Fuel cycle for a fusion neutron source

The concept of a tokamak-based stationary fusion neutron source (FNS) for scientific research (neutron diffraction, etc.), tests of structural materials for future fusion reactors, nuclear waste transmutation, fission reactor fuel production, and control of subcritical nuclear systems (fusion–fission hybrid reactor) is being developed in Russia. The fuel cycle system is one of the most important systems of FNS that provides circulation and reprocessing of the deuterium–tritium fuel mixture in all fusion reactor systems: the vacuum chamber, neutral injection system, cryogenic pumps, tritium purification system, separation system, storage system, and tritium-breeding blanket. The existing technologies need to be significantly upgraded since the engineering solutions adopted in the ITER project can be only partially used in the FNS (considering the capacity factor higher than 0.3, tritium flow up to 200 m³Pa/s, and temperature of reactor elements up to 650°C). The deuterium–tritium fuel cycle of the stationary FNS is considered. The TC-FNS computer code developed for estimating the tritium distribution in the systems of FNS is described. The code calculates tritium flows and inventory in tokamak systems (vacuum chamber, cryogenic pumps, neutral injection system, fuel mixture purification system, isotope separation system, tritium storage system) and takes into account tritium loss in the fuel cycle due to thermonuclear burnup and β decay. For the two facility versions considered, FNS-ST and DEMO-FNS, the amount of fuel mixture needed for uninterrupted operation of all fuel cycle systems is 0.9 and 1.4 kg, consequently, and the tritium consumption is 0.3 and 1.8 kg per year, including 35 and 55 g/yr, respectively, due to tritium decay.     

UWTOR-M?a Conceptual Design Study of a Modular Stellarator Power Reactor

A preliminary design of a 5500 MWth modular stellarator power reactor, UWTOR-M, is presented. Discrete twisted coils are used in an Q = 3 configuration with maintainability as a prime consideration. The natural steliarator divertor is used for impurity control in conjunction with innovative high performance divertor targets. A unique blanket design is proposed which minimizes the overall tritium inventory in the reactor. Finally, a scheme for maintaining the first wall/blanket and other reactor components is discussed.     

聚变堆熔盐冷却偏滤器靶板结构设计与分析

为提高偏滤器的抗中子辐照能力,兼顾高热承载能力和聚变堆经济性的需要,提出了基于熔盐冷却(MSC)的偏滤器靶板结构设计。它采用FLiNaK作为冷却剂,钨镧合金为热沉材料,钨为第一壁材料。通过数值计算评估了靶板的热负荷承载能力,并完成了偏滤器冷却剂回路设计,优化了偏滤器各模块之间的流量分配。此MSC偏滤器靶板设计可以有效去除10~15MW•m^-2热负荷,为适应未来聚变堆偏滤器靶板发展的需要提供了一种设计解决方案。     

Activation Characteristics of Fuel Breeding Blanket Module in Fusion Driven Subcritical System

Shortage of energy resources and production of long-lived radioactivity wastes from fission reactors are among the main problems which will be faced in the world in the near future. The conceptual design of a fusion driven subcritical system (FDS) is underway in Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. There are alternative designs for multi-functional blanket modules of the FDS, such as fuel breeding blanket module (FBB) to produce fuels for fission reactors, tritium breeding blanket module to produce the fuel, i.e. tritium, for fusion reactor and waste transmutation blanket module to try to permanently dispose of long-lived radioactivity wastes from fission reactors, etc. Activation of the fuel breeding blanket of the fusion driven subcritical system (FDSFBB) by D-T fusion neutrons from the plasma and fission neutrons from the hybrid blanket are calculated and analysed under the neutron wall loading 0.5 MW/m2 and neutron fluence 15 MW.yr/m2. The neutron spectrum is calculated with the worldwide-used transport code MCNP/4C and activation calculations are carried out with the well known European inventory code FISPACT/99 with the latest released IAEA Fusion Evaluated Nuclear Data Library FENDL-2.0 and the ENDF/B-V uranium evaluated data. Induced radioactivities, dose rates and afterheats, etc, for different components of the FDS-FBB are compared and analysed.     

适用于聚变装置偏滤器部件的高热负荷测试平台真空腔体系统设计

对托卡马克聚变装置偏滤器的高热负荷测试平台真空腔体系统进行了结构设计,其中包括真空室、真空抽气系统、部件调节机构、小型水冷系统和电子枪操作平台,利用Ansys对真空室主体结构的合理性和可靠性进行了验证.模拟结果表明:真空室外壁温度不超过50℃,真空室及其支撑上的最大应力分别为134.49MPa和48.76MPa,满足许...     

