Influence of terpyridine as pi-acceptor ligand on the kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of NO with ruthenium(III) complexes

The kinetics of the unusually fast reaction of cis- and trans-[Ru(terpy)(NH3)2Cl]2+ (with respect to NH3; terpy=2,2':6',2"-terpyridine) with NO was studied in acidic aqueous solution. The multistep reaction pathway observed for both isomers includes a rapid and reversible formation of an intermediate Ru(III)-NO complex in the first reaction step, for which the rate and activation parameters are in good agreement with an associative substitution behavior of the Ru(III) center (cis isomer, k1=618 +/- 2 M(-1) s(-1), DeltaH(++) = 38 +/- 3 kJ mol(-1), DeltaS(++) = -63 +/- 8 J K(-1) mol(-1), DeltaV(++) = -17.5 +/- 0.8 cm3 mol(-1); k -1 = 0.097 +/- 0.001 s(-1), DeltaH(++) = 27 +/- 8 kJ mol(-1), DeltaS(++) = -173 +/- 28 J K(-1) mol(-1), DeltaV(++) = -17.6 +/- 0.5 cm3 mol(-1); trans isomer, k1 = 1637 +/- 11 M(-1) s(-1), DeltaH(++) = 34 +/- 3 kJ mol(-1), DeltaS(++) = -69 +/-11 J K(-1) mol(-1), DeltaV(++) = -20 +/- 2 cm3 mol(-1); k(-1)=0.47 +/- 0.08 s(-1), DeltaH(++)=39 +/- 5 kJ mol(-1), DeltaS(++) = -121 +/-18 J K(-1) mol(-1), DeltaV(++) = -18.5 +/- 0.4 cm3 mol(-1) at 25 degrees C). The subsequent electron transfer step to form Ru(II)-NO+ occurs spontaneously for the trans isomer, followed by a slow nitrosyl to nitrite conversion, whereas for the cis isomer the reduction of the Ru(III) center is induced by the coordination of an additional NO molecule (cis isomer, k2=51.3 +/- 0.3 M(-1) s(-1), DeltaH(++) = 46 +/- 2 kJ mol(-1), DeltaS(++) = -69 +/- 5 J K(-1) mol(-1), DeltaV(++) = -22.6 +/- 0.2 cm3 mol(-1) at 45 degrees C). The final reaction step involves a slow aquation process for both isomers, which is interpreted in terms of a dissociative substitution mechanism (cis isomer, DeltaV(++) = +23.5 +/- 1.2 cm3 mol(-1); trans isomer, DeltaV(++) = +20.9 +/- 0.4 cm3 mol(-1) at 55 degrees C) that produces two different reaction products, viz. [Ru(terpy)(NH3)(H2O)NO]3+ (product of the cis isomer) and trans-[Ru(terpy)(NH3)2(H2O)]2+. The pi-acceptor properties of the tridentate N-donor chelate (terpy) predominantly control the overall reaction pattern.     

Hydroxylation of phenolic compounds by a peroxodicopper(II) complex: further insight into the mechanism of tyrosinase

The dicopper(I) complex [Cu2(MeL66)]2+ (where MeL66 is the hexadentate ligand 3,5-bis-{bis-[2-(1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-ethyl]-amino}-meth ylbenzene) reacts reversibly with dioxygen at low temperature to form a mu-peroxo adduct. Kinetic studies of O2 binding carried out in acetone in the temperature range from -80 to -55 degrees C yielded the activation parameters DeltaH1(not equal) = 40.4 +/- 2.2 kJ mol(-1), DeltaS1)(not equal) = -41.4 +/- 10.8 J K(-1) mol(-1) and DeltaH(-1)(not equal) = 72.5 +/- 2.4 kJ mol(-1), DeltaS(-1)(not equal) = 46.7 +/- 11.1 J K(-1) mol(-1) for the forward and reverse reaction, respectively, and the binding parameters of O2 DeltaH degrees = -32.2 +/- 2.2 kJ mol(-1) and DeltaS degrees = -88.1 +/- 10.7 J K(-1) mol(-1). The hydroxylation of a series of p-substituted phenolate salts by [Cu2(MeL66)O2]2+ studied in acetone at -55 degrees C indicates that the reaction occurs with an electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism, with a Hammett constant rho = -1.84. The temperature dependence of the phenol hydroxylation was studied between -84 and -70 degrees C for a range of sodium p-cyanophenolate concentrations. The rate plots were hyperbolic and enabled to derive the activation parameters for the monophenolase reaction DeltaH(not equal)ox = 29.1 +/- 3.0 kJ mol(-1), DeltaS(not equal)ox = -115 +/- 15 J K(-1) mol(-1), and the binding parameters of the phenolate to the mu-peroxo species DeltaH degrees(b) = -8.1 +/- 1.2 kJ mol(-1) and DeltaS degrees(b) = -8.9 +/- 6.2 J K(-1) mol(-1). Thus, the complete set of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for the two separate steps of O2 binding and phenol hydroxylation have been obtained for [Cu2(MeL66)]2+.     

