Hardware and software for the automating atomic-absorption spectrometers AAS, S115, and saturn

We describe a modified GELIOS System intended to automate the atomic-absorption spectrometers AAS, S115, SATURN, and Perkin-Elmer 503. Software is prepared in the visual environment of programming DELFI-3 and functions under the control of Windows 95. A distinguishing feature of the GELIOS System is simultaneous search for the peak and area of the absorption signal, correction of the errors of measurements, automatic digital filtration of data, control of the time of operation of hollow-cathode lamps, measurement of spectra and the statistical resource of the service life of hollow-cathode lamps, use of different methods to construct a calibrating graph, the possibility of memorizing the data of the analysis in an archived file, and a formation of the report for printing. The system contains an electrovic data directory on atomicabsorption analysis in five volumes for 67 elements of the Mendeleev system. To whom correspondence should be addressed. “University” Science and Production Center, 4, F. Skorina Ave., Minsk, 220050, Belarus. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 66, No. 5, pp. 734–737, September–October, 1999.     

The ground state energy per particle for infinite particle quantum systems

We give a simple proof that the ground state energy per particle for several interacting particle systems is monotone and bounded as the number of particles increases. Some of the systems for which the proof holds are anharmonic oscillator approximations to || _d ^/4 quantum fields, many body Schrödinger operators with nearest and next to nearest neighbor couplings, and systems whose energy is given by operators which are not restricted to being differential operators.Research partially supported by the National Science Foundation under grant No. MCS-77-03568     

Physics and applications of charged particle beam sources

The authors review the physics and a few applications of charged particle beam sources, most of which originate from, propagate through, or use as a target, a partially ionized plasma. The authors present the plasma phenomena and plasma conditions which are general to most of the charged particle sources, but also other approaches and the current status of the research. The authors describe the applications of charged particle beam sources using partially ionized plasmas in accelerators and ion implantation. The applications covered are those of accelerator sources and ion implantation     

Optimization of accelerated charged particle beam for ADS energy production

A comparative analysis and optimization of energy efficiency for proton and ion beams in ADS systems is performed via simulation using a GEANT4 code with account for energy consumption for different accelerator types. It is demonstrated that for light nuclei, beginning from ⁷Li, with energies above 1 GeV/nucleon, ion beams are considerably (several times) more efficient than the 1–3 GeV proton beam. The possibility of achieving energy deposition equivalent to 1 GeV protons in a quasi-infinite uranium target with higher efficiency (and twice as small accelerator size) in the case of acceleration of light ions is substantiated.     

Canonical algorithms for numerical integration of charged particle motion equations

A technique for numerically integrating the equation of charged particle motion in a magnetic field is considered. It is based on the canonical transformations of the phase space in Hamiltonian mechanics. The canonical transformations make the integration process stable against counting error accumulation. The integration algorithms contain a minimum possible amount of arithmetics and can be used to design accelerators and devices of electron and ion optics.     

Laser spectroscopy for QED tests in highly charged ions

An overview on laser spectroscopic work on highly charged ions (HCI) currently performed or in preparation at GSI is given. This includes laser spectroscopy on HCI in ion traps at the HITRAP facility and at the experimental storage ring (ESR).     

Electrostatic focusing of intense charged particle beams

Methods of forming solutions of the Maxwell equations for an electric field concerning the problem of focusing intensive charged particle beams are considered.     

Mass-selective trapping of pulsed charged particle beams

The phase-space method is used to evaluate the mass-selective ion confinement properties of the radio-frequency (rf) quadrupole ion trap with phase-synchronized switching-on of the driving rf field for pulsed ion injection from an external source. The results are of interest for on-line investigations of both short-lived isotopes and stable highly charged ions. In particular, singly charged ions with an energy of 10 eV and a mass in the neighborhood of 100 amu, injected along the gap or through an aperture on one of the electrodes, are considered. Mass-selective storage of the injected ions is possible for any trap operation point within the stability region by allowing a field-free drift distance before ion injection. It is shown that after appropriate scaling the results apply to the trapping of any pulsed beam of charged particles.     

