选用铁元素原子谱线404.581,414.387,427.176和438.355 nm进行分析,研究了不同实验参数对LIBS光谱信号强度的影响结果。实验结果表明,激光脉冲能量、激光聚焦位置以及ICCD探测器的延时等实验参数对合金钢LIBS信号有较大影响。通过优化这些实验参数,获得高光谱强度和信背比的LIBS信号,确定了LIBS技术用于合金钢微量元素成分分析的最佳实验条件,从而开展合金钢样品成分分析。     

共线DP-LIBS定量分析水中Cu含量的试验研究

为研究双脉冲激光诱导击穿光谱(DP-LIBS)对水体中铜(Cu)元素检测灵敏度的影响,采用共线双脉冲LIBS检测装置对所配置的含Cu水溶液进行激光诱导击穿光谱试验。结果显示：与运用单脉冲激光诱导击穿光谱(SP-LIBS)检测水体中Cu元素相比,运用DP-LIBS探测到的光谱明显增强,并且其检测结果受光谱仪采集的延迟时间、两脉冲之间的脉冲延迟时间、双脉冲激光能量等因素的影响显著。确定最佳的试验条件为：光谱采集延迟时间为1 380 ns,脉冲延迟时间为25 ns,双脉冲激光能量为100 mJ。分别对铜元素324.7和327.4 nm的特征谱线进行定量分析,两谱线的检测限分别是3.5和4.84 μg·mL-1,且相对标准偏差都在10%以内。用500 μg·mL-1样品对特征谱线为324.7 nm所建立的定标曲线进行验证,反演得出该样品的浓度为446 μg·mL-1,相对误差为10.8%。研究表明DP-LIBS能够提高Cu元素的检测灵敏度,同时具有较高的稳定性。     

再加热双脉冲激光诱导等离子体的时空演变特性研究

为了研究再加热双脉冲激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)对信号的增强机制,分别采用单脉冲LIBS和再加热双脉冲LIBS两种方式烧蚀合金钢样品产生等离子体,利用高分辨率的中阶梯光栅光谱仪采集等离子体发射光谱信号,同时用快速成像ICCD相机观测等离子体形态的变化,研究了两种烧蚀方式下等离子体的时空演变特性。通过比较两种烧蚀方式下等离子体产生初期光谱信号和图像的时间演变规律,发现再加热双脉冲LIBS提高了等离子体温度,且当信号采集延时等于再加热双脉冲的脉冲间隔时,等离子体温度的衰减速率发生变化;再加热双脉冲LIBS使等离子体图像强度增加,等离子体的中心区域高度和宽度分别增大了23.5%和15.1%。空间分布的研究结果表明,与单脉冲LIBS相比,当到样品表面的距离大于0.6 mm时,等离子体中的Fe Ⅱ和N Ⅰ谱线强度有较明显的增强,而Fe Ⅰ谱线在空间不同位置处的增强程度都较小,局部区域有减小的现象;再加热双脉冲LIBS使等离子体温度增加了约2 000 K,等离子体中产生了一个较大的高温区域。综合时空演变的实验结果说明再加热双脉冲对光谱信号增强的机制主要是由于第二束激光对第一束激光烧蚀样品产生的等离子体再次激发,使等离子体温度增加,进而引起等离子体辐射强度增加。     

Characteristics of emission from laser-induced plasma of metallic compounds in gaseous condition: The effects of gas pressure and laser pulse energy

Low-pressure laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was employed to measure mercury, strontium, and cesium under different conditions. Mercury was measured in detail to discuss the effects of pressure, laser pulse energy, delay time, and buffer gas. The continuum emission from plasma reduced dramatically to enhance signal-to-background ratio due to the change of influence of electron impact ionization process when reducing pressure and decreasing laser pulse energy to some extent. The comparison of mercuric chloride and mercury, as well as strontium and cesium measurements, demonstrates the enhancement of detection ability for trace species measurement using low-pressure LIBS.     

A time-resolved imaging study of Cr (I) emissions from a laserplasma formed on a sample at nonnormal incidence

The effect of sample orientation on atomic emission in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was studied using time-resolved imaging and spectroscopy. The purpose of this work was to determine the effect of sampling geometry on the analytical performance of the LIBS measurement. The results obtained indicate that atoms are ejected perpendicular to the sample surface independent of the angle-of-incidence of the laser pulse. This result is consistent with previous work by others. In addition, it was found that the observed LIBS atomic emission intensities were maximum for normal laser pulse incidence, reached a minimum at 50° angle-of-incidence, and then increased as the sample was rotated to higher angles-of-incidence     

Detection of mercury in water by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy with sample pre-concentration

A method based on pre-concentration, using electrolysis, has been proposed and used for the improvement of detection sensitivity of mercury ions at ultra-trace level of concentration in an aqueous matrix by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The experimental evaluation of this method was carried out on mercury chloride (HgCl₂) in triple-distilled water for a concentration range of the element of 0.01–10 mg l⁻¹. A pre-concentration factor of ∼180 was obtained for LIBS detection of mercury emission line at 253.65 nm. The limit of detection (LoD) of ∼0.011 mg l⁻¹ (or ∼11 ppb) for mercury in the water sample was achieved.     