Protonated p-Benzoquinone

The structure and energetics of protonated p-benzoquinone (pBQ) have been investigated using high-pressure mass spectrometry and ab initio calculations. The experimental proton affinity of pBQ is 801.4 +/- 8.9 kJ/mol (191.5 +/- 2.1 kcal/mol) (1sigma) from bracketing measurements and hydration thermochemistry. This value is supported by theory and by analogies with related compounds. In its protonation chemistry, pBQ behaves as an aliphatic ketone, both structurally and energetically. The dissociation of the hydrate (pBQH(+)).(H(2)O) is characterized by DeltaH degrees (D) = 90.0 +/- 2.3 kJ/mol and DeltaS degrees (D) = 123.4 +/- 4.9 J/mol.K (95% confidence).     

Formation and reactivity of Ir(III) hydroxycarbonyl complexes

Kinetic studies show that the reaction of [TpIr(CO)2] (1, Tp = hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borate) with water to give [TpIr(CO2H)(CO)H] (2) is second order (k = 1.65 x 10(-4) dm(3) mol(-1) s(-1), 25 degrees C, MeCN) with activation parameters DeltaH++= 46+/-2 kJ mol(-1) and DeltaS++ = -162+/-5 J K(-1) mol(-1). A kinetic isotope effect of k(H2O)/k(D2O) = 1.40 at 20 degrees C indicates that O-H/D bond cleavage is involved in the rate-determining step. Despite being more electron rich than 1, [Tp*Ir(CO)2] (1*, Tp* = hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate) reacts rapidly with adventitious water to give [Tp*Ir(CO2H)(CO)H] (2*). A proposed mechanism consistent with the relative reactivity of 1 and 1* involves initial protonation of Ir(I) followed by nucleophilic attack on a carbonyl ligand. An X-ray crystal structure of 2* shows dimer formation via pairwise H-bonding interactions of hydroxycarbonyl ligands (r(O...O) 2.65 A). Complex 2* is thermally stable but (like 2) is amphoteric, undergoing dehydroxylation with acid to give [Tp*Ir(CO)2H]+ (3*) and decarboxylation with OH- to give [TpIr(CO)H2] (4*). Complex 2 undergoes thermal decarboxylation above ca. 50 degrees C to give [TpIr(CO)H2] (4) in a first-order process with activation parameters DeltaH++ = 115+/-4 kJ mol(-1) and DeltaS++ = 60+/-10 J K(-1) mol(-1).     

Kinetics of Water Exchange on the Dihydroxo-Bridged Rhodium(III) Hydrolytic Dimer

()()Conventional (18)O isotopic labeling techniques have been used to measure the water exchange rates on the Rh(III) hydrolytic dimer [(H(2)O)(4)Rh(&mgr;-OH)(2)Rh(H(2)O)(4)](4+) at I = 1.0 M for 0.08 < [H(+)] < 0.8 M and temperatures between 308.1 and 323.1 K. Two distinct pathways of water exchange into the bulk solvent were observed (k(fast) and k(slow)) which are proposed to correspond to exchange of coordinated water at positions cis and trans to bridging hydroxide groups. This proposal is supported by (17)O NMR measurements which clearly showed that the two types of water ligands exchange at different rates and that the rates of exchange matched those from the (18)O labeling data. No evidence was found for the exchange of label in the bridging OH groups in either experiment. This contrasts with findings for the Cr(III) dimer. The dependence of both k(fast) and k(slow) on [H(+)] satisfied the expression k(obs) = (k(O)[H(+)](tot) +k(OH)K(a1))/([H(+)](tot) + K(a1)) which allows for the involvement of fully protonated and monodeprotonated Rh(III) dimer. The following rates and activation parameters were determined at 298 K. (i) For fully protonated dimer: k(fast) = 1.26 x 10(-)(6) s(-)(1) (DeltaH() = 119 +/- 4 kJ mol(-)(1) and DeltaS() = 41 +/- 12 J K(-)(1) mol(-)(1)) and k(slow) = 4.86 x 10(-)(7) s(-)(1) (DeltaH() = 64 +/- 9 kJ mol(-)(1) and DeltaS() = -150 +/- 30 J K(-)(1) mol(-)(1)). (ii) For monodeprotonated dimer: k(fast) = 3.44 x 10(-)(6) s(-)(1) (DeltaH() = 146 +/- 4 kJ mol(-)(1) and DeltaS() = 140 +/- 11 J K(-)(1) mol(-)(1)) and k(slow) = 2.68 x 10(-)(6) s(-)(1) (DeltaH() = 102 +/- 3 kJ mol(-)(1) and DeltaS() = -9 +/- 11 J K(-)(1) mol(-)(1)). Deprotonation of the Rh(III) dimer was found to labilize the primary coordination sphere of the metal ions and thus increase the rate of water exchange at positions cis and trans to bridging hydroxides but not to the same extent as for the Cr(III) dimer. Activation parameters and mechanisms for ligand substitution processes on the Rh(III) dimer are discussed and compared to those for other trivalent metal ions and in particular the Cr(III) dimer.     

