铬的羰基络合物及其碳炔衍生物中铬原子的共价

用ＤＶ－Ｘα方法和自然轨道法研究了Ｃｒ（ＣＯ）_６和（ＣＯ）_４ＩＣｒＣＣＨ_３的电子结构和成键情况，并根据共价新定义讨论了其中铬原子的共价。结果表明：在（ＣＯ）_４ＩＣｒＣＣＨ_３中，Ｃｒ－Ｃ_（ｃａｒｂｙｎｅ）之间存在三重键，但其中只有σ键定域在Ｃｒ－Ｃ_（ｃａｒｂｙｎｅ）两原子之间，而两个π键已部分离域到各ＣＯ上；另外，中心铬原子上的价电子未能反馈到Ｃ_（ｃａｒｂｙｎｅ）上。两个因素同时作用，结果使Ｃ_（ｃａｒｂｙｎｅ）上的电荷密度较同一分子中的Ｃ_（ＣＯ）和Ｃ_（Ｍｅ）小．这一计算结果从理论上解释了该分子的~（１３）ＣＮＭＲ谱化学位移Ｃ_（ｃａｒｂｙｎｅ）大于Ｃ_（ＣＯ）和Ｃ_（Ｍｅ）的原因。由于在Ｃｒ（ＣＯ）_６和（ＣＯ）_４ＩＣｒＣＣＨ_３分子中铬原子均接受了１２个有效共享成键电子，根据共价新定义，铬原子共价均为１２。     

Electrochemical reductive alkylation of (benzophenone)Cr(CO)3 and (benzophenone)[Cr(CO)3]2

The electrochemical reduction of (benzophenone)Cr(CO)₃ and (benzophenone)[Cr(CO)₃]₂ in hthe presence of a series of alkyl chlorides which are more difficult to reduce, has been carried out in N,N-dimethylformamide on a mercury pool cathode. When methyl chloride and p-cyanobenzyl chloride are used as alkylating agents, complexed monoalkylated ethers are exclusively obtained as substitution products, in yields ranging from 36 to 54%. Complexed alkylated alcohols aer isolated as the major products when (benzophenone)Cr(CO)₃ is reduced in the presence of benzyl-chloride and its 2,3,5-trimethyl derivative, in 48 and 44% yields, respectively. These last results suggest the intermediate formation of a charge transfer complex between the aromatic ring of the electrophile and the complexed ketone.     

Coordination of dihydrogen to transition metal complexes: ab initio investigation of Cr(CO)5(H2) and Cr(CO)4(H2)2

Carbonyl complexes of Cr-containing one- or two-coordinated H₂ molecules have been investigated by means of ab initio electronic structure calculations. Relative energy differences for various isomers of Cr(CO)₅(H₂) and Cr(CO)₄(H₂)₂ complexes have been computed. Possible reaction paths for the H₂/D₂ intramolecular isotope exchange in the dihydrogen complex are discussed.     

Relaxation of vibrationally excited gas-phase Cr(CO) 5 −

Radiative relaxation of Cr(CO)₅⁻ was investigated by two techniques: a standard two-pulse photodissociation experiment and by using the branching ratio of its reaction with oxygen as an ion thermometric probe. Photoexcitation at 1064 nm was used to prepare highly vibrationally excited Cr(CO)₅⁻. Although the overall oxidation rate changes only slightly upon excitation (actually decreasing by a factor of 1.2 ± 0.1), the primary product distribution shifts dramatically, from Cr(CO)₃O⁻ (the thermodynamic product) to Cr(CO)₃O₂⁻ (the kinetic product). The two-pulse photodissociation measurement gave a radiative relaxation rate constant (k _rad) of 15 ± 2 s⁻¹, whereas the branching ratio experiments gave a k _rad value of 3. 3 ± 0.7 s⁻¹. The large difference between these two values is due to the difference in Cr(CO)₅⁻ internal energy ranges probed by the two techniques. In the high internal energy regime interrogated by the two-pulse measurements (about 12,000 to 6000 cm⁻¹), the strongly emitting C-O stretching modes are populated and contribute to fast relaxation. In contrast, the branching ratio measurements remain sensitive to internal energy changes all the way down to thermal energies, where the C-O stretches are depopulated and thus unavailable for radiative relaxation.     

Reassessment of the electronic absorption spectra of Cr(η6-C6H6)2, Cr(CO)6 and Cr(η6-C6H6)(CO)3

The UV absorption bands between approximately 330 and 200 nm have been assigned to Rydberg transitions for the d⁶ complexes Cr(η⁶-C₆H₆)₂, Cr(CO)₆ and Cr(η⁶-C₆H₆)(CO)₃     

Experimental X-ray charge density studies on the binary carbonyls Cr(CO)6, Fe(CO)5, and Ni(CO)4

The experimental charge densities in the binary carbonyls Cr(CO)(6) (1), Fe(CO)(5) (2), and Ni(CO)(4) (3) have been investigated on the basis of high-resolution X-ray diffraction data collected at 100 K. The nature of the metal-ligand interactions has been studied by means of deformation densities and by topological analyses using the Atoms in Molecules (AIM) approach of Bader. A detailed comparison between the experimental results and theoretical results from previous work and from gas-phase and periodic DFT/B3LYP calculations shows excellent agreement, both on a qualitative and quantitative level. An examination of the kappa-restricted multipole model (KRMM) for Cr(CO)(6), using theoretically derived structure factors, showed it to provide a somewhat worse fit than a model with freely refined kappa' values. The experimental atomic graphs for the metal atoms in 2 and 3 were found to be dependent on the multipole model used for that atom. In the case of compound 2, restriction of the multipole populations according to idealized site symmetry of D(3h) gave an atomic graph in essential agreement with the theoretical gas-phase study. For compound 3, all multipole models fail to reproduce the atomic graph obtained from the theoretical gas-phase study. The atomic quadrupole moments for the C atoms in all compounds were consistent with significant pi back-donation from the metal atoms.     

