Aluminum,gallium and indium chelates of salicylidene-o-aminophenol

Conditions necessary to determine spectrophotometrically the composition of the chelates of aluminum, gillium, and indium with salicylidene-o-aminophenol have been determined. Under these conditions, in each case a chelate containing a 2 : 1 ratio of salicylidene-o-aminophenol to metal is formed.     

Spectroscopy of laser-excited indium,gallium and indium–gallium systems

The spectroscopy of dense Ga, In and In–Ga vapours is studied via resonant pulsed laser excitation at 403.4 nm (Ga) and 410.3 nm (In). Besides some known atomic Rydberg levels emission, satellite wings on the blue side of the fundamental transitions show up both in the homonuclear and heteronuclear vapours. They are due to the presence of excited homonuclear dimers that form in the collision between excited and ground-state atoms. The formation of heteronuclear dimers is inferred by the time-resolved analysis of some atomic fluorescences.     

Synthesis and thermodynamic characteristics of aluminum, gallium, and indium pivalates

Aluminum, gallium and indium pivalates, which are the most promising precursors for fabrication of oxide films in chemical vapor deposition, were synthesized. Their main thermodynamic characteristics were determined and discussed.     

Organometallic sesquialkoxides of aluminium,gallium and indium

Organometallic sesquihalides of aluminium are important intermediates in technical processes. However, those compounds and their homologues with gallium or indium centers have not been structurally characterized so far. On the other hand organometallic sesquialkoxides have been isolated. The major synthetic routes and the structures of the corresponding products will be discussed. Furthermore, cage-contructiveness reactions having sesquialkoxides as educts will be shown. Discussion will focus primarily on the syntheses, the spectroscopic findings and a structural comparison. Especially the structural motifs deserve attention because of the structural connection to the well-known earth metal alkoxides.     

Column chromatographic separation of gallium, indium and thallium

Distribution ratios are given for the extraction of gallium-(III), indium(III) and thallium(III) from aqueous solutions of hydrobromic acid into di-isopropy ether and isobutyl methyl ketone. Based on the results obtained, a scheme is presented for the quantitative separation of these elements from each other by liquid-liquid partition chromatography. The effect of a number of other metal ions upon the separation is also studied. The separation method has been applied to the analysis of a series of lead-indium alloys.     

Aluminum, gallium, and indium hydrazides and the generation of oligonuclear element-nitrogen cages: molecular intermediates on the way to element nitrides

Organoelement aluminum, gallium, and indium hydrazides, [R(2)ENHN(H)R'](2) (E = Al, Ga, In), are easily available from the corresponding trialkylelement compounds, ER(3), and hydrazines, H(2)NN(H)R', via elimination of the respective hydrocarbons. Their diverse molecular structures are derived from four-, five-, or six-membered element-nitrogen heterocycles. Their stepwise thermolysis under carefully controlled conditions was shown to proceed along one of several different well-defined routes. Cleavage of the N-N bonds afforded aluminum or gallium imides, [REN(H)](n), with up to eight metal atoms in a single molecule, while preservation of the N-N bonds led to interesting cages in which intact N-N bonds of formally dianionic hydrazinediides bridge the metal atoms via their two adjacent donor atoms. Further thermolysis yielded the amorphous element nitrides via the gradual degradation of the hydrazinediide groups. Several intermediates have been isolated and provided insight in the course of these reactions. A particularly interesting compound was one that features a hydrazinetetraide unit, [N-N](4-), that is stabilized by coordination to six gallium atoms.     

Solubility of aluminum,gallium, and indium perchlorates in water

Solubility polytherms of the system M(ClO₄)₃-H₂O (M³⁺ = Al³⁺, Ga³⁺, In³⁺) were measured. Positions of singular points and vitrification ranges were determined. Values of eutectic concentrations were compared with earlier known data on the inversion concentrations measured by the viscometry method. Compositions of found crystalline hydrates were calculated from the solubility polytherms. The concept of the ability of the studied aqua cations to show properties of aqua acids, of the structure of solutions of posteutectic concentrations (structurally forced processes and microheterogeneity), of the electronic structure of M³⁺ cations, and of the localized hydrolysis phenomenon were used to understand the existence of the polyaqua compounds.     

Aluminum(III), gallium(III), and indium(III) 4-hydroxyacridinato complexes

4-Hydroxyacridine (HAcr) is an O,N-chelating ligand whose coordination chemistry toward group 13 M(III) ions has received little attention. The molecular structure of HAcr consists of a 2,3-disubstituted-8-hydroxyquinoline; thus, in order to compare 8-hydroxyquinoline (HQ), 2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinoline (HMeQ′), and 2,3-disubstituted-8-hydroxyquinoline (HAcr) for steric and/or electronic influence, HAcr chelating ability toward the Al(III), Ga(III), and In(III) triad has been investigated. Irrespective of the nature of M(III), only complexes containing two equivalents of deprotonated HAcr are obtained. This article describes the synthesis and characterization of different series of bis-chelated pentacoordinated (Acr)₂MY (M = Al, Ga, In; Y = Cl, Br, I, NCS, N₃) or (Acr)₂MZ (M = Ga or In; HZ = C₆H₅OH, C₆H₁₃OC₆H₄OH, C₆H₅COOH, or C₆H₁₃OC₆H₄COOH) six-coordinate neutral (Acr)₂In(acac) (H(acac) =acetylacetone), or ionic [(Acr)₂In(N,N)][CF₃SO₃] (N,N = 2,2′-bipyridine or 1,10-phenanthroline) complexes. These results significantly contribute to elucidating the complexation capability of HAcr.     

