ZrOCl2掺杂对磷硅酸盐凝胶质子导电性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶技术研究了ZrOCl₂·8H₂O掺杂对磷硅酸盐凝胶质子导电性能的影响. 结果表明, 掺杂ZrOCl₂·8H₂O能提高磷硅酸盐凝胶的质子电导率, 并且掺杂质量分数为0.97%时质子电导率达到最大值(σ₁₃₀=2.38 S/m). 掺杂样品在相对湿度为40%条件下放置30 d后, 未发生H₃PO₄渗出现象, 其质子传导性能基本不变. 核磁共振谱结果表明, 掺杂ZrOCl₂减少了磷硅酸盐凝胶结构中自由磷酸的形成, 提高了与四面体之间的化学结合力.     

十钨钼钒锗杂多酸复合二氧化硅凝胶的制备与质子导电性

通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了掺杂十钨钼钒锗杂多酸的二氧化硅凝胶,红外光谱证明了凝胶中有Keggin[GeW10MoVO40]5-结构的阴离子存在．在室温(18℃)下,掺十钨钼钒锗酸71％的凝胶的质子电导率为1．97×10-3S·cm-1,它们是好的质子导体．     

La10-x(SiO4)6O3-1.5x的合成及其导电性能的研究

利用溶胶-凝胶法在800 ℃合成了硅酸盐氧基磷灰石La10-x(SiO4)6O3-1.5x(x=0,0.17,0.33,0.50和0.67),经XRD表征所得产品为磷灰石相.以电化学阻抗谱研究了硅酸盐氧基磷灰石的导电性能,体系的电导率随着间隙氧和阳离子空位数量的增多而加大,La9.33(SiO4)6O2的电导率较La9.5(SiO4)6O2.25大,是由于前者有较多的阳离子空位所致,700 ℃时La10(SiO4)6O3的电导率为7.98×10-3 S·cm-1,比La9.33(SiO4)6O2的电导率提高了5倍.氧分压从105～1 Pa变化时电导率保持不变,证明硅酸盐氧基磷灰石在较宽的氧分压范围内为O2-导电.     

掺杂对棒状纳米SrFe_(12)O_(19)形貌和性能的影响

以FeCl2为原料,利用化学沉淀法制备了针状纳米α-FeOOH中间体,并通过柠檬酸法在针状纳米α-FeOOH表面包裹锶的柠檬酸配合物,煅烧后形成的棒状纳米SrFe12O19并分别在共沉淀和溶胶-凝胶2个不同过程中对纳米SrFe12O19进行镧掺杂。采用XRD,TEM和振动样品磁强计(VSM)对SrFe12O19及掺杂锶铁氧体的结构、形貌及磁性能进行了表征。结果表明:沉淀法和柠檬酸法相结合后制得的针状前驱体于900℃煅烧后可制得平均直径为40nm,长径比为15～20的棒状纳米SrFe12O19。在沉淀过程中对前驱体进行掺杂后制得的SrLaxFe12-xO19较同温度时在溶胶-凝胶过程中进行掺杂制得样品的长径比有所增加,进而使得SrLaxFe12-xO19的各向异性变大,磁性能增加,且在沉淀过程中掺杂镧后,样品的矫顽力和饱和磁化强度达到最大值时,x值明显大于溶胶-凝胶过程中进行掺杂制得的棒状SrLaxFe12-xO19。利用共沉淀法掺杂后,当x=0.15时制备的样品的矫顽力最大为6179.1Oe,此时样品的饱和磁化强度和剩余磁化强度分别65.7和38.4emu·g-1。当x=0.2时制备的样品的饱和磁化强度达到最大值为67.3emu·g-1,样品的矫顽力为5852.7Oe。     

