Iterative Multikinoform Method for Improving the Reconstruction of Kinoform

The authors proposed an interlacing technique (IT) approach for the synthesis of kinoform which uses a number of subkinoforms interlaced together into a multikinoform. Using the IT approach, the reconstructed image can be improved by optimizing each subkinoform with the general error-reduction algorithm. In this paper, they show a new iterative algorithm based on the IT, namely an iterative multikinoform method (IMM). After each of the subkinoforms is generated by the IT, the error image, which is the difference between the desired image and the sum of the images reconstructed from all subkinoforms, is circulated into an individual subkinoform to optimize each subkinoform so that the reconstruction error can be reduced further. This process can be performed on all subkinoforms iteratively. Simulation results show that the reconstruction error can be reduced further for kinoforms with larger quantization levels (larger than 2⁴) and its convergence is very rapid when the IMM is used.     

结合线性回归的离轴数字全息去载波相位恢复算法

为实现仅用一幅离轴数字全息图便能直接恢复相位,提出一种利用空间载波相移技术(spatial carrier phase shift, SCPS)和线性回归相结合的离轴数字全息去载波相位恢复算法.首先,利用SCPS将一幅离轴数字全息图分为四幅含有载波相移的全息图,其中载波相移由沿行、列两个方向的正交载波所引入;然后,将四幅载波相移全息图作为输入,将所求物体相位和两个正交的载波作为未知量,结合最小二乘法和线性回归同时求出载波和相位信息.相较于已有的去载波技术,本算法无需背景全息图作为参考,便可准确地去除载波,实现高质量的相位重建.本文结合数值仿真和具体实验结果验证本算法的有效性和优越性.     

双随机相位加密中相息图的优化设计

采用基于记忆的模拟退火法对双随机相位加密中的相息图进行优化设计，并用该法分别对一 个二元图像和一个灰度图像进行了模拟实验.实验结果表明，在不增大设计冗余度的情况下 ，运用该方法可降低相息图和密钥的相位量化带来的误差，得到与原加密图像质量几乎相同 的解密图像. 关键词： 基于记忆的模拟退火法 双随机相位加密 优化设计     

Parallel-quadrature phase-shifting digital holographic microscopy using polarization beam splitter

We present a digital holography microscopy technique based on a parallel-quadrature phase-shifting method. Two π/2 phase-shifted holograms are recorded simultaneously using polarization phase-shifting principle, slightly off-axis recording geometry, and two identical CCD sensors. The parallel phase-shifting is realized by combining circularly polarized object beam with a 45° degree polarized reference beam through a polarizing beam splitter. DC term is eliminated by subtracting the two holograms from each other and the object information is reconstructed after selecting the frequency spectrum of the real image. Both amplitude and phase object reconstruction results are presented. Simultaneous recording eliminates phase errors caused by mechanical vibrations and air turbulences. The slightly off-axis recording geometry with phase-shifting allows a much larger dimension of the spatial filter for reconstruction of the object information. This leads to better reconstruction capability than traditional off-axis holography.     

Reconstruction of holograms generated by using a combination of an iterative method and an error diffusion method

Two-level quantized phase holograms produced by using a combination of an iterative method and an error diffusion method are presented. By using a previously proposed iterative method, images reconstructed from two-level quantized phase holograms are rapidly improved with small amounts of iterative operations but further improvement of the image quality is difficult even if the iterations are greatly increased. Therefore, in order to exceed the improvement limitation of the image quality, the combination of the iterative method and an error diffusion method was used for the hologram-making process. Experimental results using the combination method showed better images than those obtained by the iterative method alone, when referred to results from synthesized holograms.     

Quantum polarization fluctuations of partially coherent dark hollow beams in non-Kolmogorov turbulence atmosphere

Non-classical polarization properties of dark hollow beams propagating through non-Kolmogorov turbulence are studied. The analytic equation for the polarization degree of the quantization partially coherent dark hollow beams is obtained.It is found that the polarization fluctuations of the quantization partially coherent dark hollow beams are dependent on the turbulence factors and beam parameters with the detection photon numbers. Furthermore, an investigation of the changes in the on-axis propagation point and off-axis propagation point shows that the polarization degree of the quantization partially coherent dark hollow beams presents oscillation for a short propagation distance and gradually returns to zero for a sufficiently long distance.     

On-axis computer-generated holograms for three-dimensional display

The feasibility of on-axis synthetic near-field amplitude holograms for three-dimensional display applications is demonstrated. An iterative optimization algorithm is used that generates an object-dependent diffuser that utilizes the phase and, to some extent, amplitude freedoms in the reconstruction plane. The discrimination between twin images and undiffracted terms is thus improved. The on-axis approach presents important advantages: a low coherence requirement for the illuminating source, a lower spacebandwidth and higher viewing angle than with the off-axis alternatives. Defocusing and parallax are experimentally attained with an extended white-light source and a lensless setup.     