The impact of tripodal chelates on water exchange kinetics and mechanisms: a variable temperature and pressure 17O NMR study to clarify the structure-reactivity relationship in [Fe(II)(L)(H2O2](-) complexes

The effect of temperature and pressure on the water exchange reaction of [Fe(II)(NTA)(H2O)2](-) and [Fe(II)(BADA)(H2O)2](-) (NTA = nitrilotriacetate; BADA = beta-alanindiacetate) was studied by 17O NMR spectroscopy. The [Fe(II)(NTA)(H2O)2](-) complex showed a water exchange rate constant, k(ex), of (3.1 +/- 0.4) x 10(6) s(-1) at 298.2 K and ambient pressure. The activation parameters DeltaH( not equal), DeltaS( not equal) and DeltaV( not equal) for the observed reaction are 43.4 +/- 2.6 kJ mol(-1), + 25 +/- 9 J K(-1) mol(-1) and + 13.2 +/- 0.6 cm(3) mol(-1), respectively. For [Fe(II)(BADA)(H2O)2](-), the water exchange reaction is faster than for the [Fe(II)(NTA)(H2O)2](-) complex with k(ex) = (7.4 +/- 0.4) x 10(6) s(-1) at 298.2 K and ambient pressure. The activation parameters DeltaH( not equal), DeltaS( not equal) and DeltaV( not equal) for the water exchange reaction are 40.3 +/- 2.5 kJ mol(-1), + 22 +/- 9 J K(-1) mol(-1) and + 13.3 +/- 0.8 cm(3) mol(-1), respectively. The effect of pressure on the exchange rate constant is large and very similar for both systems, and the numerical values for DeltaV( not equal) suggest in both cases a limiting dissociative (D) mechanism for the water exchange process.     

An unusual exchange between alkylidyne alkyl and bis(alkylidene) tungsten complexes promoted by phosphine coordination: kinetic, thermodynamic, and theoretical studies

d0 Tungsten alkylidyne alkyl complex (Me3SiCH2)3W(CSiMe3)(PMe3) (4a) was found to undergo a rare, PMe3-promoted exchange with its bis(alkylidene) tautomer (Me3SiCH2)2W(=CHSiMe3)2(PMe3) (4b). Thermodynamic studies of the exchange showed that 4b is favored and gave Keq and the enthalpy and entropy of the equilibrium: DeltaH degrees = -1.8(0.5) kcal/mol and DeltaS degrees = -1.5(1.7) eu. Kinetic studies of the alpha-H migration between 4a and 4b by variable-temperature NMR gave rate constants k1 and k-1 for the reversible reactions and activation enthalpies and entropies: DeltaH1 = 16.2(1.2) kcal/mol and DeltaS1 = -22.3(4.0) eu for the forward reaction (4a --> 4b); DeltaH2 = 18.0(1.3) kcal/mol and DeltaS2 = -20.9(4.3) eu for the reverse reaction (4b --> 4a). Ab initio calculations at the B3LYP level revealed that PMe3 binds with the bis(alkylidene) tautomer relatively more strongly than with the alkylidyne tautomer and thus stabilizes the bis(alkylidene) tautomer.     

Elucidation of the solution structure and water-exchange mechanism of paramagnetic [Fe(II)(edta)(H(2)O)](2-)

The lability and structural dynamics of [Fe(II)(edta)(H(2)O)](2-) (edta = ethylenediaminetetraacetate) in aqueous solution strongly depend on solvent interactions. To study the solution structure and water-exchange mechanism, (1)H, (13)C, and (17)O NMR techniques were applied. The water-exchange reaction was studied through the paramagnetic effect of the complex on the relaxation rate of the (17)O nucleus of the bulk water. In addition to variable-temperature experiments, high-pressure NMR techniques were applied to elucidate the intimate nature of the water-exchange mechanism. The water molecule in the seventh coordination site of the edta complex is strongly labilized, as shown by the water-exchange rate constant of (2.7 +/- 0.1) x 106 s(-1) at 298.2 K and ambient pressure. The activation parameters DeltaH(not equal), DeltaS(not equal), and DeltaV(not equal) were found to be 43.2 +/- 0.5 kJ mol(-1), +23 +/- 2 J K(-1) mol(-1), and +8.6 +/- 0.4 cm(3) mol(-1), respectively, in line with a dissociatively activated interchange (Id) mechanism. The scalar coupling constant (A/h) for the Fe(II)-O interaction was found to be 10.4 MHz, slightly larger than the value A/h = 9.4 MHz for this interaction in the hexa-aqua Fe(II) complex. The solution structure and dynamics of [Fe(II)(edta)(H(2)O)](2-) were clarified by (1)H and (13)C NMR experiments. The complex undergoes a Delta,Lambda-isomerization process with interconversion of in-plane (IP) and out-of-plane (OP) positions. Acetate scrambling was also found in an NMR study of the corresponding NO complex, [Fe(III)(edta)(NO(-))](2-).     