BaCe0.5Zr0.4Y0.1O3-α的溶胶-凝胶法制备及其电性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法, 以低于固相合成法150～250 ℃的温度进行烧结, 分别制备了BaCe0.9Y0.1O3-α和BaCe0.5Zr0.4Y0.1O3-α固体电解质. 应用AUTOLAB PGSTA 30型电化学工作站测定了两种电解质在不同温度下的阻抗谱, 在350～800 ℃范围内电导率分别为1.62×10-4～6.43×10-3 S·cm-1, 2.52×10-5～3.73×10-3 S·cm-1, 电导激活能分别为0.54和0.84 eV. 同时用高温固相合成法合成了BaCe0.9Y0.1O3-α质子导体, 在相同条件下其电导率为1×10-4～4×10-3 S·cm-1, 激活能为0.50 eV. 实验结果表明 用溶胶-凝胶法得到的材料在烧结温度低于固相合成法150～250 ℃的情况下, 制备出的样品电导率高;对于同一质子导体BaCe0.9Y0.1O3-α, 用Zr代替部分Ce, 固体电解质的电导率明显降低.     

Al掺杂La10(SiO4)6O3的制备及其导电性能

以溶胶-凝胶法在850℃制备了Al掺杂La10(SiO4)6O3,即La10(SiO4)6-x(AlO4)xO3-0.5x(x=0,0.5,1.0,1.5和2.0),通过TG-DTA、XRD、IR和SEM表征,所得产品为磷灰石相。以电化学阻抗谱研究了其导电性能,发现决定电导率大小的因素有两种,一是间隙氧的数量,二是晶胞的大小,两种因素的综合作用,使得Al掺杂0.5时La10(SiO4)5.5(AlO4)0.5O2.75的电导率最大,在700℃时其电导率达到1.88×10-2S·cm-1。氧分压对电导率的研究表明,其主要的电荷载体是O2-离子。     

硅、锌共掺杂介孔二氧化钛光催化剂的制备及应用性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法,以四氯化钛、无水乙醇、冰乙酸、正硅酸四乙酯及醋酸锌为原料制备硅、锌共掺杂二氧化钛凝胶,凝胶经烘干、450℃焙烧2h得Si、Zn共掺杂介孔TiO_2光催化剂。对所制得的样品采用XRD、BET、SEM等测试手段进行表征,结果表明,样品为锐钛矿相,未掺杂时材料比表面积为90.9 m~2·g~(-1),掺杂Si、Zn后材料比表面积为219 m~2·g~(-1),孔径分布均匀。考察了硅-锌掺杂量对样品性能的影响。利用正交试验设计方法研究硅、锌共掺杂介孔二氧化钛的最佳制备条件,确定组成为Zn_(0.1)Si_(1.0)/TiO_2时,掺杂介孔二氧化钛光催化剂可见光下对亚甲基蓝的降解率最好,达到90.8%。     

新型固体电解质Ce6- x Sm x MoO15- δ (0≤x≤1.2)的合成及电性质

采用溶胶-凝胶方法合成系列新型氧化物 Ce6- x Sm x MoO15- δ (0≤x≤1.2). 通过TG-DTA, XRD和XPS等手段对氧化物结构进行了表征. 结果表明, 氧化物的最低成相温度为400 ℃, 具有立方莹石结构. Sm的掺杂可增加氧离子空位浓度, 改善母体电导率. 阻抗谱表明, 采用溶胶-凝胶法合成固体电解质可减少或消除其晶界电阻. 800 ℃时, Ce5.2Sm0.8MoO15- δ的电导率高达6.67×10-3 S/cm.     