一种无线传感器网络中的混沌信号重构算法

将无线传感器网络节点观测区域中的一个混沌信号发送到融合中心,进行信号重构.由于节点的通信带宽受限,信号传输之前需要进行量化,给信号带来量化噪声,使得信号重构工作变得更为棘手.本文提出用平方根容积卡尔曼滤波器对融合中心收集的信号进行重构.首先估计观测信号的概率密度函数,使用最优量化器量化观测信号,在有限的量化比特数下,取得最优的信号量化性能.平方根容积卡尔曼滤波器相对无先导卡尔曼算法具有较少的求容积分点,因此具有计算量小的优点,同时迭代过程采用传递误差矩阵的平方根矩阵,保证迭代过程的稳定性和提高数据估计精度.仿真结果表明,该算法能够有效和快速地重构观测信号,并且比基于无先导卡尔曼滤波的算法更快.     

通道调制型偏振成像系统的偏振参量重建

通道调制型偏振成像系统中,焦平面上获取的信息需要通过目标偏振参量的重建才能有效提取,因而重建是目标识别、材料分析、生物医疗等技术进一步应用的前提.为了实现在非理想情况下通道调制型偏振成像系统的偏振参量精确重建,需要解决成像系统中电荷耦合器件(CCD)采样频率与频谱位置偏移对重建的影响.本文首先详细分析了频谱不发生混叠的条件:CCD采样频率应至少为4倍基频;在偏振干涉频谱位置偏移时,使用最大频谱法确定各个偏振态的载波频率,通过频移、滤波和傅里叶变换获得目标的偏振重建二维图像;最后通过计算机模拟仿真与实验分析结合的方法验证该重建方案的可行性与有效性.模拟与实验结果表明:改进后的偏振重建法得到的偏振图像与原始输入图像的均方差在0.001以下,峰值信噪比有明显的提高,且结构相似度可达到0.9以上,表明该方法获得的二维偏振态重建图像精度高,与理论偏振解调法相比具有很大的优越性.该工作希望为后续偏振探测与分析进一步的研究提供参考.     

Influence of turbulence on the spectrum of diffracted chirped Gaussian pulsed beams

The influence of turbulence on the spectrum of diffracted chirped Gaussian pulsed beams is studied in detail. By using the quadratic approximation of the Rytov’s phase structure function and the finite expansion of the aperture function, the analytical expression for the spectrum of diffracted chirped Gaussian pulsed beams propagating through atmospheric turbulence is derived. It is shown that in free space there exist the on-axis and off-axis multi-spectral switch for diffracted chirped Gaussian pulsed beams. However, the turbulence results in a decrease of the spectral transition height, and the spectral switch even disappears when the turbulence is strong enough, which is very different from the behavior of undiffracted chirped Gaussian pulsed beams. Specially, with increasing the strength of turbulence, the higher-order spectral switch disappears firstly for on-axis case, while the lower-order spectral switch disappears firstly for off-axis case. In free space the on-axis spectrum is blue-shifted after a certain propagation distance, but the on-axis spectrum is red-shifted after a shorter propagation distance when the turbulence is strong enough. The spectral transition height increases with increasing the chirp parameter and decreasing the pulse duration, and the odd number order position without spectral shift is independent of the chirp parameter and pulse duration.     

非相干光源无衍射光的自重建

基于Hankel 波理论分析了非相干光源产生Bessel光束的自重建特性, 利用光学设计软件ZEMAX模拟了Bessel光束经过轴上圆形障碍物后的截面光强分布. 由于发光二级管(LED) 具有一定的频谱宽度且不像激光具有很高的相干度, 因此我们采用一定频宽范围的连续谱来描述. 从模拟结果可以直观地看出Bessel光束被轴上圆形障碍物遮挡后逐步完成自重建, 说明用LED非相干光作为光源具有自重建特性.实验上采用LED和轴棱锥元件产生Bessel光束, 然后通过轴上圆形障碍物、轴上方形障碍物, 并拍摄了不同位置处的截面光强分布图, 证实了非相干光源产生Bessel光束的自重建特性.实验结果和模拟结果相符合. 关键词： 无衍射光束 LED光源 轴棱锥 自重建     

超短脉冲厄米-高斯光束在湍流大气中的光谱移动和光谱跃变

基于广义惠更斯-菲涅尔原理，推导出了超短脉冲厄米-高斯(H-G)光束在湍流大气中的光谱传输方程，研究了其光谱移动和光谱跃变特性，并给予了合理的物理解释.研究表明，超短脉冲H-G 光束通过湍流大气传输其光谱特性由大气折射率结构常数、厄米多项式阶数、脉冲宽度和观察点位置坐标等因素共同决定.轴上点光谱为蓝移，随着离轴距离的增大，光谱由蓝移变为红移，无光谱移动点的位置坐标与脉冲宽度无关.此外，当湍流增强到一定程度时离轴点还存在光谱跃变现象.自由空间与湍流大气中的光谱跃变行为存在很大的差异，本文对此进行了详细的分析. 关键词： 超短脉冲厄米-高斯(H-G)光束 湍流大气 光谱移动 光谱跃变     

Achromatic nulling interferometer for stellar coronography

A common-path interferometer that is intended for observation of a faint off-axis light source against the background of an intense on-axis source is suggested. The on-axis source and its replicated image acquire an achromatic phase shift of 180° and interfere in antiphase. The achromatic phase shift is due to the geometrical phase in the configuration of a 3D interferometer. Interference spatially separates the dark and bright fields of the on-axis source by directing them to different sides of a beam splitter. At the same time, interference does not attenuate the field of the off-axis source, directing it to different sides of the beam splitter with equal intensities. Such a configuration of the common-path interferometer provides mechanical stability.     