Positively charged GdIII cryptates: slow, associative water exchange

A combined variable-temperature and multiple field 17O NMR, EPR and NMRD study has been performed for the first time on gadolinium(III) complexes of cryptand ligands, L1 and L2, where L1 contains three 2,2'-bipyridine units ([bpy.bpy.bpy]) and L2 is the disubstituted methyl ester derivative of L1. The experimental data have been analysed in a simultaneous fit in order to determine parameters for water exchange, rotational dynamics and electronic relaxation for both complexes. The cryptates have three water molecules in the inner sphere which exchange with a rate of k(ex)298 = 1.8 x 10(6) s(-1) and 0.97 x 10(6) s(-1) for [GdL1(H2O)3]3+ and [GdL2(H2O)3)]3+, respectively. The k(ex)298 values obtained for these positively charged cryptates are smaller than those of the negatively charged Gd-poly(amino carboxylate) complexes. The water exchange mechanism was assessed for [GdL2(H2O)3]3+ by variable-pressure 17O NMR relaxation measurements. Based on the activation volume, DeltaV++ = -2.5 cm3 mol(-1), the water exchange is an associative interchange process. The proton relaxivities, r1, of the cryptate complexes are 9.79 mM(-1) s(-1) for [GdL1(H2O)3]3+ and 11.18 mM(-1) s(-1) for [GdL2(H2O)3]3+ (298 K, 20 MHz), which, due to the presence of three inner sphere water molecules, represent much higher values than those obtained for Gd3+ poly(amino carboxylate) complexes of similar molecular weight.     

Triggering water exchange mechanisms via chelate architecture. Shielding of transition metal centers by aminopolycarboxylate spectator ligands

Paramagnetic effects on the relaxation rate and shift difference of the (17)O nucleus of bulk water enable the study of water exchange mechanisms on transition metal complexes by variable temperature and variable pressure NMR. The water exchange kinetics of [Mn(II)(edta)(H2O)](2-) (CN 7, hexacoordinated edta) was reinvestigated and complemented by variable pressure NMR data. The results revealed a rapid water exchange reaction for the [Mn(II)(edta)(H2O)](2-) complex with a rate constant of k(ex) = (4.1 +/- 0.4) x 10(8) s(-1) at 298.2 K and ambient pressure. The activation parameters DeltaH(double dagger), DeltaS(double dagger), and DeltaV(double dagger) are 36.6 +/- 0.8 kJ mol(-1), +43 +/- 3 J K(-1) mol(-1), and +3.4 +/- 0.2 cm(3) mol(-1), which are in line with a dissociatively activated interchange (I(d)) mechanism. To analyze the structural influence of the chelate, the investigation was complemented by studies on complexes of the edta-related tmdta (trimethylenediaminetetraacetate) chelate. The kinetic parameters for [Fe(II)(tmdta)(H2O)](2-) are k(ex) = (5.5 +/- 0.5) x 10(6) s(-1) at 298.2 K, DeltaH(double dagger) = 43 +/- 3 kJ mol(-1), DeltaS(double dagger) = +30 +/- 13 J K(-1) mol(-1), and DeltaV(double dagger) = +15.7 +/- 1.5 cm(3) mol(-1), and those for [Mn(II)(tmdta)(H2O)](2-) are k(ex) = (1.3 +/- 0.1) x 10(8) s(-1) at 298.2 K, DeltaH(double dagger) = 37.2 +/- 0.8 kJ mol(-1), DeltaS(double dagger) = +35 +/- 3 J K(-1) mol(-1), and DeltaV(double dagger) = +8.7 +/- 0.6 cm(3) mol(-1). The water containing species, [Fe(III)(tmdta)(H2O)](-) with a fraction of 0.2, is in equilibrium with the water-free hexa-coordinate form, [Fe(III)(tmdta)](-). The kinetic parameters for [Fe(III)(tmdta)(H2O)](-) are k(ex) = (1.9 +/- 0.8) x 10(7) s(-1) at 298.2 K, DeltaH(double dagger) = 42 +/- 3 kJ mol(-1), DeltaS(double dagger) = +36 +/- 10 J K(-1) mol(-1), and DeltaV(double dagger) = +7.2 +/- 2.7 cm(3) mol(-1). The data for the mentioned tmdta complexes indicate a dissociatively activated exchange mechanism in all cases with a clear relationship between the sterical hindrance that arises from the ligand architecture and mechanistic details of the exchange process for seven-coordinate complexes. The unexpected kinetic and mechanistic behavior of [Ni(II)(edta')(H2O)](2-) and [Ni(II)(tmdta')(H2O)](2-) is accounted for in terms of the different coordination number due to the strong preference for an octahedral coordination environment and thus a coordination equilibrium between the water-free, hexadentate [M(L)](n+) and the aqua-pentadentate forms [M(L')(H2O)](n+) of the Ni(II)-edta complex, which was studied in detail by variable temperature and pressure UV-vis experiments. For [Ni(II)(edta')(H2O)](2-) (CN 6, pentacoordinated edta) a water substitution rate constant of (2.6 +/- 0.2) x 10(5) s(-1) at 298.2 K and ambient pressure was measured, and the activation parameters DeltaH(double dagger), DeltaS(double dagger), and DeltaV(double dagger) were found to be 34 +/- 1 kJ mol(-1), -27 +/- 2 J K(-1) mol(-1), and +1.8 +/- 0.1 cm(3) mol(-1), respectively. For [Ni(II)(tmdta')(H2O)](2-), we found k = (6.4 +/- 1.4) x 10(5) s(-1) at 298.2 K, DeltaH(double dagger) = 22 +/- 4 kJ mol(-1), and DeltaS(double dagger) = -59 +/- 5 J K(-1) mol(-1). The process is referred to as a water substitution instead of a water exchange reaction, since these observations refer to the intramolecular displacement of coordinated water by the carboxylate moiety in a ring-closure reaction.     