锶掺杂对La_(1-x)Sr_xNbO_(4-σ)质子导体性能的影响

利用高温固相反应法制备了Sr掺杂LaNbO4质子导体La1-xSrxNbO4-σ(0≤x≤0.02),并且对其性能进行了表征。XRD分析表明,所有的样品具有单斜结构,晶胞体积随Sr掺杂量的增加而增大;La1-xSrxNbO4-σ样品在沸水中和二氧化碳气氛中具有很好的化学稳定性。SEM分析表明,La1-x Srx NbO4-σ粉体经1 500℃烧结8 h后均得到致密的、晶粒均匀的样品;Sr的掺杂抑制了陶瓷体裂缝的产生和晶粒的过度增长;随Sr的掺杂量增加,晶粒变小。交流阻抗谱分析表明,Sr掺杂改变了LaNbO4的电导率,其中样品La0.995Sr0.005NbO4-σ具有最高的电导率;样品在25℃水汽饱和的5%H2-Ar气氛下的电导率明显高于干燥空气气氛,在800℃时,La0.995Sr0.005NbO4-σ电导率达到0.003 S·cm-1,电导活化能为0.44 eV。     

不同方法制备CaMoO4∶0.05Eu3+红色荧光粉的对比研究

分别以高温固相法、溶胶-凝胶法、水热法和共沉淀法合成Eu3+掺杂的CaMoO4红色荧光粉,通过X-射线衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、光致荧光光谱(PL)进行表征,考察荧光粉晶相、形貌及发光性能对制备方法的依赖性。实验表明,由于Ca2+的半径(0.099 nm)与Eu3+半径(0.094 7 nm)大小相差不大,Eu3+容易取代Ca2+的位置进入晶格,Eu3+掺杂的CaMoO4在晶体结构上保持白钨矿结构。FESEM结果表明:未经后处理的水热法所得样品为片状、多孔结构;高温固相法所得样品尺寸大、团聚严重;溶胶-凝胶法所得样品分散度好、呈条形结构;共沉淀法所得样品形貌、尺寸比较均一。荧光光谱显示,四种样品发光强度差异很大,共沉淀法制得样品的发光强度为未经后处理的水热法制得样品的6-7倍,该现象主要是由样品形貌及表面缺陷的差异引起的。     

Preparation of Ce(SO4)2-doped Phosphosilicate Gels by Mechanical Milling

Ce(SO4)2-doped phosphosilicate gel was prepared by mechanical milling.Complex impedance analysis proved that the 15 h-ball-milled sample showed a maximum conductivity of 2.97 S/m at 130 ℃,which is abou...     

Performance enhancement of phosphoric acid fuel cell using phosphosilicate gel based electrolyte

Replacement of phosphoric acid electrolyte by phosphosilicate gel based electrolytes is proposed for performance enhancement of phosphoric acid fuel cell(PAFC).Phosphosilicate gel in paste form and in powder form is synthesized from tetraethoxysilane and orthophosphoric acid using sol-gel method for two different P/Si ratio of 5 and 1.5 respectively.Replacement of phosphoric acid electrolyte by phosphosilicate gel paste enhances the peak power generation of the fuel cell by 133% at 120 ℃ cell temperature;increases the voltage generation in the ohmic regime and extends the maximum possible load current.Polyinyl alcohol(PVA) is used to bind the phosphosilicate gel powder and to form the hybrid crosslinked gel polymer electrolyte membrane.Soaking the membrane with phosphoric acid solution,instead of that with water improves the proton conductivity of the membrane,enhances the voltage and power generation by the fuel cell and extends the maximum possible operating temperature.At lower operating temperature of 70 ℃,peak power produced by phosphosilicate gel polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell(PGMFC) is increased by 40% compared to that generated by phosphoric acid fuel cell(PAFC).However,the performance of composite membrane diminishes as the cell temperature increases.Thus phosphosilicate gel in paste form is found to be a good alternative of phosphoric acid electrolyte at medium operating temperature range while phosphosilicate gel-PVA composite offers performance enhancement at low operating temperatures.     

