Electrochemical synthesis of polyaniline in surface-attached poly(acrylic acid) network, and its application to the electrocatalytic oxidation of ascorbic acid

Acrylic acid was first electropolymerized on the surface of a gold electrode. Then, polyaniline (PANI) was electrodeposited on the poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) network to give a PANI–PAA composite film. Scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical studies confirmed the formation of PANI–PAA composite which exhibited excellent electroactivity over a wide pH range. The electro-oxidation of ascorbic acid (AA) was studied in detail. The modified electrode exhibits significantly reduced oxidation overpotential. The response towards AA is linear in the range 1.0 μM to 9.3 mM (R?=?0.9997, n?=?33) at a potential of 0.1 V (vs. SCE). The sensitivity is 207 μA mM^-1 cm^-2, and the detection limit is 1.0 μM (S/N?=?3). Interferences by uric acid and dopamine are negligible. The electrode thus enables sensitive and selective determination of AA, with a performance superior to many other PANI–based ascorbate sensors.     

Electrochemical storage properties of polyaniline-, poly(N-methylaniline)-, and poly(N-ethylaniline)-coated pencil graphite electrodes

Three types of conducting polymers, polyaniline (PANI), poly(N-methylaniline) (PNMA), poly(N-ethylaniline) (PNEA) were electrochemically deposited on pencil graphite electrode (PGE) surfaces characterized as electrode active materials for supercapacitor applications. The obtained films were electrochemically characterized using different electrochemical methods. Redox parameters, electro-active characteristics, and electrostability of the polymer films were investigated via cyclic voltammetry (CV). Doping types of the polymer films were determined by the Mott-Schottky method. Electrochemical capacitance properties of the polymer film coating PGE (PGE/PANI, PGE/PNMA, and PGE/PNEA) were investigated by the CV and potentiostatic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods in a 0.1 M H₂SO₄ aqueous solution. Thus, capacitance values of the electrodes were calculated. Results show that PGE/PANI, PGE/PNMA, and PGE/PNEA exhibit maximum specific capacitances of 131.78 F g^?1 (≈ 436.50 mF cm^?2), 38.00 F g^?1 (≈ 130.70 mF cm^?2), and 16.50 F g^?1 (≈ 57.83 mF cm^?2), respectively. Moreover, charge-discharge capacities of the electrodes are reported and the specific power (SP) and specific energy (SE) values of the electrodes as supercapacitor materials were calculated using repeating chronopotentiometry.     

Nanostructured ferrite/graphene/polyaniline using for supercapacitor to enhance the capacitive behavior

Graphene nanosheets, polyaniline (PANI), and nanocrystallites of transition metal ferrite {Fe₃O₄ (Mag), NiFe₂O₄ (NiF), and CoFe₂O₄ (CoF)} have been prepared and characterized via XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, UV–vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge discharges, and impedance spectroscopy. Electrochemical measurements showed that supercapacitances of hybrid electrodes made of the ternary materials are higher than that of hybrid electrode made of binary or single material. The ternary hybrid CoF/graphene (G)/PANI electrode exhibits a highest specific capacitance reaching 1123 Fg^?1, an energy density of 240 Wh kg^?1 at 1 A g^?1, and a power density of 2680 Wkg^?1 at 1 A g^?1 and outstanding cycling performance, with 98.2% capacitance retained over 2000 cycles. The extraordinary electrochemical performance of the ternary CoF/G/PANI hybrid can be attributed to the synergistic effects of the individual components. The PANI conducting polymer enhances an electron transport. The Ferrite nanoparticles prevent the restocking of the carbon sheets and provide Faradaic processes to increase the total capacitance.     