混合堆第一壁中子辐照损伤模拟

利用蒙特卡罗程序和辐照损伤程序,通过构建模型,对常用的第一壁材料W,Fe,Be的中子辐照造成的离位损伤、裂变气体产生量进行了模拟计算,结果表明,混合堆与纯聚变堆相比,可以明显降低对第一壁材料的损伤要求。在W,Fe,Be三种材料之中,对于纯聚变堆来说,Be的离位损伤最小;对于混合堆来说,W的离位损伤、裂变气体产生量最低。从中子辐照损伤的角度来说,Be更适宜作纯聚变堆的第一壁材料,而W则更适宜作混合堆的第一壁材料。     

Resonant helical divertor

A concept for a helical divertor is proposed, which utilizes a resonance effect, and reduces the required divertor currents to a small fraction (typically 10^-2) of the plasma current. This divertor should have a larger screening efficiency than the poloidal field divertor, and could operate with divertor coils outside the vacuum vessel or the blanket.     

高增益包层失流事故热工安全分析

利用系统分析程序RELAP5/Mod 3.4对基于中国聚变工程实验堆(CFETR)的高增益包层聚变堆进行了全堆尺度的安全分析。针对包层结构复杂、部件众多的特点,提出了对包层两套冷却系统的复杂流动和传热结构的等效建模方法,并建立了两套冷却系统间的传热模型。在此基础上完成全包层模型,对稳态运行工况进行了计算验证,并选取燃料区全部失流事故进行安全分析。计算结果表明:在事故过程中,第一壁-产氚区冷却系统能够带走燃料区的部分衰变热,高增益包层的各项热工参数均未超过限值。这表明包层能够有效地抵御此类事故,具有良好的热工安全特性。     

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Using a one-dimensional (1D) neutronics model, the neutronics performance in the China fusion engineering test reactor (CFETR) with latest design dimensions of vacuum vessel is calculated under the 2GW fusion power. The shielding effect of neutron reflecting material ZrH₂ on neutrons is calculated, and it is found that the 20cm reflector can shield 94.3% neutron fluence and 94.9% neutron nuclear heat. Meanwhile, the minimum shield blanket thickness corresponding to different neutron wall loads is calculated when CFETR is operated at 10FPY (full power year) and 20FPY. The results show that the minimum shield blanket thickness are 44cm, 53cm, and 65cm corresponding to the neutron wall loads with 1.0MW·m⁻², 1.5MW·m⁻², and 2.5MW·m⁻² respectively after the device is operated at 10 FPY; whereas the shielding blanket needs to be thicker in the radial direction to meet the neutron shielding requirements after the device is operated at 20FPY. The optimized size of the shielding blanket provides a significant reference for the design of CFETR advanced blanket.     

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介绍了EAST超导托卡马克偏滤器的最新冷却模块结构。利用FLUENT有限元软件对不同参数下的模型进行了稳态热分析,定量研究了冷却模块换热能力随各参数的变化规律。针对EAST装置给出了初步优化的参数范围,为水冷钨铜偏滤器的设计制造提供了参考。这对于托卡马克装置及聚变堆偏滤器研究具有十分重要的意义。     

2GW功率下CFETR中子屏蔽的初步中子学研究

在中国聚变工程实验堆(CFETR)真空室最新设计尺寸下,利用蒙特卡洛中子输运程序(MCNP)建立一维中子学模型,在2GW 的聚变功率下进行了计算。分析了中子反射材料ZrH₂ 对中子的屏蔽效果,发现200mm 的反射层可以屏蔽94.3%的中子通量和94.9%的中子核热。研究CFETR 在运行10 个满功率年(FPY)和20FPY 后,对应不同中子壁载荷的最小屏蔽包层厚度。结果显示,装置运行10FPY 后中子壁载荷在1.0MW·m⁻²、1.5MW·m⁻²、 2.5MW·m⁻² 时所对应的最小屏蔽包层厚度分别为44cm、53cm、65cm;而在装置运行20FPY 后,则需要在径向方向更厚的屏蔽包层才能满足中子屏蔽要求。屏蔽包层的尺寸优化将为目前阶段的CFETR 先进包层设计提供参考。     

Plasma-facing materials for fusion devices

In a future D/T fusion reactor the walls of the vessel containing the magnetically confined hot plasma have to stand simultaneously very high power, particle and neutron loads. In today’s high temperature plasma experiments at the areas of the highest load, i.e. the divertor and the limiters, W, Mo and Carbon (CFC) are used and Be, W, Mo, Inconel and stainless steel are at the other wall areas. These materials are also envisaged for future bigger fusion experiments, such as ITER [1–3]. The resistance of these materials to the different expected higher loads in a fusion reactor is only partly known and more investigations are needed with respect to find better materials and/or a modification of the divertor.     