On a quadratic first integral for the charged particle orbits in the charged Kerr solution

Associated with the charged Kerr solution of the Einstein gravitational field equation there is a Killing tensor of valence two. The Killing tensor, which is related to the angular momentum of the field source, is shown to yield a quadratic first integral of the equation of the motion for charged test particles.The research reported herein has been supported in part by the National Science Foundation, grants GP-8868, GP-20023, and GU-1598; the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, grant 903-67; the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, grant 44-004-001; and the Westinghouse Corporation.     

Electromagnetic energy and momentum from a charged particle

We compute the flux of the stress-energy tensor across a tube surrounding the world line of a charged particle. By slight modifications of the definition of the Coulomb energy-momentum, the resulting expression contains the radiation reaction term (proportional to the square of the four-acceleration) but not the Schott term (proportional to the derivative of the acceleration). The equation of motion for the particle derived from this expression implies a variable rest mass.     

Propagator for a charged particle in a time-dependent electromagnetic field

We first show that the propagator of a charged particle in a time-dependent electromagnetic field, obtained by choosing the vector and scalar potentials to be in static symmetric gauge, is related to the propagator of a one-dimensional particle under a time-dependent perturbative force and with generalized memory. For the case of a constant magnetic field, the latter can then be evaluated exactly with the help of a gaussian integral. Our new results are in agreement with the well-known results of simpler cases.     

Low-cost speckle interferometry for measuring 3D deformation fields: Hardware and software

In the present paper the authors propose a portable and low-cost speckle interferometer for evaluating 3D deformation fields. The interferometer was designed and realized with the aim of carrying out measurements on small areas, hence it can be used to approach problems characterized by displacement field with highly localized gradients, such as the strain relief occurring in residual stress evaluation or the displacements which arise around notches or crack tips. The costs of the experimental equipment were reduced by employing laser diodes as light sources, a PZT actuator designed and calibrated by the authors and a control electronics realized on purpose. Moreover the configuration which was adopted allows further saving on optical components. The experimental results reported at the end of the paper, and obtained by a specimen subjected to 3D rigid body motions, show a high repeatability and accuracy. Furthermore the experimental results have shown that the geometry of the optical setup implies the variation of the sensitivity vectors on the inspected area, but this effect can be evaluated (analytically and/or experimentally) and taken into account in order to increase the accuracy of the measurements.     

On the non-radiating motion of a charged particle

The most general class of the electric and magnetic fields such that a charged particle moving in this field will not radiate is obtained. Apart from suitably orientated constant fields, it includes some special varying (but steady) fields.     

Nondestructive diagnostics of charged particle beams in accelerators

The basic techniques for nondestructive diagnostics and detection of losses of charged particle beams used in accelerator engineering are reviewed. The data provided may help choose the systems for diagnostics and detection of losses of beams and give a qualitative picture of the operation principles of such devices. Quantitative characteristics that define the limits of applicability of each diagnostic technique are outlined.     

Geometrical mass of charged particle in Brans-Dicke theory

We develop a special class of solutions of the Brans-Dicke equations from vacuum solutions of Einstein's equations by applying a method due to Teixeira, Wolk, and Som. It is shown that the electric charge contributes positively to the geometric mass while the Brans-Dicke scalar field diminishes the geometric mass effectively.     

On the catastrophes of a charged particle bunch

The mean particle density at time catastrophes of a particle bunch is estimated in terms of a self-consistent model that describes the injection of the charged cold fluid. Analytical solutions for electron bunch injection into steady-state and variable electric fields are found.     

Acceleration and compression of charged particle bunches usingcounterpropagating laser beams

The nonlinear interaction between counterpropagating laser beams in a plasma results in the generation of large (enhanced) plasma wakes. The two beams need to be slightly detuned in frequency, and one of them has to be ultrashort (shorter than a plasma period). Thus produced wakes have a phase velocity close to the speed of light and can be used for acceleration and compression of charged bunches, The physical mechanism responsible for the enhanced wake generation is qualitatively described and compared with the conventional laser wakefield mechanism. We also demonstrate that depending on the sign of the frequency difference between the lasers, the enhanced wake can be used as a “snow-plow” to accelerate and compress either positively or negatively charged bunches. This ability can be used in an electron-positron injector