A detailed mechanistic study of the substitution behavior of an unusual seven-coordinate iron(III) complex in aqueous solution

A detailed mechanistic study of the substitution behavior of a 3d metal heptacoordinate complex, with a rare pentagonal-bipyramidal structure, was undertaken to resolve the solution chemistry of this system. The kinetics of the complex-formation reaction of [Fe(dapsox)(H(2)O)(2)]ClO(4) (H(2)dapsox = 2,6-diacetylpyridine-bis(semioxamazide)) with thiocyanate was studied as a function of thiocyanate concentration, pH, temperature, and pressure. The reaction proceeds in two steps, which are both base-catalyzed due to the formation of an aqua-hydroxo complex (pK(a1) = 5.78 +/- 0.04 and pK(a2) = 9.45 +/- 0.06 at 25 degrees C). Thiocyanate ions displace the first coordinated water molecule in a fast step, followed by a slower reaction in which the second thiocyanate ion coordinates trans to the N-bonded thiocyanate. At 25 degrees C and pH <4.5, only the first reaction step can be observed, and the kinetic parameters (pH 2.5: k(f(I)) = 2.6 +/- 0.1 M(-1) s(-1), DeltaH(#)(f(I)) = 62 +/- 3 kJ mol(-1), DeltaS(#)(f(I)) = -30 +/- 10 J K(-1) mol(-1), and DeltaV(#)(f(I)) = -2.5 +/- 0.2 cm(3) mol(-1)) suggest the operation of an I(a) mechanism. In the pH range 2.5 to 5.2 this reaction step involves the participation of both the diaqua and aqua-hydroxo complexes, for which the complex-formation rate constants were found to be 2.19 +/- 0.06 and 1172 +/- 22 M(-1) s(-1) at 25 degrees C, respectively. The more labile aqua-hydroxo complex is suggested to follow an I(d) or D substitution mechanism on the basis of the reported kinetic data. At pH > or =4.5, the second substitution step also can be monitored (pH 5.5 and 25 degrees C: k(f(II)) = 21.1 +/- 0.5 M(-1) s(-1), DeltaH(#)(f(II)) = 60 +/- 2 kJ mol(-1), DeltaS(#)(f(II)) = -19 +/- 6 J K(-1) mol(-1), and DeltaV(#)(f(II)) = +8.8 +/- 0.3 cm(3) mol(-1)), for which an I(d) or D mechanism is suggested. The results are discussed in terms of known structural parameters and in comparison to relevant structural and kinetic data from the literature.     

Mechanistic study of the SmI2/H2O/amine-mediated reduction of alkyl halides: amine base strength (pKBH+) dependent rate

The kinetics of the SmI(2)/H(2)O/amine-mediated reduction of 1-chlorodecane has been studied in detail. The rate of reaction is first order in amine and 1-chlorodecane, second order in SmI(2), and zero order in H(2)O. Initial rate studies of more than 20 different amines show a correlation between the base strength (pK(BH+) of the amine and the logarithm of the observed initial rate, in agreement with Bronsted catalysis rate law. To obtain the activation parameters, the rate constant for the reduction was determined at different temperatures (0 to +40 degrees C, DeltaH++ = 32.4 +/- 0.8 kJ mol(-1), DeltaS++ = -148 +/- 1 J K(-1) mol(-1), and DeltaG++(298K) = 76.4 +/- 1.2 kJ mol(-1)). Additionally, the (13)C kinetic isotope effects (KIE) were determined for the reduction of 1-iododecane and 1-bromodecane. Primary (13)C KIEs (k(12)/k(13), 20 degrees C) of 1.037 +/- 0.007 and 1.062 +/- 0.015, respectively, were determined for these reductions. This shows that cleavage of the carbon-halide bond occurs in the rate-determining step. A mechanism of the SmI(2)/H(2)O/amine-mediated reduction of alkyl halides is proposed on the basis of these results.     