SiO44-对Li3Sc2(PO4)3快离子导体的阴离子替代效果研究

Li3Sc2(PO4)3因具有有利的离子传导通道、低的电子电导率和高的稳定性而成为全固态锂离子电池用固体电解质最具竞争力的材料之一,然而这一化合物只有在245℃以上的γ相才具有快离子传导特性。人们主要采用Zr4+、Ti4+等阳离子部分取代其中的Sc3+以改善材料的室温电导率,有关该化合物PO43-阴离子替代的报道还很少。本研究试图利用机械研磨技术,通过向Li3Sc2(PO4)3原料混合物中加入适量SiO2,以期能够实现对该化合物的部分阴离子替代。研究结果表明:所制备的Li3+xSc2(PO4)3-x(SiO4)x(x=0~0.6)系列化合物在x=0.15时电导率达到最大值,σ298=9.55×10-4 S.m-1,离子传导激活能达到最小值45.06 kJ.mol-1。29Si MAS-NMR测试结果证实所加入的SiO2主要以[SiO4]四面体形式存在替代Li3Sc2(PO4)3中部分[PO4]四面体。     

固-固化学法制备Ce0.75Zr0．25O2氧化物固溶体及其表征

以碳酸铈、氯氧锆和草酸为原料,采用机械力活化固-固化学法制得前驱物,前驱物经热分解获得了相应的目标产物Ce0.75Zr0.25O2氧化物固溶体.对前驱体进行了热重-差热(TG-DTA)测试,分析了在球磨及煅烧过程中可能发生的化学反应.采用X-射线衍射(XRD),透射电镜(TEM)和光电子能谱(XPS)等对产物进行了表征,实验结果表明:产物为单一的立方晶系固溶体,没有单独的氧化锆或氧化铈存在,粉体分散性好,呈圆球状,分布均匀,平均粒径为15.8 nm,比表面积达85.4 m2/g.对机械力活化固相化学反应的机制进行了研究.     

Sn-Cl共掺杂的锂离子正极材料Li2MnO3的结构及电化学性能研究

以乙酸盐为原料,柠檬酸为络合剂,通过溶胶-凝胶的方法制备富锂阴极材料Li₂MnO₃,选用草酸亚锡(SnC₂O₄)为锡源,用Sn ⁴⁺代替Mn ⁴⁺,获得不同掺杂量的材料. 适当含量的Sn ⁴⁺掺杂可以提高材料的放电比容量,在低电流下获得256.3 mAh·g ^-1的高放电比容量,但由于Sn ⁴⁺离子半径过大,不能起到稳定结构的作用,材料的倍率性能较差. 在此基础上,选用氯化亚锡(SnCl₂)进行掺杂改性,在材料中同时引入Sn ⁴⁺和Cl ^-掺杂,获得了层状结构更完整的粉末样品. 通过共掺杂改性的阴极材料可以在20 mA·g ^-1的电流密度,经过80圈的循环仍然保持153 mAh·g ^-1的放电比容量,且此时还未出现衰减现象,库仑效率保持在96%以上;在400 mA·g ^-1的电流密度下提供的比容量可高达116 mAh·g ^-1,是未掺杂样品的2倍左右.     

Preparation and characterization of sulfonated poly(phenylene oxide) proton exchange composite membrane doped with phosphosilicate gels

A new class of proton exchange composite membranes made by incorporating phosphosilicate gels into SPPO matrix was prepared and characterized. The thermal stability was evaluated by TGA and DSC, and the amorphous structure information was provided from XRD. The experimental results showed that the composite membranes have good stability to oxidation by Fenton's reagent test, and the membrane dimension is hardly changed, even at high temperature. The hydration number values of the persulfonic acid group of composite membranes were lower than that of Nafion 112 at room temperature, but the water uptake of composite membranes at 80°C was higher than that of Nafion 112. With increasing relative humidity and doping amount, the conductivity of the composite membranes increased. Moreover, the conductivities of water-equilibrated composite membranes were higher than that of Nafion 112 (0.0871 S/cm) at room temperature, and the highest conductivity for the composite membrane was 0.216 S/cm. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fabrication and optimization of proton conductive polybenzimidazole electrospun nanofiber membranes