高增益包层冷却系统设计及初步热工水力分析北大核心CSCD

高增益包层氚增殖率能够达到1.5以上,能量放大倍数约为5,包层燃料区平均功率达50MW/m3,针对包层存在高功率密度区的这一特点,设计了采用迂回流动方案的水冷系统,主要由内嵌冷却管和汇总分流腔组成。建立了包括第一壁和燃料区的包层三维热工水力计算模型,利用CFD程序FLUENT对冷却系统进行模拟分析,研究了稳态工况条件下包层关键区域的整体热工水力特性。结果表明,该水冷系统流量分配合理,燃料区冷却剂压降为102kPa,出口温度为594K,符合设计预期。包层温度分布结果表明各区域最高温度均满足限值要求,冷却系统能够有效载出包层内裂变反应释放的热量。     

Z箍缩聚变裂变混合堆包层中子学分析

作为一种有竞争力的能源系统,Z箍缩聚变裂变混合堆(Z-FFR)正在开展概念研究,包层研究正是其中重要的一部分。建立了Z-FFR包层设计模型,分析了包层影响因素、中子平衡、通量与功率密度、燃耗等方面,表明该包层设计在50年内能量放大因子、氚增殖比和燃料增殖比的平均值分别为14.91,1.294和5.140,满足设计要求。针对聚变源的脉冲特性进行了包层的瞬态中子学分析,发现燃料区中子脉冲可分为聚变中子、瞬发裂变中子和缓发裂变中子脉冲三个部分,绝大部分热量约在0.01s内沉积。结果较完整地给出了Z-FFR包层的中子学参数,为概念研究提供了基础。     

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采用一体化安全分析程序,建立了ITER装置第一壁/包层及其主热传输系统、抑压系统的事故分析模型。对真空室内第一壁冷却剂管道双端断裂的失水事故进行计算,并选取单根冷却剂管道双端断裂和多根冷却剂管道双端断裂导致的失水事故工况进行热工水力行为的研究,分析相关系统的热力响应。分析表明,在发生第一壁冷却剂管道断裂事故后,由于冷却剂向真空室内释放,导致真空室内压力升高,之后由于抑压系统爆破盘的开启,可以有效缓解真空室内压力的升高,能够保障真空室系统满足设计限值。     

Impurity behaviours of HL-2A divertor tokamak during the initial operation period

The divertor configuration was successfully formed and the siliconization as a wall conditioning was first achieved on HL-2A tokamak experimentally in 2004. The divertor configuration is reconstructed by the use of the CFC code. Impurity as an important issue is investigated in the experiments with divertor configuration and wall conditioning. Impurities dramatically decrease after both the divertor configuration is formed and silicon is coated on the surface of the vacuum vessel.     

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In a fusion reactor, the blanket is one of the core components inside the vacuum vessel, it is directly facing the plasma, and the working environment is very harsh. In this paper, the induced eddy current and suffered electromagnetic force in the blanket of China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) has been calculated by the vector electromagnetic method of ANSYS in the major plasma disruption or the vertical displacement event. The modeling, the current source loading, boundary conditions setting, solving and calculated results are presented. This will provides the necessary reference data and method for future detailed design and optimization of the blanket components.     

等离子体破裂工况下的聚变堆包层组件电磁分析

在聚变堆中,包层是真空室内的核心部件之一,它直接面对等离子体,工作环境十分恶劣。利用ANSYS 软件的矢量电磁法,计算了中国聚变工程实验堆(CFETR)包层在离子体破裂和垂直位移事件中感应的涡电流和电磁力。介绍了建模、电流源加载、边界条件的设置、求解和计算结果。这为今后包层组件结构的详细设计和优化提供了必要的参考数据和方法。     

Activation Calculation for a Fusion-driven Sub-critical Experimental Breeder, FDEB

In fusion breeders, the flux and energy spectra of neutrons undergo a great change throughout the first wall and blanket. Therefore, to get correct spatial and temporal distributions of radioactive nuclides, a calculation method practical for a fission breeder cannot be directly applied in a fusion breeder. As a result, a code FDKR, which is applicable to radioactivity calculations for fusion breeders, has been developed and its corresponding decay chain library has been produced. Radioactivity, afterheat, BHP and WDR calculations have been performed for the FDEB using the code FDKR, and results are given.     

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简要描述了CFETR氦冷固态增殖包层的结构设计,介绍了包层第一壁的冷却结构。用ANSYS CFX程序对 CFETR 包层第一壁进行了热工水力分析。研究了如何获得第一壁的最佳出口温度,并保证第一壁结构材料的热负荷承受能力。讨论了通过改变冷却管道粗糙度和优化冷却管道布置两种方法对第一壁结构进行优化。结果表明,优化的冷却回路既满足了材料的许用温度要求,又满足了氦气的出口温度要求。