抽运方式对混合拉曼光纤放大器性能的影响

通过实验比较了前向抽运拉曼光纤放大器与掺铒光纤放大器组成的混合放大器、后向抽运拉曼光纤放大器与掺铒光纤放大器组成的混合放大器的性能。实验采用75km标准单模光纤作为增益介质。采用20信道(符合ITU-T建议的波分复用信号)，波长为1537．377～1560．605nm，作为混合放大器的测试信号。20信道总功率-2．86dBm，每一信道用2．5Gb／s、码长2^7-1的非归零码通过电吸收调制器(EA)进行外调制。实验结果表明，前向抽运方式混合放大器的性能优于后向抽运方式的混合放大器，其中噪声系数的改善值为2．28～6．55dB。采用前向抽运时，各信道的增益同后向抽运相比，增加值均大于5dB。但不论采取那种抽运方式，采用混合放大的形式，各信道的光信噪比均大于26．9dB。     

Numerical comparison on the characteristics between backward and bi-directionally pumped DFRAs in hybrid Raman/EDFAs

The characteristics of broadband backward and bi-directionally pumped distributed fiber Raman amplifiers (DFRAs) in hybrid Raman/erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (HFAs) configuration are compared numerically based on noise-nonlinear figure (NNF) when standard single mode fiber (SMF) and non-zero dispersionshifted fiber (NZDSF) are considered. It is found that achievable NNF in optimized bi-directionally pumped HFAs is about 1.2 dB (or 1.7 dB) higher than that in backward pumped HFAs for SMF (or NZDSF), and better characteristics can be achieved by using NZDSF rather than SMF for long haul transmission.     

Bright prospects for erbium-doped fiber amplifiers in future lightwave communication systems

In the light of achievable component performance from both a theoretical and an experimental point of view, the applications of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) in long distance repeaterless digital transmission and analog cable TV distribution is discussed. In digital repeaterless systems, EDFA postamplifiers are capable of output powers over + 15 dBm; preamplifiers and remotely pumped amplifiers improve system budgets by more than 7 dB and 13 dB, respectively, when compared to a conventional APD (avalanche photodiode) receiver. In analog AM-VSB TV distribution networks, EDFA postamplifiers improve the power budget by more than 10 dB, and cascaded EDFA repeaters hold promise for power budgets over 35 dB, allowing large splitting ratios in the network.     

Coherent beam combination of 137 W fiber amplifier array using single frequency dithering technique

We demonstrate coherent beam combination of 137 W fiber amplifier array using single frequency dithering technique. Four polarization-maintained fiber amplifiers are tiled into 2×2 array and the output power of each amplifier is about 35 W. Single frequency dithering algorithm is run on a signal processor based on field programmable gate array (FPGA) for phase control on the fiber amplifiers. When the phase control system goes into closed-loop, the fringe contrast of far-field intensity pattern is improved by more than 87% from 0 in open-loop, and the residual phase error is less than λ/20.     

Systematic investigation of the avalanche effect in highly thulium-doped fiber amplifiers

The avalanche energy transfer in highly thulium doped fiber amplifiers (TDFA) pumped at 1056 nm with laser diodes was investigated. Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) at 800 nm and 1470 nm as well as the remaining pump power were measured as function of the pump power to explain the efficiency of the energy transfer between thulium ions. As proof of our theory, fiber amplifiers based on self-made fluoride fibers doped with 2000 and 5000 ppm thulium were realized and their gain and noise figure was measured. A gain of more than 25 dB and a noise figure of less than 4 dB was achieved at a pump power of 210 mW in a TDFA using the 5000 ppm thulium fiber, whereas a gain maximum of only 5.6 dB was observed with the 2000 ppm TDF. These investigations are of special importance since until now almost all TDFAs have used 2000 ppm fibers. PACS 83.80.Ab; 32.80.Bx; 42.65.Yj     

Coherent beam combination of 1.08 kW fiber amplifier array using single frequency dithering technique

Coherent beam combination of a 1.08?kW fiber amplifier array has been demonstrated for the first time, to our knowledge. In the experiment, nine fiber amplifiers are tiled into a 3×3 array, and the output power of each amplifier is approximately 120?W. A single frequency dithering algorithm is used to compensate the phase noises between the elements, which runs on a signal processor based on field programmable gate array for phase control on the fiber amplifiers. When the phase control system goes into closed loop, the fringe contrast of the far-field intensity pattern is improved to more than 85%, and the residual phase error is less than λ/15.     

Target-in-the-loop high-power adaptive phase-locked fiber laser array using single-frequency dithering technique

We present a theoretical and experimental study of a target-in-the-loop (TIL) high-power adaptive phase-locked fiber laser array. The system configuration of the TIL adaptive phase-locked fiber laser array is introduced, and the fundamental theory for TIL based on the single-dithering technique is deduced for the first time. Two 10-W-level high-power fiber amplifiers are set up and adaptive phase locking of the two fiber amplifiers is accomplished successfully by implementing a single-dithering algorithm on a signal processor. The experimental results demonstrate that the optical phase noise for each beam channel can be effectively compensated by the TIL adaptive optics system under high-power applications and the fringe contrast on a remotely located extended target is advanced from 12% to 74% for the two 10-W-level fiber amplifiers.     