Paramagnetic impurities in Cr(CO)6 crystals: The EPR spectrum of Mn(CO)5Cl−

The use of Cr(CO)₆ as a host matrix for single-crystal EPR studies of metal carbonyls is discussed. A narrow-line spectrum observed in γ-irradiated crystals of Cr(CO)₆ doped with Mn(CO)₅Cl is assigned to Mn(CO)₅Cl^? (or possibly Mn(CO)₄Cl^?).     

Intensity of d-d symmetry-forbidden electronic transition in Cr(CO)6

Absolute absorption intensities (oscillator strengths) are calculated for the d-d symmetry-forbidden transition in hexacarbonyl chromium. The vibronic coupling mechanism is taken into account in a way that represents an alternative to the traditional perturbative approach of Herzberg and Teller. In the so-called direct method, the electronic transition moment is directly expanded in a power series of the vibrational normal coordinates of suitable symmetry. In the present case, i.e., d-d ligand field transitions, or more specifically (1)A(1g) --> (1)T(1g) and (1)A(1g) --> (1)T(2g) transitions, the dipole selection rule is broken by vibronic interaction induced by normal modes that transform like T(1u) and T(2u) representations of the O(h) group. An analysis of the relative importance of normal modes in promoting electronic transitions is carried out.     

Accelerated arene ligand exchange in the (Arene)Cr(CO)2L series

Arene ligand exchange in the (eta(6)-arene)Cr(CO)(2)L series can be accelerated if the ligand L is an electronically unsymmetrical bidentate ligand. The system evaluated here employs derivatives of tris(pyrrolyl)phosphine as L. A series of 2-L'-substituted pyrroles was prepared, where the substituents include: L' = -SMe, -CH(2)SMe, -SPh, -CH(2)SPh, -SCF(3), -S-tBu, -CO(2)Me, -CONMe(2), -2-pyridinyl, and -PPh(2). Reaction with ClP(pyrrolyl)(2) gave a new series of phosphines, (2-L'-pyrrolyl)(pyrrolyl)(2)P. Each of these phosphines was converted to (arene)Cr(CO)(2)[P(2-L'-pyrrolyl)(pyrrolyl)(2)P) complexes. The substituents L'are proposed to provide temporary coordination to the Cr and to lower the barrier to arene exchange. The series was evaluated where the arene in the complex (departing) is benzene, fluorobenzene, toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene, or p-xylene and the incoming arene is C(6)D(6), chlorobenzene-d(5), anisole-d(8), fluorobenzene-d(5), toluene-d(8), o-xylene-d(10), m-xylene-d(10), p-xylene-d(10), or mesitylene-d(12). Most of the new complexes showed a significant increase in the rate of arene exchange due to the side chain unit L'. The strongest effects were seen with the examples where X = -CO(2)Me, -CONMe(2), and -(2-pyridinyl), allowing exchange with a half lifetime as low as 8 h/22 degrees C.     

Cyclopropene als komplexliganden. Cyclopropenthionkomplexe mit den gruppen Cr(CO)5 und (C5H5)Mn(CO)2

Diphenylcyclopropenethione and dithienylcyclopropenethione react with (acetonitrile)₃Cr(CO)₃ under mild conditions with formation of (C₃Ph₂S)Cr(CO)₅ and [C₃(C₄H₃S)₂S]Cr(CO)₅, respectively. Using (η⁵-C₅H₅)(THF)Mn(CO)₂ and diphenylcyclopropenethione a different type of complex with the stoichiometry (C₃Ph₂S)₂Mn(C₅H₅)(CO)₂ is obtained. A structure with a ligand containing two S bridges is proposed.     

A mass spectral study of intramolecular rearrangements in cis-M(CO)4(13CO)piperidine (M = Cr,W) derivatives

Low voltage mass spectra of cis-M(CO)₄(¹³CO)piperidine (M = Cr,W) show the initial loss of CO to proceed with complete scrabling of the label between axial and equatorial sites.     

Synthesis and oxidation of (benzimidazolylidene)Cr(CO)5 complexes

A series of (benzimidazolylidene)pentacarbonylchromium(0) complexes were synthesized by the addition of lithium 1,2-phenylenediamides to Cr(CO)₆ in the presence of 12-crown-4, followed by the treatment of chlorotrimethylsilane. X-ray crystal structural analysis revealed a rather single-bond-like character between Cr and the carbene carbon. One reversible oxidation process was observed in the cyclic voltammograms of these complexes. Chemical oxidation using (4-BrC₆H₄)₃NSbCl₆ was studied by ESR to afford a hyperfine structure derived not from Cr but from N and H, indicating that the spin is delocalized on the benzimidazolidene moiety.     

Chelation-control in nucleophilic addition to Cr(CO)3-complexed aryl aldehydes

One or more methoxy groups on the benzylic carbon at the ortho-position of tricarbonylchromium-complexed aryl aldehydes (2, 3 or 4) permit chelation-controlled addition of nucleophiles to the carbonyl function in the presence of Lewis acids. In the absence of a Lewis acid additive, a complementary set of diastereomeric products are obtained.