Phosphoric acid (PA)–doped polybenzimidazole (PBI) proton exchange membranes have received attention because of their good mechanical properties, moderate gas permeability, and superior proton conductivity under high temperature operation. Among PBI‐based film membranes, nanofibrous membranes withstand to higher strain because of strongly oriented polymer chains while exhibiting higher specific surface area with increased number of proton‐conducting sites. In this study, PBI electrospun nanofibers were produced and doped with PA to operate as high temperature proton exchange membrane, while changes in proton conductivity and morphologies were monitored. Proton conductive PBI nanofiber membranes by using the process parameters of 15 kV and 100 μL/h at 15 wt% PBI/dimethylacetamide polymer concentration were prepared by varying PA doping time as 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. The morphological changes associated with PA doping addressed that acid doping significantly caused swelling and 2‐fold increase in mean fiber diameter. Tensile strength of the membranes is found to be increased by doping level, whereas the strain at break (15%) decreased because of the brittle nature of H‐bond network. 72 hour doped PBI membranes demonstrated highest proton conductivity whereas the decrease on conductivity for 96‐hour doped PBI membranes, which could be attributed to the morphological changes due to H‐bond network and acid leaking, was noted. Overall, the results suggested that of 72‐hour doped PBI membranes with proton conductivity of 123 mS/cm could be a potential candidate for proton exchange membrane fuel cell.     

机械球磨固相化学反应制备AlH3及其放氢性能

以LiAlH4和AlCl3为原料, 采用机械球磨固相化学反应方法制备了铝氢化合物, 通过X射线衍射(XRD)、热分析(TG-DSC)和质谱(MS)分析等方法对反应产物进行分析和表征, 研究了不同球磨时间(4、8、15和20 h)对LiAlH4+AlCl体系的固相反应转变规律﹑合成产物和放氢性能的影响. 研究结果表明, 随球磨时间的增加, 球磨固相反应按3LiAlH4+AlCl3→4AlH3+3LiCl方向进行, 形成了非晶态铝氢化合物AlH3, 球磨20 h时反应基本完全. 球磨产物的放氢动力学特性随球磨时间增加而改善, 其放氢起始温度均低于100 ℃, 最大放氢量达到2.6%-3.6%(H2)(w), 接近反应体系的理论储氢量4.85%(H2)(w). 球磨过程中反应产物形成LiCl·H2O以及少量AlH3发生分解是影响球磨产物最大放氢量的主要因素.     

Polybenzimidazole dendrimer containing triazine rings-based high-temperature proton exchange membranes with high performances over a wide humidity range

A high-temperature proton exchange membrane with high proton conductivity over a wide humidity range still remains a challenge. PBI dendrimer containing triazine rings (TPBI) was synthesized to approach this aim considering its high content of hygroscopic terminal groups and of larger free volume. A novel proton conductor previously synthesized (zirconium 3-sulfopropyl phosphonate, ZrSP) was doped due to its good proton conductivity over a wide humidity range. TPBI was post-crosslinked with a tetrafunctional epoxy resin (N,N,N′,N′-tetraglycidyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane, TGDDM) to enhance the mechanical stability at low cross-linking degrees, which allowed high doping levels of ZrSP, and thus, high conductivity. The prepared membranes (TPBI-TGDDM/ZrSP) showed good thermal stability, high proton conductivity over wide humidity range, and good dimensional stability. At suitable degrees of branching, TPBI-TGDDM/ZrSP exhibited superior mechanical property, oxidative stability, methanol barrier property, and membrane selectivity than its linear analog (mPBI-TGDDM/ZrSP). As ZrSP instead of PA was applied as the proton conductor, TPBI-TGDDM/ZrSP showed good durability of proton conductivity, especially in comparison with TPBI-TGDDM/PA, which highly retarded decline in conductivity caused by PA leaking. The proton conductivity at 180 °C of TPBI(20)-TGDDM(10)/ZrSP(50) achieved 142, 84.2 and 23.6 mS cm^?1 at 100%, 50%, and 0 RH, respectively.