Beyond 90-km Reach of a 16 × 2.5 Gb/s C/L-band Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing Metropolitan Network Based on Self-Seeded Reflective Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers

Abstract

This article reports the operation of a cost-effective, colorless, dense wavelength-division multiplexing metropolitan network based on self-seeded reflective semiconductor optical amplifiers. All reflective semiconductor optical amplifiers used in the experiments are packaged in commercial small form-factor pluggable modules. The proposal architecture is simple and symmetric thanks to utilization of two cyclic array waveguide gratings. Downstream link functions in the C-band wavelength range and the upstream link functions in the L-band wavelength range. By using erbium-doped fiber amplifiers to extend the reach, an error-free transmission over 90 km for 16 channels at 2.5 Gb/s was experimentally demonstrated for both directions, and an optical budget over 35 dB was obtained.     

37.2 dB small-signal gain from Er/Yb Co-doped fiber amplifier with 20 mW pump power

An efficient erbium–ytterbium-doped fiber amplifier (EYDFA) is demonstrated by forward and backward pumping a 3 m erbium/ytterbium co-doped fibers (EYDF) in single- and double-pass configurations using a 20 mW pump. At the input signal wavelength of 1536 nm, the forward- and backward-pumped double-pass amplifiers achieved a maximum low-signal gain of 37.2 and 28.6 dB and a corresponding noise figure of 5.4 and 10.8 dB, respectively. Whereas, the forward- and backward-pumped single-pass amplifiers (at the same wavelength) achieved a maximum low-signal gain of 20.0 and 22.2 dB and a corresponding noise figure of 4.6 and 10.3 dB, respectively. The double-pass design offers an economical solution to high-efficiency and high-gain optical amplifiers.     

Dynamic Gain-Clamped Amplifier with Backward-Injection of a Fabry-Perot Laser

We have been experimentally demonstrated an active control technique of dynamic gain-clamped spectra for the erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA's) by a backward-injected Fabry-Perot (F-P) laser into this EDFA. In addition, employing a short length erbium-doped fiber (EDF) that not cause any gain saturation for preamplification in front of this amplifier module, it can reduce the noise figure degradation and simultaneously achieve gain variation from 11.1 dB to 0.5 dB for 10 dB input power level change.     

Copropagating and counterpropagating pumps in second-order- pumped discrete fiber Raman amplifiers

The gains and noise figures of discrete second-order-pumped fiber Raman amplifiers utilizing copropagating and counterpropagating pump configurations were experimentally obtained, and the gain results were compared with computer simulations. It was found that the additional gain that is due to second-order Raman pumping is larger for the copropagating pumps than for the counterpropagating pumps, in agreement with simulations. In contrast to distributed second-order-pumped fiber Raman amplifiers, a slight increase in noise figure, by as much as ~1 dB was observed relative to the single-pump scheme. However, the advantages of second-order pumping in discrete amplifiers include greater flexibility in design of the gain distribution along the fiber and the ability to spectrally distribute the pump powers to avoid undesired nonlinear effects.     

分布反馈式光纤激光水听器拖曳线列阵实验研究

为了进一步增大光纤拖曳阵的探测距离,研制了缆径为16mm的32元分布反馈式光纤激光水听器拖曳线列阵.阵元在10~2 000Hz频率范围内的平均声压灵敏度为-142.7dB(re 1rad/μPa),波动幅度小于±2dB.基于声光调制器的时分、波分联合复用技术实现了32元光纤激光水听器的多路复用,各个阵元之间以及各个通道之间的串扰均小于-40dB,并完成了静态和动态拖曳湖上实验.实验结果表明,研制的32元分布反馈式光纤激光水听器拖曳线列阵无论是在静态,还是在6~16节的动态拖曳状态,都能对目标形成稳定的波束指向,与GPS轨迹记录完全一致,展现了分布反馈式光纤激光水听器拖曳线列阵在工程上的应用前景.     

Loop Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers

A comprehensive study of implementing erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) using a loop configuration is presented. Two different schemes based on the mechanism of directing the loop output are investigated. The amplified spontaneous emission at the output port is 3 dB lower than conventional designs. This configuration is recommended for high-power EDFAs.     