有倾斜透镜存在时两个刃型位错的相互作用

对存在倾斜透镜时两个刃型位错的相互作用进行了研究.研究表明, 两个离轴刃型位错在一定条件下由于相互作用会消失, 并有一个或两个非正则光涡旋产生, 一个共轴刃型位错和一个离轴刃型位错相互作用时产生一个非正则光涡旋. 当初始场中两个刃型位错相互垂直或者平行时, 出射场中会有一个或者两个刃型位错出现. 改变透镜的倾斜因子不影响出射场中位相奇点的类型和数量, 但位相奇点的横向位置与倾斜因子有线性关系. 两个刃型位错相互作用产生的光涡旋对的三维轨迹是非线性的, 但光涡旋对的中心沿直线传输. 关键词： 位相奇点 刃型位错 非正则光涡旋 倾斜透镜     

应用相息图再现二元图像的振幅配置法

针对应用相息图再现二元图像的图像质量劣化问题，提出一种基于对二元图像进行振幅补偿的改进方法，对二元图像的零振幅区进行一个微小量的振幅配置，实现该区域相位对迭代的参与，从而增加了相息图设计的自由度，改善了二元图像的质量。通过对模拟实验结果的比较分析，讨论了振幅补偿对二元图像质量的改善效果。     

Passive combination of multiple beams in an optical fiber via stimulated Brillouin scattering

We demonstrate passive combination of multiple beams in an optical fiber via stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS). Four off-axis beams are combined in a long multimode optical fiber using a novel all-optical mount. The combined beam has the high spatial coherence properties of the LP(01) mode owing to the beam cleanup properties of SBS. The threshold for SBS when off-axis pumps are used is shown to be a factor of 13 times higher than for on-axis pump beams. We propose this method would improve the brightness of an array of fiber amplifiers.     

Averaging scheme for atomic resolution off-axis electron holograms

All micrographs are limited by shot-noise, which is intrinsic to the detection process of electrons. For beam insensitive specimen this limitation can in principle easily be circumvented by prolonged exposure times. However, in the high-resolution regime several instrumental instabilities limit the applicable exposure time. Particularly in the case of off-axis holography the holograms are highly sensitive to the position and voltage of the electron-optical biprism. We present a novel reconstruction algorithm to average series of off-axis holograms while compensating for specimen drift, biprism drift, drift of biprism voltage, and drift of defocus, which all might cause problematic changes from exposure to exposure. We show an application of the algorithm utilizing also the possibilities of double biprism holography, which results in a high quality exit-wave reconstruction with 75 pm resolution at a very high signal-to-noise ratio.     

复数滤波器在数字全息图处理中的应用

数字全息图在微电路检测、粒度分析、透明场测量等小孔径、小视场对象测量和细胞观测等显微测量方面有着广泛的应用前景。根据离轴数字全息图的频谱特点,提出采用复数滤波器,利用计算机及相关算法对离轴数字全息图进行滤波,消除其零级及共轭像,同时可以得到全息图的相位分布。讨论了复数滤波器的设计方法,给出了实验结果。为数字全息图的压缩、再现和相息图制作提供了方便。     

Intensification and location of relativistic laser pulses against pointing fluctuations with micro-tube plasma lenses

We analyze, via an off-axis incident model and three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, the influence of beam pointing fluctuations (BPFs) on the propagation properties of relativistic laser pulses in micro-tubes. It is observed that the in-tube laser intensity can be further amplified in the BPFs-induced off-axis incident case. But the intensification factor exhibits strong polarization-dependence. When the laser pulse is linearly polarized in the off-axis incident plane (p-polarization), more electrons may be dragged out from about a half of the tube inner surface in each across section than in the on-axis incident case, enhancing the effects of relativistic nonlinearity and channel focusing. The area for generating more electrons is reduced by one half in the s-polarization case, resulting in less efficient light intensification. The BPFs-induced off-axis incident also leads to pulse shortening. Moreover, light confinement in the tube core is evident and the laser pulse tends to be coaxial with the tube.     

Common-path achromatic interferometer-coronagraph: nulling of polychromatic light

A three-dimensional common-path interferometer is proposed, which can achromatically null out an on-axis source while it maintains the detectability of an off-axis source. A geometric phase in the three-dimensional interferometer introduces an achromatic pi-phase shift to the light from the on-axis source, such that destructive interference nulls out the axial light at one of the ports of the interferometer. Light from the off-axis source, which is exempt from the pi-phase shift, comes out from both ports with equal intensity. The common-path scheme makes the system highly immune to environmental disturbances.