PANI–TiC nanocomposite film for the direct electron transfer of hemoglobin and its application for biosensing

A novel polyaniline and titanium carbide (PANI–TiC) nanocomposite was synthesized by an in situ chemical oxidative polymerization method, and a hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) biosensor was fabricated by PANI–TiC with hemoglobin (Hb)-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed the morphology and ingredient of PANI–TiC. Electrochemical investigation of the biosensor showed a pair of well-defined, quasi-reversible redox peaks with E _pa?=??0.318 V and E _pc?=??0.356 V (vs SCE) in 0.1 M, pH 7.0 sodium phosphate-buffered saline at the scan rate of 150 mV s^?1. Transfer rate constant (k _s) was 2.01 s^?1. The Hb/PANI–TiC/GCE showed a good electrochemical catalytic response for the reduction of H₂O₂ with the linear range from 0.5 to 285.5 μM and the detection limit of 0.2 μM (S/N?=?3). The apparent Michaelis–Menten constant (K _m) was estimated to be 1.21 μM. Therefore, the PANI–TiC as a novel matrix opened up a further possibility for study on the design of enzymatic biosensors with potential applications.     

Hydrogen evolution on Pt and polyaniline modified Pt electrodes—a comparative electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study

Kinetic of hydrogen evolution reaction, HER, at Pt and polyaniline, PANI, polymer film modified Pt electrodes in the sulphuric acid solution was investigated within the context of possible inhibition of HER by conducting polymers. Pt/PANI electrodes were prepared by electro-polymerization procedure with different quantities of PANI and electrochemically aged in the insulating state prior polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy experiments. Polarization and impedance data obtained in the hydrogen (0.30 to 0.05 V_RHE) and HER (0.00 to ?0.155 V_RHE) potential regions of bare Pt-poly electrode were compared with those of Pt/PANI electrodes. Significant differences of impedance spectra in the hydrogen region of potentials pointed toward domination of hydrogen under-potential deposition, H UPD, at Pt-poly surface and domination of PANI impedance at Pt/PANI electrodes, respectively. Quite similar impedance spectra obtained in the HER region of potentials and Tafel slopes of about 30 mV decade^?1 evaluated from polarization measurements indicated that HER is proceeding by the same mechanism at Pt-poly and Pt/PANI electrodes, respectively. Analysis of respective impedance parameters showed that HER which is easily driven at Pt-poly electrode becomes inhibited to a certain extent at both Pt/PANI electrodes, but more for the one with higher quantity of PANI. These results can commonly be interpreted by HER that is taking place on the Pt substrate underlying more or less porous PANI film acting as a barrier toward electrolyte solution.     

Quasi-solid-state pseudocapacitors using proton-conducting gel polymer electrolyte and poly(3-methyl thiophene)–ruthenium oxide composite electrodes

We report the studies on a flexible quasi-solid-state configuration of the redox supercapacitors (pseudocapacitors) assembled with an ionic liquid-based proton conducting non-aqueous gel polymer electrolyte (ILGPE) and composite electrodes of conducting polymer [poly-3-methyl thiophene (pMeT)] and hydrous ruthenium dioxide (RuO₂.xH₂O). The presence of RuO₂.xH₂O in the composite electrodes has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. The ILGPE films, prepared with the solution of an ionic liquid (1-ethyl 3-methyl imidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate) and a salt ammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate entrapped in a host polymer poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), have been characterized. The symmetrical pseudocapacitors have been assembled and characterized using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and charge–discharge tests. The composite electrodes with the ～13 wt.% hydrous RuO₂ loading in pMeT film has shown a maximum specific capacitance value of ～118 F g^?1 (of the composite electrode material). The corresponding maximum specific energy and power density have been found to be ～12.8 W kg^?1 and ～513 W kg^?1, respectively. With further increase in the content of RuO₂.xH₂O, a slight decrease in specific capacitance value has been observed, which indicates the reduction in utilization rate of RuO₂.xH₂O. The composite electrodes show stable capacitance values up to 5,000 charge–discharge cycles.     