LaB6在低压强氮气和氦气中的放电特性

研究了LaB6在1~10 Pa氮气和氦气中的直流和脉冲放电特性以及放电过程对电极的影响。结果表明，电极直径为5 mm的LaB6氦气放电管在脉冲工作状态下可以长期稳定放电。在脉冲电压为2.2 kV、脉冲宽度10 ms、频率13.3 Hz下，脉冲峰值放电电流超过120 A。氦气放电管在放电过程中，阴极表面有离子的清洗和活化作用，可以使电极的表面逸出功降低，提高放电管的发射能力和稳定性。LaB6作为气体放电电极具有寿命长、延迟时间短、放电电流大等优点，可用于重复强流脉冲气体放电的高压高速开关器件。     

双包层掺染料聚合物光纤放大器的增益性能分析

双包层聚合物光纤放大器可以减小染料的热漂白,使用速率方程的方法,给出了一个能够全面描述双包层掺染料聚合物光纤放大器增益性能的模型,模型既考虑了染料三重态能级对速率方程的影响,又考虑了双包层结构对泵浦光的影响,可以在稳态的情况下计算放大器的各种增益性能指标.     

基于长周期光纤光栅滤波器的掺铒光纤放大器理论和实验研究

从理论和实验上研究了带有高频二氧化碳激光写入的低成本长周期光纤光栅（LPFG）掺铒光纤放大器（EDFA）.结果表明,单波长和多波长EDFA的性能都可以通过在掺铒光纤（EDF）中插入长周期光纤光栅用作自发辐射噪声（ASE）滤波器或增益平坦器来提高性能.优化设计了带LPFG噪声滤波器的线放EDFA,与没有LPFG噪声滤波器相比,线放的噪声和小信号增益分别被减小和提高了约0.5 dB和7 dB。通过在多波长EDFA的EDF中插入一个LPFG增益平坦滤波器的方法,获得了1.5 dB的增益平坦度,与没有LPFG平坦器相比,EDFA的噪声被减小了0.1 dB,增益被提高了1 dB.     

光纤布喇格光栅作为增益均衡器的掺铒光纤EDFA放大器

采用平均反转率模型分析了带光纤布喇格光栅的增益平坦掺铒光纤放大器,其输出增益可由一组耦合超越方程描述,而非耦合微分方程,同时讨论了用于增益平坦的布喇格光栅的最佳位置设计作为增益建模和最佳设计实例,对于输入功率0.5mW位于1545～1552nm的8个波长信道,得到的输出增益不平坦度小于0.05dB.最后还证实了布喇格光栅作为增益均衡器具有高输出功率和功率转换效率的优越性.     

Bandgap guidance in hybrid chalcogenide-silica photonic crystal fibers

We report a hybrid chalcogenide-silica photonic crystal fiber made by pressure-assisted melt-filling of molten glass. Photonic bandgap guidance is obtained at a silica core placed centrally in a hexagonal array of continuous centimeters-long chalcogenide strands with diameters of 1.45 μm. In the passbands of the cladding, when the transmission through the silica core is very weak, the chalcogenide strands light up with distinct modal patterns corresponding to Mie resonances. In the spectral regions between these passbands, strong bandgap guidance is observed, where the silica core transmission loss is 60 dB/cm lower. The pressure-assisted fabrication approach opens up new ways of integrating sophisticated glass-based devices into optical fiber circuitry with potential applications in supercontinuum generation, magneto-optics, wavelength selective devices, and rare-earth-doped amplifiers with high gain per unit length.     

Gain ripple minimization in fiber Raman amplifiers based on variational method

In this paper, the variational method is employed for minimizing the gain ripple of multi-wavelength fiber Raman amplifiers. The variance of gain spectrum of the fiber Raman amplifier is regarded as the cost function, restriction on total pump power and average gain is given as the constraints of the minimization problem. It is shown that the minimization problem with any necessary constraints on the pump powers, average gain and signal to noise ratio, is reduced to a two-point boundary value problem. The method gives the entire possible local and global solutions. The method is applied to different examples of fiber Raman amplifiers with different lengths from 25 km to 100 km and different numbers of pumps from 4 to 20 to determine the pump powers and wavelengths for minimum gain ripple. It was obtained for a 100 km fiber Raman amplifier the gain ripple can be about 0.1 dB with on-off gain more than 20 dB.     

新型全固态准晶体结构大模场光纤特性研究

大模场单模光纤在高功率激光器、高功率光传输和高灵敏度传感器等领域具有重要意义.设计了一种新型超低损耗大模场单模光纤,包层空气孔由掺氟硅玻璃棒代替,掺氟硅玻璃棒排列呈六重准晶体结构.基于有限元法对光纤的传输特性进行了数值模拟.研究了光纤结构参量变化对模式特性和有效模场面积的影响.结果表明:波长在1064 nm处,有效模场面积高达5197μm2,基模的限制性损耗低于10-5dB/km,解决了大模场与低损耗之间的冲突;在1064—2000 nm波段内,基模与二阶模的限制性损耗相差7个量级,实现单模传输;半径为10 cm时,弯曲损耗小于0.01 dB/m,具有良好的低弯曲损耗特性.此光纤能够提高光纤热损伤阈值,减少接续损耗,全固态结构有效避免了空气孔塌陷,简化制备工艺,对高功率激光传输、光纤激光器和光纤放大器的发展具有重要意义.