用气相色谱-质谱法和薄层色谱法分析蓝色圆珠笔油墨及其分类

采用气相色谱-质谱法和薄层色谱法对110支不同产地、品牌的蓝色圆珠笔油墨进行检测及种类鉴定。以气相色谱-质谱法研究了圆珠笔油墨中的溶剂组成,据此样品可分为6大类;以薄层色谱法检测了油墨中的染料组成,根据染料斑点的个数、位置、颜色及薄层扫描后吸收峰中标准峰的位置,将样品分为了17类。综合分析上述两种色谱检测的结果,同时考察溶剂和染料在组成上的差异,将110支不同品牌、产地的蓝色圆珠笔分为了35类,可以达到某些品牌之间的区分和认定,比依据单一检验手段得到的分类结果更为精准、系统。     

基于多变量-系统聚类分析法区分蓝色圆珠笔色痕

综合应用不同的检验方法对110支不同产地、品牌的蓝色圆珠笔油墨进行检验及种类鉴定。采用气相色谱-质谱法和薄层色谱法分别研究了圆珠笔油墨中的溶剂组成和染料组成。通过数据预处理,分别建立了不同样品气相色谱法和薄层色谱法的共有谱图,采用二值法对特征数据进行提取,将定性信息数量化,将欧氏距离的平方作为样品之间差异的量度进行系统聚类分析,并将分类结果用于判别分析,建立相应的判别式函数。结果表明,基于多变量的系统聚类结果由于同时考察油墨的溶剂和染料在组成上的差异,将110支不同品牌、产地的蓝色圆珠笔分为了29类,可以达到品牌之间的区分和认定,较依据单一检验手段得到的分类结果更为精确、系统。尝试结合判别式函数对未知色痕进行分类,由于样本量较少,因此交叉验证得到的分类正确率仅为47.7%,但通过本实验将化学计量学中的相关算法引入到油墨种类的鉴别中,为添改文件、文件形成时间的检验提供了更加准确的结果,为建立油墨样本库提供了数据支持。     

胶束电动毛细管色谱法鉴别蓝色圆珠笔油墨

建立了用胶束电动毛细管色谱法（MECC）对纸上微量蓝色圆珠笔油墨进行分析鉴别的方法。研究了检测波长、电压、温度及电泳缓冲液中各组分浓度等因素对圆珠笔油墨分离的影响。当电压为25kV、柱温为25℃，检测波长为200nm时，以50mmol/L SDS-50mmol/L硼砂溶液（外加体积分数为45％的乙腈）为缓冲液，20种微量圆珠笔油墨样品样到了良好的鉴别。     

薄层色谱法分析圆珠笔色痕形成时间

 利用薄层色谱法对 70种市售的蓝色圆珠笔油墨的染料成分进行了研究。通过与染料标样的薄层色谱数据比较 ,发现国内圆珠笔厂生产的圆珠笔所用的油墨中的染料主要包括碱性紫、碱性蓝及铜酞菁 ,只是不同厂家的油墨中几种染料的配比不同。根据薄层扫描仪对油墨各斑点的扫描结果 ,确定了圆珠笔油墨成分中碱性紫和铜酞菁染料的峰高比值随着书写时间变化的关系 ,从而为法庭科学工作中鉴定圆珠笔字迹的色痕形成时间提供了可靠的依据。     

气相色谱法分析圆珠笔油墨

1　实验部分1.1　仪器、试剂及样品　　HP6890型气相色谱仪,配氢火焰离子化检测器(FID)、取样器、微量进样器(10μL)。乙腈(特级色谱纯),苯氧基乙醇、苯甲醇(由上海笔芯厂提供)。中国产75种蓝色圆珠笔油墨样品;中国及日本、俄罗斯产15种黑色圆珠笔油墨样品;中国产6种红色圆珠笔油墨样品。1.2　色谱条件　　色谱柱:FFAP高惰性交联弹性石英毛细管柱(30m×0 25mmi d ×0 3μm);柱温:45℃(1min)5℃/min220℃(10min);检测器温度:320℃;载气(N2)流速:1 5mL/min;H2流速:35 0mL/min;空气流速:350mL/min;尾吹气流速:18mL/min。1.3　纯溶剂样品…     

圆珠笔油墨字迹色痕的高效液相色谱分析方法

采用正交实验设计法从多种流动相体系中优选出了圆珠笔油墨字迹色痕的高效液相色谱分析条件。在此条件下分析了105种市售的不同生产厂家和牌号蓝色圆珠笔油墨的字迹色痕,并依据有色成分的差异将这些同色油墨分成了6大类,考察了纸张的影响因素及在该条件下分析结果的重现性和精密度,为进一步分析鉴定圆珠笔字迹色痕的形成时间提供了有利条件。     

黑色圆珠笔油墨的高效液相色谱法分析

建立了黑色圆珠笔油墨字迹色痕的高效液相色谱法的分析条件和实验方法,采用乙腈-NH4HCO3溶液（10mmoL／L）（体积60：40）为流动相,检测波长580nm,同时利用质谱法作为佐证。在此条件下对市售的51支不同生产厂家和品牌黑色圆珠笔油墨的字迹色痕进行了分析,根据油墨中所含染料成分的差异将其分为6大类,考察了纸张的影响及在该分析条件下结果的精密度和重复性。     

气相色谱法确定蓝色圆珠笔油墨字迹的形成时间

选择适当的内标物,利用气相色谱法测定蓝色圆珠笔油墨中展色剂苯甲醇和苯氧基乙醇这两种组分的含量(以峰面积计),以展色剂的峰面积、内标物的峰面积与紫外-可见光谱测得的参比物墨水中的染料的吸光度值这三者之比为纵坐标,以字迹形成时间为横坐标,确定了字迹形成曲线,从而建立了确定字迹形成时间的方法。选择了不同种类的蓝色圆珠笔油墨进行检测,获得了良好的实验效果,为圆珠笔油墨字迹形成时间的推断建立了一种可靠而又系统的方法。该方法适用于实际办案。     

高效液相色谱法分析蓝色的圆珠笔油墨中染料

采用反相高效液相色谱法-二极管阵列检测器对88种不同产地、不同厂商、不同品牌的蓝色的圆珠笔油墨字迹进行分析。以Xterra MS C18柱(3.9 mm×150 mm,5μm)为分离柱,0.01 mol.L-1碳酸氢铵溶液与乙腈以体积比35比65混合溶液为流动相,流量为0.8 mL.min-1。根据油墨中分离出的主要染料成分结晶紫、甲基紫、碱性品蓝、碱性艳蓝B、碱性艳蓝BO、磺化铜酞菁、罗丹明B含量的不同,将所被分析的圆珠笔分为9类,并提出了根据染料成分的相对峰面积来区分同类圆珠笔品牌的方法。     

蓝色圆珠笔字迹色痕傅里叶变换显微红外光谱法的无损分析

利用傅里叶变换显微红外光谱法中的微区衰减全反射采样技术无损测定了纸张上圆珠笔油墨所形成的字迹色痕,获得了１０种不同圆珠笔字迹的显微红外光谱图。结果表明,笔迹色痕的微区衰减全反射谱图可明显地识别色料和溶剂的结构组成;快速地分辨各生产厂家油墨的差异。同时,纸张的不同,字迹书写的深浅均可快速,准确地进行无损分析。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。