Electrocatalytic Dioxygen Reduction at Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Polyaniline Grafted Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Film

The work details the electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ medium on a modified electrode containing a film of polyaniline (PANI) grafted multi‐wall carbon nanotube (MWNT) over the surface of glassy carbon electrode. We have fabricated a novel modified electrode in which conducting polymer is present as connected unit to MWNT. The GC/PANI‐g‐MWNT modified electrode (ME) is fabricated by electrochemical polymerization of a mixture of amine functionalized MWNT and aniline with GC as working electrode. Cyclic voltammetry and amperometry are used to demonstrate the electrocatalytic activity of the GC/PANI‐g‐MWNT‐ME. The GC/PANI‐g‐MWNT‐ME exhibits remarkable electrocatalytic activity for ORR. A more positive onset potential and higher catalytic current for ORR are striking features of GC/PANI‐g‐MWNT‐ME. Rapid and high sensitivity of GC/PANI‐g‐MWNT‐ME to ORR are evident from the higher rate constant (7.92×10² M^?1 s^?1) value for the reduction process. Double potential chronoamperometry and rotating disk and rotating ring‐disk electrode (RRDE) experiments are employed to investigate the kinetic parameters of ORR at this electrode. Results from RDE and RRDE voltammetry demonstrate the involvement of two electron transfer in oxygen reduction to form hydrogen peroxide in acidic media.     

Determination of Impedance Spectroscopic Behavior of Triphenylphosphine on Various Electrodes

The electrochemical oxidation of triphenylphosphine (Ph₃P) was investigated by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) on glassy-carbon (GC), gold (Au) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) in acetonitrile (ACN), dichloromethane (DCM), and cyclohexanone (CHN). The electron-transfer kinetics of the redox couple PPh₃/Ph₃P^·+ on various electrodes was found to increase with the order: Au < MWCNT < GC. The EIS results verify that GC provides faster charge-transfer kinetics since it affords less charge-transfer resistance and thus lower electron-transfer barrier from other electrodes tested. In DCM and CHN greater deviation from reversibility was observed which can be attributed to the poorer polarity of the solvents, which provides an additional barrier for the electron-transfer process.

[Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Analytical Letters for the following free supplemental resource(s): additional tables and figures.]     

Thermal stability of several polyaniline/rare earth oxide composites

Polyaniline/rare earth oxide composites (PANI/La₂O₃ and PANI/Sm₂O₃) were synthesized by in situ polymerization at the presence of sulfosalicylic acid (as dopant). The composites obtained were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal stability of the composites was investigated by thermogravimetry (TG) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG). The electrochemical performance of the composites was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results of FTIR, XRD, SEM, CV, and EIS show that the structure of composite has changed greatly when rare earth oxide content is >0.7 g (PANI/La₂O₃[w/w(92.7/7.3)] and PANI/Sm₂O₃[w/w(96.2/3.8)]) and the PANI in the composite has transformed into pernigraniline base (non-conducting state) from emeraldine base (conducting state). TG-DTG analysis indicates that the thermal stability of composite was higher than pure PANI, which is attributed to the interaction between PANI and rare earth oxide.     

Glassy carbon electrode modified with a film of poly(Toluidine Blue O) and carbon nanotubes for nitrite detection

This work describes the modification of a glassy carbon electrode with poly(Toluidine Blue O) (GC/poly-TBO) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) for the electrocatalytic oxidation of nitrite. GC/poly-TBO was prepared by electropolymerization and used as such or after immobilizing SWCNT on the polymeric film to give a composite GC/poly-TBO-SWCNT electrode. The electrochemical and catalytic behavior of both electrodes was studied comparatively. It was observed that the presence of SWCNT contributed to enhance the electrocatalytic response for nitrite oxidation, as measured by amperometry at +0.92 V vs. Ag/AgCl/KCl_sat and pH 7. The response was linear with respect to the nitrite concentration in the 0.001–4 mM range, with a detection limit of 0.37 μM (based on signal to noise ratio of 3) for GC/poly-TBO-SWCNT. The proposed method was also applied to the determination of nitrite in a wastewater sample and compared to the spectrophotometric method.     

