Equations and forms of motion of a jet flowing onto a liquid

A nonlinear theory is constructed for a thin jet of nonviscous, incompressible, weightless fluid flowing from a nozzle onto the surface of an immobile heavy liquid. The theory is asymptotically (over jet thickness) more accurate than that presented in [1]. Forms of the flow are studied as functions of nozzle, jet, and heavy liquid parameters.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 6, pp. 20–28, November–December, 1976.     

Formation of active medium in a supersonic recombination-nonequilibrium plasma flow

A method of calculating a plasmodynamic laser from the given characteristics of the working fluid and the supersonic nozzle and from the stagnation parameters of the plasma in the nozzle forechamber is proposed. This method gives an analytic expression for the dependence of the inversion coefficient and the laser power on the above-mentioned parameters and serves mainly for the scientific planning of physical and detailed numerical experiments.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 109–114, January–February, 1988.     

Calculation of a supersonic gas jet exhausting into vacuum from a nozzle with an inclined exit

A study is made of the problem of supersonic exhausting of ideal gas into vacuum from a conical nozzle with inclined exit. The solution is sought in a region including part of the flow where the projection of the velocity vector of the gas onto the nozzle axis can be less than the local velocity of sound and take negative values.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, pp. 185–186, May–June, 1982.     

Supersonic ideal-gas flow of in the throat region of a nozzle

The problem of profiling a supersonic nozzle with uniform outlet flow is considered when the contour is constructed from a point on a given convergent section of the nozzle. It is shown that there are contours such that the flow in the throat is supersonic in choked regimes (as distinct from common notions of mixed or uniform sonic flow). The influence of flow nonuniformity in the throat region on the thrust of a supersonic nozzle is analyzed.Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, pp. 132–139, May–June, 1996.     

Semiempirical method of calculating overexpanded turbulent separated flow in a conical laval nozzle

A mathematical model of separated nozzle flow is developed. The model takes into account the effect of the boundary layer and the pressure variation over the entire separation zone inside the nozzle. The effect of the geometric and gas dynamic factors on the separated flow pattern is investigated numerically.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 6, pp. 60–66, November–December, 1988.     

Flow of a two-phase medium in a laval nozzle

The back reaction of particles on a gas flow in Laval nozzles was investigated experimentally. Experimental data were obtained that characterize the change produced by the particles of a solid phase in the shape of the sonic line, the pressure distribution on the nozzle profile, and the configuration of the shock waves in the jet. Flow rate coefficients are given for different nozzle profiles and mass fraction and sizes of the particles in the flow.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 107–111, January–February, 1981.     

Roll length of an annular underexpanded jet formed by a sonic nozzle with cylindrical rod on its axis

Experiments were made with annular nozzles with a central rod projecting beyond the nozzle to study the influence of the thickness of the nozzle gap, the curvature of the gap, the conical angle of the sonic nozzle, and the pressure difference on the length of the first roll of an underexparided jet. An expression was obtained for calculating the roll length as a function of these parameters for pressure differences greater than 4.4.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 4, pp. 167–171, July–August, 1980.     

Influence of acoustic reflectors on the discrete component in the noise spectrum of a supersonic off-design jet

An experimental investigation of the discrete component in the noise spectrum of an axisymmetrie off-design jet emerging from a sonic or supersonic nozzle into a submerged space is conducted. The influence of the diameter of the reflector, placed at the nozzle edge, on the level, frequency, and phase diagram of the discrete component is examined. The discrete component in the jet noise spectrum has been studied in [1–7].Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 6, pp. 157–160, November–December, 1977.     

Gas flow from a finite volume through a laval nozzle

Self-similar nonsteady flow in a Laval nozzle is considered; the flow is established when an ideal gas issues from a volume into a space at a sufficiently small pressure. The flow in the nozzle is assumed to be one-dimensional. Qualitative conclusions are formed on the effect of the nonsteady flow conditions on the distribution of M. For the case when the nonsteady properties have little effect, an asymptotic solution is obtained in quadratures and an example of a calculation is given.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2, pp. 71–76, March–April, 1978.     

Side escape of fluid from a stream through a nozzle

The coefficient of compression during escape from nozzles at a 60 angle to the fluid stream is found for the case of irrotational motion in the stream and the nozzle. Conditions are determined under which such a stream will exist. It is shown that an increase in the relative length of the nozzle does not affect the value of the compression coefficient.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2, pp. 156–159, March–April, 1975.     

Density field of a jet of viscous gas flowing from a conical nozzle into a vacuum

An approximate dependence for calculating the density field in a jet of viscous gas flowing from a conical nozzle into a vacuum is proposed on the basis of an experimental investigation and an analysis of the results of a numerical solution of the complete system of Navier-Stokes equations.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, pp. 25–30, May–June, 1986.     

Interaction of a blown gas jet with a supersonic oncoming stream without formation of a three-dimensional region of boundary layer separation

A study is made of the flow resulting from the interaction of a supersonic stream with a transverse sonic or supersonic jet blown at right angles to the direction of the main stream through a nozzle whose exit section is situated on a flat wall.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, pp. 137–139, May–June, 1981.     