Hydrogenation of palladium rich compounds of aluminium, gallium and indium

Palladium rich intermetallic compounds of aluminium, gallium and indium have been studied before and after hydrogenation by powder X-ray diffraction and during hydrogenation by in situ thermal analysis (DSC) at hydrogen gas pressures up to 39 MPa and temperatures up to 700 K. Very weak DSC signals and small unit cell increases of below 1% for AlPd₂, AlPd₃, GaPd₂, Ga₅Pd₁₃, In₃Pd₅, and InPd₂ suggest negligible hydrogen uptake. In contrast, for both tetragonal modifications of InPd₃ (ZrAl₃ and TiAl₃ type), heating to 523 K at 2 MPa hydrogen pressure leads to a rearrangement of the intermetallic structure to a cubic AuCu₃ type with an increase in unit cell volume per formula unit by 3.6-3.9%. Gravimetric analysis suggests a composition InPd₃H_≈0.8 for the hydrogenation product. Very similar behaviour is found for the deuteration of InPd₃.     

Atomic transport properties of liquid gallium and indium

We have done an investigation of viscosity and self-diffusion coefficient of gallium and indium in a wide temperature range using the interaction potentials of constituent particles in disordered media. Correlation and reliance between the viscosity constant and diffusion constant have been determined theoretically and justify with experimental results. The calculation of pair distribution functions and correlations for the hard sphere fluid are based on generalised mean spherical approximation. At the functional temperature of the melting point, the metallic viscosity becomes minimised gradually with decreasing density. The excellent agreements between the present results and experimental data concluded the appropriate use of our advanced model potential.     

Solid-state high-resoluction NMR studies on gallium arsenide and indium gallium arsenide semiconductors

Chemical shifts of GaAs and InGaAs were observed by solid-state high-resolution NMR. The spectrum of GaAs appeared as a single peak but that of InGaAs consisted of an intense narrow peak and a weak broad one which appeared at ≈10–15 ppm slightly higher field from the former.     

Solvent extraction and separation of gallium, indium and thallium with N-benzylaniline

A simple and rapid method is proposed for the separation of tervalent gallium, indium and thallium by solvent extraction with N-benzylaniline in chloroform from different concentrations of hydrochloric acid. Thallium and gallium are extracted from 1M and 7.0-7.5M hydrochloric acid respectively. Indium is finally extracted from hydriodic acid. These metals in the final extracts are determined complexometrically. Interference from some cations can easily be eliminated by reduction with sulphite, followed by selective oxidation of thallium(I) to thallium(III) with saturated bromine water, and from others by the use of thioglycollic acid as a masking agent in the extraction of gallium and indium. Most common anions cause no interference. Log-log plots of distribution coefficients vs. concentration of amine for gallium, indium and thallium indicate a 2:1 limiting mole ratio of amine to these metals.     

Ensembles of the gallium,indium, and scandium complexes with the macrocycles

Specific features of coordination chemistry of three-charge cations were considered for the formation of ensembles of crown ether 1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxocyclooctadecane (18C6) or its complexes M[18C6]⁺ (M = Na, K) with the gallium, indium, and scandium chloride and thiocyanate complexes. These features were geometric isomerism, disproportionation of molecular forms to ionic ones, and the influence of solvate molecules on the structural features of the supramolecular ensembles. The conditions for the recognition and stabilization of the complexes and the formation of heterometallic polymers were revealed.     

Photometric determination of trivalent gallium,indium and thallium with Xylenol orange

Summary Xylenol orange reacts very sensitively with gallium(III), indium (III) and thallium(III) to form reddish violet colored chelates having _max 560 nm in case of Ga and In and _max 590 nm in case of Ti at P_H 4.0. The molar ratio for all the chelates is 1 1 (metal reagent). Optimum conditions including the range for adherence to Beer's law, effect of P_H on the color intensity, effect of excess reagent, and sensitivity are reported for the photometric determination of these metal ions using Xylenol orange.

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Zusammenfassung Xylenolorange reagiert sehr empfindlich mit Gallium(III), Indium(III) und Thallium(III) unter Bildung rötlich-violetter Chelate mit einem Absorptionsmaximum bei 560 nm im Falle von Ga und In bzw. 590 nm für Tl bei p_H 4,0. Das Molverhältnis ist in jedem Fall 11. Die besten Arbeitsbedingungen, der Gültigkeitsbereich des Beerschen Gesetzes, der Einfluß des P_H auf die Farbintensität und des Reagensüberschusses sowie die Empfindlichkeit werden für die photometrische Bestimmung der genannten Ionen angegeben.

     

The complexes of aluminium,gallium, and indium with calmagite: Evaluation of stepwise stability constants

Summary Calmagite [1-(1-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-phenyl azo)-2-naphthol sulphonic acid], dissociates in two steps. It forms violet complexes with Al³⁺, Ga³⁺ and In³⁺. The stepwise proton-ligand stability constants of calmagite and stepwise metal-ligand stability constants of these complexes were evaluated by potentiometric titration technique ofBjerrum andIrving andRossotti. The order of the stabilities of complexes is In³⁺ > Ga³⁺ > > Al³⁺.

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Zusammenfassung Camalgit [1-(1-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-phenylazo)-2-naphtholsulfonsäure] dissoziiert in zwei Stufen und bildet violette Komplexe mit Al(III), Ga(III) und In(III). Die Konstanten der Dissoziationsstufen der freien Säure und die der Metallkomplexe wurden potentiometrisch nachBjerrum bzw.Irving undRossotti ermittelt. Die Stabilität der Komplexe nimmt in der Reihe In(III) > Ga(III) > Al(III) ab.