Stability of conducting polyester/polypyrrole fabrics in different pH solutions. Chemical and electrochemical characterization

The stability of conducting fabrics of polyester (PES) covered with polypyrrole/anthraquinone sulfonic acid (AQSA) has been tested in different pH solutions (1, 7, 13) and after washing tests. It is important to determine the stability of the counter-ion in the polymer matrix, since its loss causes the decrease of the conducting properties of the fabrics. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies were done to quantify the amount of counter-ion in the polymer and to obtain the doping level (N^δ+/N). Surface resistivity changes after the different tests were measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). An increase in the solution pH caused a decrease of the doping level (N^δ+/N), the release of part of the counter-ions and an increase in the surface resistivity. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements showed a gradual loss of electroactivity as pH increased. The influence of the scan rate on the characterization of conducting fabrics has been also demonstrated by CV. Lower scan rates produce a more characteristic response than higher ones. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) measurements showed a loss of electroactivity when the sample was tested in the pH 13 solution, although the material continued being electroactive.     

A study of the electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol on a nickel–salophen-modified glassy carbon electrode

Nickel–salophen-modified glassy carbon electrodes prepared by transferring one drop of Ni–salophen complex solution on the electrode surface. This modified electrode has been used for the electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol in alkaline solutions with various methods such as cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The electrooxidation was observed as large anodic peaks, and early stages of the cathodic direction of potential sweep around 20 mV vs. Ag|AgCl|KCl_sat. A mechanism based on the electrochemical generation of Ni (Ш) active sites and their subsequent consumptions by methanol have been discussed. EIS studies were employed to unveil the charge transfer rate as well as the electrical characteristics of the catalytic surface. For the electrochemical oxidation of methanol at 5.0 M concentration, charge transfer resistance of nearly 0.936 kΩ was obtained, while the resistance of the electrocatalyst layer was about 111.6 Ω.     

ZnO nanoparticles and poly(acrylic) acid-based polymer gel electrolyte for photo electrochemical cell

This work presents a photo electrochemical cell based on zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and poly(acrylic) acid (PAA) doped with sodium iodide (NaI) and iodine (I₂) polymer gel electrolyte. The ZnO powders were synthesized by sol–gel storage and sol–gel centrifugation. The ZnO powder synthesized via sol–gel centrifugation showed the optimal structural properties, with largest crystallite sizes of 58 nm, average particles size between 20 and 80 nm and indirect band gap energy of 3.20 eV. The highest conductivity [(8.0 ± 0.1) × 10^?2 S cm^?1] was obtained for PAA + 0.8 M NaI + 0.02 M I₂. This sample achieved the lowest activation energy (0.029 eV) and electrochemical stability at 1.6 V. The ZnO powder synthesized via sol–gel centrifugation and PAA + 0.8 M NaI + 0.02 M I₂ was fabricated as a Cu–ZnO/PAA + 0.8 M NaI + 0.02 M I₂/C-ITO photo electrochemical cell.     

Polyaniline Nanowires-Based Electrochemical Immunosensor for Label Free Detection of Japanese Encephalitis Virus

Polyaniline (PANI) conducting polymers have attracted increasing interest as a transducer material for biosensors applications. In this study, we demonstrate the use of PANI nanowires (NWs) as immobilization platforms in the configuration of an electrochemical immunosensor for label free detection of Japanese encephalitis virus. The PANI NWs were synthesized on the surface of an interdigitated platinum (Pt) microelectrode via electrochemical growth. The morphology and characteristics of the PANI NWs on the Pt microelectrode were verified by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The anti- Japanese encephalitis virus polyclonal IgG antibody was then covalently immobilized on the PANI NWs-coated Pt microelectrode by using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimde (NHS). The detection of Japanese encephalitis virus antigens was analyzed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The developed PANI NWs-based electrochemical immunosensor could detect the Japanese encephalitis virus with a detection limit below 10 ng/ml. The results from EIS analysis also indicate that when the PANI NWs were exposed to nonspecific molecules, a negligible response was found, and it did not impact to the specificity of the sensor in the virus detection. This work shows the potential use of PANI NWs in electrochemical immunosensors for label free detection of other pathogens and small biomolecules.     