Nitrogen-14 NMR Study on Solvent Exchange of the Octahedral Cobalt(II) Ion in Neat 1,3-Propanediamine and n-Propylamine at Various Temperatures and Pressures. Tetrahedral-Octahedral Equilibrium of the Solvated Cobalt(II) Ion in n-Propylamine As Studied by EXAFS and Electronic Absorption Spectroscopy

Solvated cobalt(II) ions in neat 1,3-propanediamine (tn) and n-propylamine (pa) have been characterized by electronic absorption spectroscopy and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. The equilibrium between tetrahedral and octahedral geometry for cobalt(II) ion has been observed in a neat pa solution, but not in neat diamine solutions such as tn and ethylenediamine (en). The thermodynamic parameters and equilibrium constant at 298 K for the geometrical equilibrium in pa were determined to be DeltaH degrees = -36.1 +/- 2.3 kJ mol(-1), DeltaS degrees = -163 +/- 8 J mol(-1) K(-1), and K(298) = 6.0 x 10(-3) M(-2), where K = [Co(pa)(6)(2+)]/{[Co(pa)(4)(2+)][pa](2)}. The equilibrium is caused by the large entropy gain in formation of the tetrahedral cobalt(II) species. The solvent exchange of cobalt(II) ion with octahedral geometry in tn and pa solutions has been studied by the (14)N NMR line-broadening method. The activation parameters and rate constants at 298 K for the solvent exchange reactions are as follows: DeltaH() = 49.3 +/- 0.9 kJ mol(-1), DeltaS() = 25 +/- 3 J mol(-1) K(-1), DeltaV() = 6.6 +/- 0.3 cm(3) mol(-1) at 302.1 K, and k(298) = 2.9 x 10(5) s(-1) for the tn exchange, and DeltaH() = 36.2 +/- 1.2 kJ mol(-1), DeltaS() = 35 +/- 6 J mol(-1) K(-1), and k(298) = 2.0 x 10(8) s(-1) for the pa exchange. By comparison of the activation parameters with those for the en exchange of cobalt(II) ion, it has been confirmed that the kinetic chelate strain effect is attributed to the large activation enthalpy for the bidentate chelate opening and that the enthalpic effect is smaller in the case of the six-membered tn chelate compared with the five-membered en chelate.     

Mechanism for Solvent Exchange on trans-[Os(en)(2)(eta(2)-H(2))S](2+)

Solvent exchange on trans-[Os(en)(2)(eta(2)-H(2))S](2+) (S = H(2)O, CH(3)CN) has been studied in neat solvent as a function of temperature and pressure by (17)O NMR line-broadening and isotopic labeling experiments (S = H(2)O) and by (1)H NMR isotopic labeling experiments (S = CH(3)CN). Rate constants and activation parameters are as follows for S = H(2)O and CH(3)CN, respectively: k(ex)(298) = 1.59 +/- 0.04 and (2.74 +/- 0.03) x 10(-)(4) s(-)(1); DeltaH() = 72.4 +/- 0.5 and 98.0 +/- 1.4 kJ mol(-)(1); DeltaS() = +1.7 +/- 1.8 and +15.6 +/- 4.9 J mol(-)(1) K(-)(1); DeltaV() = -1.5 +/- 1.0 and -0.5 +/- 1.0 cm(3) mol(-)(1). The present investigation of solvent exchange when compared with a previous study on substitution reactions on the same complexes leads to the conclusion that substitution reactions on these compounds undergo an interchange dissociative, I(d), or dissociative, D, reaction mechanism, where solvent dissociation is the rate-limiting step.     

Temperature-dependent coordination of phosphine to five-coordinate alkenylruthenium complexes

The red, five-coordinate complexes Ru(CO)Cl(PPh(3))2(CH=CHPh) and [Ru(CO)Cl(PPh(3))2]2(mu-CH=CHC(6)H(4)CH=CH) undergo reversible coordination of PPh(3) at low temperature to produce the pale yellow, six-coordinate complexes Ru(CO)Cl(PPh(3))3(CH=CHPh) and [Ru(CO)Cl(PPh(3))3]2(mu-CH=CHC(6)H(4)CH=CH). X-ray crystal structures of the latter complex and of the hydride complex RuH(CO)Cl(PPh(3))3 were obtained. 1H and 31P NMR spectra between 20 and -70 degrees C exhibit large changes in both equilibrium constants and dynamic effects. Thermodynamic parameters, DeltaH = -17.5 +/- 2.0 kcal/mol and DeltaS = -57.5 +/- 7.6 eu, were obtained for PPh(3) coordination to the monoruthenium complex, and activation parameters, DeltaH = 20.6 +/- 0.7 kcal/mol and DeltaS = 41.6 +/- 2.0 eu, were obtained for the reverse decoordination. Coordination of PPh(3) was not observed upon cooling of the shorter bridged complex, [Ru(CO)Cl(PPh(3))2]2(mu-CH=CHCH=CH).     