金属表面碳涂层对激光等离子体辐射的影响

 阐述了激光诱导击穿光谱技术的基本原理,分析了金属材料表面光学性质与激光诱导等离子体辐射强度的关系,建立了空气中进行等离子辐射研究的试验装置,测量了不同厚度碳层下激光等离子体的发射光谱强度。实验结果表明：当一束近红外高能量脉冲激光（能量为5 J）作用于覆盖有约18 μm厚度碳层的标钢样品时,激光等离子体的发射光谱强度提高了16%～22%;证明了金属样品表面覆盖碳层能够提高激光等离子体辐射强度。     

Calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for quantitative elemental analysis of materials

The application of calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF-LIBS) for quantitative analysis of materials, illustrated by CF-LIBS applied to a brass sample of known composition, is presented in this paper. The LIBS plasma is produced by a 355?nm pulsed Nd:YAG laser with a pulse duration of 6?ns focussed onto a brass sample in air at atmospheric pressure. The time-resolved atomic and ionic emission lines of Cu and Zn from the LIBS spectra recorded by an Echelle spectrograph coupled with a gated intensified charge coupled detector are used for the plasma characterization and the quantitative analysis of the sample. The time delay where the plasma is optically thin and is also in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE), necessary for the elemental analysis of samples from the LIBS spectra, is deduced. An algorithm relating the experimentally measured spectral intensity values with the basic physics of the plasma is developed. Using the algorithm, the Zn and Cu concentrations in the brass sample are determined. The analytical results obtained from the CF-LIBS technique agree well with the certified values of the elements in the sample, with an accuracy error <1%.     

激光感生击穿光谱技术(LIBS)的原理及影响因素

激光感生击穿光谱技术（LIBS）具有不需制备样品,快速分析,可进行实时控制的特点显示了巨大实际应用价值,文中介绍了激光感生击穿光谱技术（LIBS）的发展历史、研究现状及其原理。同时通过重复频率为20 Hz,最高单脉冲能量为50　mJ的纳秒激光（10 ns,1　064 nm）研究了在不同激发条件下Cr和Co薄膜产生的光谱信号。得出对于Cr膜当激发能量小于10 mJ时,信号差异不明显。但是当激发能量超过10　mJ时将产生明显的变化。分析了激光特性、延迟时间、实验装置、环境气体的种类及压力、单/双脉冲、以及采用的理论分析方法对LIBS探测结果的影响。     

样品温度和空间约束两种方法相结合对激光诱导击穿光谱的影响

升高样品温度和采用空间约束能提高激光诱导击穿光谱的信号强度,两种技术的结合可以进一步提高激光诱导击穿光谱的光谱强度.本文在空气环境中研究了升高样品温度和空间约束效应两种方法相结合对激光诱导击穿光谱的影响,测量了激光诱导铝等离子体的时间分辨光谱.实验结果表明:升高样品温度能增加激光诱导击穿光谱的信号强度,高温样品能耦合更...     

High stability breakdown of noble gases with femtosecond laser pulses

In the past, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) signals have been reported to have a stability independent of the pulse length in solids. In this Letter, we perform the first stability study of femtosecond LIBS in gases (to our best knowledge) and show a significant improvement in signal stability over those achieved with longer pulses. Our study shows that ultrashort-pulse LIBS has an intrinsically higher stability in gas compared to nanosecond-pulse LIBS because of a deterministic ionization process at work in the femtosecond pulse. Relative standard deviations below 1% are demonstrated and are likely only limited by our laser output fluctuations. This enhanced emission stability may open up possibilities for a range of applications, from monitoring rapid gas dynamics to high-quality broadband light sources.     

Effects of experimental parameters on elemental analysis of coal by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

The purpose of this work is to improve the precision of the elemental analysis of coal using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The LIBS technique has the ability to allow simultaneous elemental analysis and on-line determination, so it could be used in the elemental analysis of coal. Organic components such as C, H, O, N and inorganic components such as Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, Si, Ti, Na, and K of coal have been identified. The precision of the LIBS technique depends strongly on the experimental conditions, and the choice of experimental parameters should be aimed at optimizing the repeatability of the measurements. The dependences of the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the LIBS measurements on the experimental parameters including the sample preparation parameters, lens-to-sample distance, sample operation mode, and ambient gas have been investigated. The results indicate that the precision of LIBS measurements for the coal sample can be improved by using the optimum experimental parameters.     

水中镉含量的激光诱导击穿光谱高灵敏快速检测

 为了对水中的痕量镉进行高灵敏快速检测,实验采用一种未受污染的薄木片作为基底来吸收水样品,将其晾干后再用激光诱导击穿光谱（LIBS）技术对其进行分析,克服了用LIBS技术直接分析水样品时灵敏度低和稳定性差等问题。实验中选择214.44 nm的镉离子线作为分析线以提高光谱检测的灵敏度,建立了用于定量分析的校正曲线,镉的检出限达到55 μg/L,重复测量的信号相对标准偏差小于5%,单次测量的时间短于5 min。