On the possibility of blowing a gas jet into a supersonic flow without formation of a three-dimensional boundary-layer separation zone

We consider the flow formed by the interaction of a supersonic flow and a transverse sonic or supersonic jet blown at right angles to the direction of the main flow through a nozzle whose exit section is in a flat wall. When a gas jet is blown through a circular opening [1] the pressure rises in front of the jet because of the stagnation of the oncoming flow. This leads to separation of the boundary layer formed on the wall in front of the blowing nozzle. The resulting three-dimensional separation zone leads to a sharp increase in the pressure and the heat fluxes to the wall in front of the blowing nozzle, which is undesirable in many modern applications. The aim of the present investigation was to find a shape of the exit section of the blowing nozzle for which there is no three-dimensional separation zone of the boundary layer in front of the blowing nozzle.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, pp. 162–165, May–June, 1979.     

Possibility of separationless flow in a nozzle with strongly curved walls

An example is given of calculation of the flow in a two-dimensional Laval nozzle whose profile in the subsonic part is concave with respect to the direction of the oncoming flow. Under the hypothesis of a separationless flow of ideal gas on the walls of the nozzle, regions of deceleration of the flow are absent. Then the well-known criteria suggest the existence of a separationless boundary layer, which must ensure that the flow as a whole is separationless.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 5, pp. 188–189, September–October, 1980.     

Determination of optimum nozzle parameters in a gasdynamic laser

In connection with the use of supersonic nozzles to create lasers, the question arises of the optimum parameters of the nozzle and the gas mixture from the aspect of obtaining the greatest population inversion of the energy levels of internal degrees of freedom of molecules of the working gas and the greatest output power of the lasers. A rather complete concept of the kinetic processes taking place during the escape of a relaxing gas mixture containing carbon dioxide through a supersonic nozzle has now been developed on the basis of calculated and experimental data. In [1–4] the problems of optimization of the parameters of a CO₂-N₂-H₂O-He mixture and of the shape of the nozzle were set up and solved in a one-dimensional steady-state formulation. The influence of the two-dimensionality of the stream in an optimum nozzle on the laser characteristics is studied in the present report. The method of through calculation suggested in [5] is used to calculate the two-dimensional flow of a relaxing gas.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 5, pp. 23–26, September–October, 1978.     

Parameter formation behind the reflected wave in a shock tube with a nozzle

The reflection of a shock wave from the inlet of a nozzle of very simple geometry is analyzed on the basis of calculations carried out in the two-dimensional formulation. The nozzle throat is a sharp-edged slit in the end face of the tube leading to an expanding duct with straight generators. In this formulation the results of the investigation are quite general, since they depend on a minimum number of the determining parameters varied in the calculations.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 4, pp. 153–159, July–August, 1987.The authors wish to thank G. N. Nikolaev and I. M. Naboko for useful discussion of their results.     

Large-Scale Streamwise Vortices in the Supersonic Part of a Permeable Nozzle

Large-scale streamwise vortices in the vicinity of a perforated wall in the supersonic part of the nozzle are studied. The governing effect of gas inflow through a perforated wall on origination and parameters of streamwise vortices is experimentally established.__________Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 46, No. 5, pp. 68–75, September–October, 2005.     

Experimental investigation of the flow of a vibrationally nonequilibrium gas in a profiled nozzle

The results are given of measurements of the gain in a planar profiled nozzle for a mixture containing carbon dioxide gas and nitrogen with admixtures of oxygen and water vapor.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 203–206, January–February, 1980.We thank V. A. Poltoratskii for assistance in the experiments and G. D. Smekhov and S. A. Losev for helpful discussions.     

Induced flow close to the entry of a jet into a channel

The flow investigated here appears as a result of the ejecting action of a turbulent jet in conditions when a jet, after emerging from a cylindrical nozzle, impinges into a gas flow channel. Such conditions occur in gas distribution systems. A review of the investigations of flows induced by jets and the solution of a number of problems are contained in [1]. A distinctive feature of the problem investigated below is the stronger development of local characteristics and the specific flow geometry, and also its spatial inhomogeneity. The method of integral transforms is used and formulas for determining the velocity about the nozzle and the flow in the vicinity of jet entry into the gas channel are obtained.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 126–133, January–February, 1976.The author thanks T. Kh. Sedel'nikov for valuable suggestions.     

Investigation of lateral forces and moments in the case of asymmetric gas flows in nozzles

Supersonic three-dimensional flows of a gas in a nozzle are studied. The main attention is devoted to the study of lateral forces and moments resulting from asymmetric perturbations of the contour of an axisymmetric conical or profiled nozzle or due to asymmetric perturbations of the parameters at some section of the nozzle. The approach is comprehensive — through a finite-difference numerical method, the method of small perturbations, and experimentally.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 2, pp. 70–85, March–April, 1980.