Chlorine dioxide reduction by aqueous iron(II) through outer-sphere and inner-sphere electron-transfer pathways

The reduction of ClO(2) to ClO(2)(-) by aqueous iron(II) in 0.5 M HClO(4) proceeds by both outer-sphere (86%) and inner-sphere (14%) electron-transfer pathways. The second-order rate constant for the outer-sphere reaction is 1.3 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1). The inner-sphere electron-transfer reaction takes place via the formation of FeClO(2)(2+) that is observed as an intermediate. The rate constant for the inner-sphere path (2.0 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1)) is controlled by ClO(2) substitution of a coordinated water to give an inner-sphere complex between ClO(2) and Fe(II) that very rapidly transfers an electron to give (Fe(III)(ClO(2)(-))(H(2)O)(5)(2+))(IS). The composite activation parameters for the ClO(2)/Fe(aq)(2+) reaction (inner-sphere + outer-sphere) are the following: DeltaH(r)++ = 40 kJ mol(-1); DeltaS(r)++ = 1.7 J mol(-1) K(-1). The Fe(III)ClO(2)(2+) inner-sphere complex dissociates to give Fe(aq)(3+) and ClO(2)(-) (39.3 s(-1)). The activation parameters for the dissociation of this complex are the following: DeltaH(d)++= 76 kJ mol(-1); DeltaS(d)++= 32 J K(-1) mol(-1). The reaction of Fe(aq)(2+) with ClO(2)(-) is first order in each species with a second-order rate constant of k(ClO2)- = 2.0 x 10(3) M(-1) s(-1) that is five times larger than the rate constant for the Fe(aq)(2+) reaction with HClO(2) in H(2)SO(4) medium ([H(+)] = 0.01-0.13 M). The composite activation parameters for the Fe(aq)(2+)/Cl(III) reaction in H(2)SO(4) are DeltaH(Cl(III))++ = 41 kJ mol(-1) and DeltaS(Cl(III))++ = 48 J mol(-1) K(-1).     

Seven-coordinate iron complex as a ditopic receptor for lithium salts: study of host-guest interactions and substitution behavior

Interactions between the seven-coordinate tweezerlike [Fe(dapsox)(H2O)2]ClO4 complex (H2dapsox = 2,6-diacetylpyridine-bis(semioxamazide)) with different lithium salts (LiOTf, LiClO4, LiBF4, and LiPF6) in CH3CN have been investigated by electrochemical, spectrophotometric, 7Li and 19F NMR, kinetic, and DFT methods. It has been demonstrated that this complex acts as ditopic receptor, showing spectral and electrochemical ion-pair-sensing capability for different lithium salts. In general, the apparent binding constants for lithium salts increase in the order LiOTf < LiClO4 < LiBF4. From the electrochemical measurements, the apparent lithium salt binding constants for the Fe(III) and Fe(II) forms of the complex have been obtained, suggesting a stronger host-guest interaction with the reduced form of the complex. In the presence of LiPF6, the solution chemistry is more complex because of the hydrolysis of PF6-. The kinetics of the complexation of [Fe(dapsox)(CH3CN)2]+ by thiocyanate at -15 degrees C in acetonitrile in the presence of 0.2 M NBu4OTf shows two steps with the following rate constants and activation parameters: k(1) = 411 +/- 14 M(-1) s(-1); DeltaH(1) not equal = 9 +/- 2 kJ mol(-1); DeltaS1 not equal = -159 +/- 6 J K(-1) mol(-1); k(2) = 52 +/- 1 M(-1) s(-1); DeltaH(2) not equal = 4 +/- 1 kJ mol(-1); DeltaS(2) not equal = -195 +/- 3 J K(-1) mol(-1). The very negative DeltaS not equal values are consistent with an associative (A) mechanism. Under the same conditions but with 0.2 M LiOTf, k1Li and k2Li are 1605 +/- 51 and 106 +/- 2 M(-1) s(-1), respectively. The increased rate constants for the {[Fe(dapsox)(CH3CN)2] x LiOTf}+ adduct are in agreement with an associative mechanism. Kinetic and spectrophotometric titration measurements show stronger interaction between the lithium salt and the anion-substituted forms, [Fe(dapsox)(CH3CN)(NCS)] and [Fe(dapsox)(NCS)2]-, of the complex. These experiments demonstrate that in nonaqueous media lithium salts cannot be simply used as supporting electrolytes, since they can affect the kinetic behavior of the studied complex. DFT calculations revealed that the negatively charged alpha-oxyazine oxygen atoms are responsible for cation binding (electrostatic interactions), whereas the two terminal amide groups bind the anion via hydrogen bonding.     

Kinetics and mechanism of the base-catalyzed oxygenation of flavonol in DMSO-H(2)O solution.