pH-controlled morphological structure and electrochemical performances of polyaniline/nickel hexacyanoferrate nanogranules during electrochemical deposition

To explore the dependences of morphology and electrochemical performance of polyaniline/nickel hexacyanoferrate (PANI/NiHCF) nanogranules on pH value of the reaction system, electrodeposition of PANI/NiHCF nanogranules was performed across a pH range from 0 to 7 on carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-modified platinum substrate by cyclic voltammetry in a mixture of 0.002 mol L^?1 NiSO₄, 0.25 mol L^?1 Na₂SO₄, 0.002 mol L^?1 K₃Fe(CN)₆, and 0.01 mol L^?1 aniline solutions. The morphology and structure of PANI/NiHCF nanogranules were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, respectively. The supercapacitive performances of the nanogranules were investigated with cyclic voltammetry (CV), charge/discharge tests, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results showed that the nanogranules with different morphology and sizes were obtained with the change of pH values from 0 to 7, which could control the mechanism of homogeneous or heterogeneous nucleation directly. The nanogranules were dispersed in matrix uniformly at pH 0 and pH 1, while the size of which decreased with the increase of pH values. The smooth cross-linking network structure was found from pH 2 to 7. The structure of PANI/NiHCF nanogranules had slightly changed from pH 0 to 7. PANI/NiHCF nanogranules had good electrochemical performance from pH 0 to 7 in a mixture of 0.5 mol L^?1 H₂SO₄ and 0.5 mol L^?1 KNO₃ solutions, and the highest specific capacitance value of 274 F g^?1 was obtained at current densities of 2 mA cm^?2 in neutral medium. PANI/NiHCF nanogranules had high stability in neutral medium after 2,000 cycles by CV.     

Synthesis and high electrochemical performance of polyaniline/MnO2-coated multi-walled carbon nanotube-based hybrid electrodes

Multi-layered electrodes which consist of polyaniline (PANI)/manganese dioxide (MnO₂)-multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) are prepared as the electrode materials for supercapacitors. MnO₂-MWNTs are made by the in situ direct coating method to deposit MnO₂ onto MWNTs; the core/shell structure of multi-layered fibrous electrodes can also be obtained by PANI coating onto the MnO₂-MWNTs. The effect of PANI coating on the electrochemical performance and cyclic stability of MnO₂-MWNTs is investigated. From the cyclic voltammograms, the PANI/MnO₂-MWNTs show remarkably enhanced specific capacitance and cycle stability compared to MnO₂-MWNTs, where the highest specific capacitance (350 F/g) is obtained at a current density of 0.2 A/g for the PANI/MnO₂-MWNTs as compared to 92 F/g for pristine MWNTs and 306 F/g for MnO₂-MWNTs. This indicates that the improved electrochemical performance of PANI/MnO₂-MWNTs is due to the enhanced electrical properties by nano-scale-coated MnO₂ onto MWNTs and the PANI coating that leads to the increased cycle stability by delaying the dissolution of MnO₂ during charge/discharge tests.     

Poly(1,5-diaminonaphthalene) films for supercapacitor electrode materials: effect of electropolymerization technique on specific capacitance

Poly(1,5-diaminonaphthalane) (1,5-PDAN) films have been successfully synthesized on pencil graphite electrode (PGE) from aqueous solution of 0.1 M monomer and 1.0 M perchloric acid (HClO₄) by different electrochemical techniques which are cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA). The field emission scanning electron microscopy has been used to analyze the surface morphologies of 1,5-PDAN-coated PGE by CV (PGE/1,5-PDAN(CV)) and CA (PGE/1,5-PDAN(CA)). Electrochemical measurements have been performed to evaluate usability of the electrodes for supercapacitors using CV, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), galvanostatic charge–discharge and repeating chronopotentiometry (RCP) methods in 1.0 M HClO₄. When compared the results of electrochemical measurements, it is concluded that PGE/1,5-PDAN(CA) has higher specific capacitance than PGE/1,5-PDAN(CV). Despite having high specific capacitance, long-term charge–discharge cycling stability of PGE/1,5-PDAN(CA) is lower than that of PGE/1,5-PDAN(CV). Additionally, electrodes exhibit high power and energy density, according to galvanostatic charge–discharge measurements. In conclusion, it can be said that PGE/1,5-PDAN(CV) and PGE/1,5-PDAN(CA) are promising materials for supercapacitor applications.     