The kinetics of the base-catalyzed oxygenation of flavonol have been investigated in 50% DMSO-H(2)O solution in the pH range 6.4-10.8 and an ionic strength of 0.1 mol L(-1) using spectrophotometric techniques at temperatures between 70 and 90 degrees C. The rate law -d[flaH]/dt = k(obs) [OH(-)][flaH][O(2)] (k(obs) = kK(1)/[H(2)O]) describes the kinetic data. The rate constant, activation enthalpy, and entropy at 353.16 K are as follows: k/mol(-1) L s(-1) = (4.53 +/- 0.07) x 10(-2), DeltaH/kJ mol(-1)= 59 +/- 4, DeltaS/J mol(-1) K(-1) = -110 +/- 11. The reaction showed specific base catalysis. It fits a Hammett linear free energy relationship for 4'-substituted flavonols and electron-releasing substituents enhanced the reaction rate. The linear correlation between the oxidation potential of the flavonols and the rate constants supports that a higher electron density on the flavonolate ion makes them more nucleophilic and the electrophilic attack of O(2) easier.     

Proton transfer to nickel-thiolate complexes. 1. Protonation of [Ni(SC(6)H(4)R-4)(2)(Ph(2)PCH(2)CH(2)PPh(2))] (R = Me, MeO, H, Cl, or NO(2))

The kinetics of the equilibrium reaction between [Ni(SC(6)H(4)R-4)(2)(dppe)] (R= MeO, Me, H, Cl, or NO(2); dppe = Ph(2)PCH(2)CH(2)PPh(2)) and mixtures of [lutH](+) and lut (lut = 2,6-dimethylpyridine) in MeCN to form [Ni(SHC(6)H(4)R-4)(SC(6)H(4)R-4)(dppe)](+) have been studied using stopped-flow spectrophotometry. The kinetics for the reactions with R = MeO, Me, H, or Cl are consistent with a single-step equilibrium reaction. Investigation of the temperature dependence of the reactions shows that DeltaG = 13.6 +/- 0.3 kcal mol(-)(1) for all the derivatives but the values of DeltaH and DeltaS vary with R (R = MeO, DeltaH() = 8.5 kcal mol(-)(1), DeltaS = -16 cal K(-)(1) mol(-)(1); R = Me, DeltaH() = 10.8 kcal mol(-)(1), DeltaS = -9.5 cal K(-)(1) mol(-)(1); R = Cl, DeltaH = 23.7 kcal mol(-)(1), DeltaS = +33 cal K(-)(1) mol(-)(1)). With [Ni(SC(6)H(4)NO(2)-4)(2)(dppe)] a more complicated rate law is observed consistent with a mechanism in which initial hydrogen-bonding of [lutH](+) to the complex precedes intramolecular proton transfer. It seems likely that all the derivatives operate by this mechanism, but only with R = NO(2) (the most electron-withdrawing substituent) does the intramolecular proton transfer step become sufficiently slow to result in the change in kinetics. Studies with [lutD](+) show that the rates of proton transfer to [Ni(SC(6)H(4)R-4)(2)(dppe)] (R = Me or Cl) are associated with negligible kinetic isotope effect. The possible reasons for this are discussed. The rates of proton transfer to [Ni(SC(6)H(4)R-4)(2)(dppe)] vary with the 4-R-substituent, and the Hammett plot is markedly nonlinear. This unusual behavior is attributable to the electronic influence of R which affects the electron density at the sulfur.     

Water exchange in fluoroaluminate complexes in aqueous solution: a variable temperature multinuclear NMR study

An 17O, 19F, and 27Al NMR study of fluoroaluminate complexes (AlFn(H2O)6-n((3-n)+), n = 0, 1, and 2) in aqueous solution supports the idea that for each substitution of a bound water molecule by a fluoride anion, the exchange rate of bound water with free water increases by about 2 orders of magnitude. New rate coefficients for exchange of inner-sphere water molecules in AlF(H2O)5(2+) are kex(298) = 230(+/-20) s(-1), DeltaH(dagger) = 65(+/-3) kJ mol(-1), and DeltaS(dagger) = 19(+/-10) J mol(-1) K(-1). The corresponding new values for the AlF2(H2O)4(+) complex are: kex(298) = 17 100(+/-500) s(-1), DeltaH(dagger) = 66(+/-2) kJ mol(-1), and DeltaS(dagger) = 57(+/-8) J mol(-1) K(-1). When these new results are combined with those of our previous study,(4) we find no dependence of the solvent exchange rate, in either AlF(H2O)5(2+) or AlF2(H2O)4(+), on the concentration of fluoride or protons over the range of SigmaF = 0.06-0.50 M and [H(+)] = 0.01-0.44 M. A paramagnetic shift of 27Al resonances results from addition of Mn(II) to the aqueous solution as a relaxation agent for bulk waters. This shift allows resolution of the AlFn(H2O)6-n((3-n)+) species in 27Al NMR spectra and comparison of the speciation determined via thermodynamic calculations with that determined by 27Al, 19F, and 17O NMR.