Hierarchical nanocomposites of polyaniline scales coated on graphene oxide sheets for enhanced supercapacitors

The homogeneous polyaniline–graphene oxide (PANI-GO) nanocomposites were facilely assembled with a redox system in which cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) and iron dichloride (FeCl₂) acted as oxidant and reductant, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed that PANI scales coated uniformly on the surface of GO sheets owing to the synergistic effect between the PANI and GO. The obtained PANI-GO nanocomposites exhibited improved electrochemical performance as an electrode material for supercapacitors compared with the pure PANI. The specific capacitance of the PANI-GO nanocomposites was high up to 308.3 F g^?1, much higher than that of the pure PANI with specific capacitance of 150 F g^?1 at a current density of 1 A g^?1 in 2 M H₂SO₄ electrolyte. The Raman and XPS results illustrated that enhanced electrochemical performance might be attributed to the π-π conjugation between the PANI and GO sheets.     

Cysteine combined with carbon black as support for electrodeposition of poly (1,8-Diaminonaphthalene): Application as sensing material for efficient determination of nitrite ions

Poly 1,8-Diaminonaphtahlene/cysteine (poly 1,8-DAN/Cys) combined with carbon black (CB) nanoparticles are proposed as an excellent sensor for the detection of nitrite ions. To design the electrocatalyst, a simple approach consisting on drop-casting method was applied to disperse carbon black on the surface of glassy carbon electrode, followed by the immobilization of cysteine on the surface of CB nanoparticles. The electrochemical polymerization of 1,8-Diaminonaphthalene was conducted in acidic medium by using cyclic voltammetry. The prepared hybrid material was denoted poly 1,8-DAN /Cys/CB. Several methods were used to characterize the structural and electrochemical behavior of the reported hybrid material including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), amperometry and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The prepared electrode displayed an outstanding electroactivity towards nitrite ions reflected by an enhancement in the intensity of the current and a decrease of the charge transfer resistance. Poly 1,8-DAN/Cys/CB displayed an excellent sensing performance towards the detection of nitrite with a very low detection limit of 0.25 µM. Two linear ranges of 1–40 µM and 20–210 µM when using amperometry and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were obtained respectively. This work highlights the simple preparation of a polymeric film rich in amine and thiol groups for nitrite detection.     

Direct electrochemical detection of bisphenol A at PEDOT-modified glassy carbon electrodes

The electrochemical behavior of bisphenol A (BPA) was studied on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)-modified glassy carbon electrodes by cyclic voltammetry. It was observed that BPA oxidation on PEDOT film produced a BPA polymer (pBPA) showing excellent redox activity with anodic and cathodic peaks at 0.15 and 0.01 V, respectively; the former being evaluated for BPA electrochemical sensing. The amount of deposited pBPA has been estimated by electrochemical and spectroscopic analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The effect of scan rate and pH on the oxidation of pBPA film has been studied. The oxidation current was found to vary linearly with BPA concentration in the range 90–410 μM, and a detection limit of 55 μM was evaluated. Results of BPA amperometric detection have also been collected by using a repetitive potential step program to give a linear response to BPA in the concentration range 40–410 μM with a detection limit of 22 μM and a sensitivity of 1.57 μAμM^?1?cm^?2. The developed sensor showed satisfactory reproducibility and anti-interference properties and was successfully applied to BPA determination in mineral water samples.