Removal of aqueous ammonium with magnesium phosphates obtained from the ammonium-elimination of magnesium ammonium phosphate

In order to recycle magnesium ammonium phosphate (MgNH4PO4.6H2O: MAP) obtained from MAP process, which is one of the attractive processes for removal of aqueous ammonium and phosphate from wastewater, ammonium elimination from MAP to magnesium phosphates and ammonium incorporation into the magnesium phosphates have been investigated in the present study. It is confirmed that magnesium hydrogen phosphate (MgHPO4) is favorably obtained from the ammonium elimination from MAP at temperatures greater than 353 K, although magnesium phosphate (Mg3(PO4)2) and magnesium pyrophosphate (Mg2P2O7) have been suggested as possible candidates. Based on the dissolution-precipitation mechanism for the removal of aqueous ammonium with magnesium phosphates, three magnesium phosphates were employed for the removal of aqueous ammonium. The order of the removal rate of the aqueous ammonium was MgHPO4>Mg3(PO4)2>Mg2P2O7, as expected from the solubility of those magnesium phosphates. The removability of the solid obtained from ammonium elimination of MAP is also confirmed. The present results show that MAP can be employed as an advanced material for the removal/recovery of ammonium, although it is generally accepted that an excess of MAP obtained from the wastewater treatment can be only used as a slow-acting fertilizer.     

Influence of chemical impurities in ammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate on the properties of ABCE fire extinguishing dry powders

The influence of chemical impurities on hygroscopic properties, as well as on the grinding and modification efficiency of ammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate was analyzed. It was shown that application of chemically pure ammonium sulfate and ammonium phosphate free of ammonium fluoride and magnesium phosphate impurities provides the best conditions for obtaining fire extinguishing dry powders with high fire suppression ability and properties that satisfy relevant specifications.     

Treatment of wastewater to remove ammonium ions by precipitation

The process of wastewater treatment to remove ammonium ions by precipitation in the form of ammonium magnesium phosphate was studied. The fundamental aspects of the chemical precipitation process were examined. The effect of various factors on the efficiency of wastewater treatment was experimentally analyzed.     

Sur la thermogravimétrie des précipités analytiques : Dosage du Magnésium

With the aid of the thermobalance of chevenard the authors have studied the pyrolysis of the following compounds of magnesium, which have been proposed for the gravimetric determination of this element: hydroxide, fluoride, sulphate, magnesium ammonium phosphate magnesium ammonium arsenate, magnesium ammonium carbonate, oxalate and 8-hydroxy-quinolate. Brucite is compared with the artificial product. The gelatinous nature of the precipitated fluoride prevents a definite formula being assigned to it. The series of hydrates of the sulphate is compared with that produced by the aqueous route. Precipitated ammonium magnesium, carbonate has not a definite composition. The heating curve of the oxinate differs appreciably from the literature data.     

A comparison of the performance of ammonium phosphate,titan yellow and edta methods for the determination of magnesium in blood serum

Detailed analyses were carried out on 3 specimens of serum to compare the precision and accuracy of 4 typical chemical methods for magnesium, and to determine whether wet-ashing or deprotemisation with trichloroacetic or acetic acid affected the results. Two ammonium phosphate precipitation methods involving spectrophotometry of phosphate in the precipitate, a spectrophotometric method with Titan Yellow and a visual EDTA titration method were studied. The analyses were designed to reveal systematic errors and the results were analysed statistically.One ammonium phosphate method on untreated and wet-ashed samples and the EDTA method gave concordant and relatively precise results, which were used to estimate the true values. On this basis, another ammonium phosphate method involving overnight precipitation, gave consistently high results. The Titan Yellow method gave large random errors, particularly when proteins were not removed. The preliminary treatment of the samples did not appear to have any consistent effect.     

Determination of dissolved arsenic in waters at μg l−1 levels by precipitation and energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Arsenic is precipitated as magnesium ammonium arsenate with magnesium ammonium phosphate as carrier. The precipitate is collected on a glass-fibre filter and arsenic is measured by energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry with a silver secondary target. With 200-ml water samples and 100-s counting times, the limit of detection is 0.7 μg As l^?1. The method is applicable to all types of natural water including sea waters.     

Rapid analysis of fertilizers by the direct-reading thermometric method

The authors have developed rapid methods for the determination of the main components of fertilizers, namely phosphate, potassium and nitrogen fixed in various forms. In the absence of magnesium ions phosphate is precipitated with magnesia mixture; in the presence of magnesium ions ammonium phosphomolybdate is precipitated and the excess of molybdate is reacted with hydrogen peroxide. Potassium is determined by precipitation with silico-fluoride. For nitrogen fixed as ammonium salts the ammonium ions are condensed in a basic solution with formalin to hexamethylenetetramine; for nitrogen fixed as carbamide the latter is decomposed with sodium nitrite; for nitrogen fixed as nitrate the latter is reduced with titanium(III). In each case the temperature change of the test solution is measured. Practically all essential components of fertilizers may be determined by direct-reading thermometry; with this method and special apparatus the time of analysis is reduced to at most about 15 min for any determination.     

Improved scheme for the analysis of high-purity talc

An improved method is proposed for the determination of silica, magnesium oxide, R(2)O(3), ferric oxide, calcium oxide, and aluminium oxide in high-purity talc. In the method for silica and magnesium oxide, the sample is fused with sodium carbonate and the cooled melt is dissolved with perchloric acid in such a manner that it floats free from the crucible (in previous schemes for the analysis of talc there are frequently mechanical losses due to the difficulty of removing the magnesium silicate melt from the crucible). The solution is then evaporated to fumes of perchloric acid and the silica is filtered off and ignited. The magnesium oxide is determined in the filtrate by precipitation as magnesium ammonium phosphate and a correction is made for the calcium which is precipitated along with the magnesium ammonium phosphate. R(2)O(3) is determined after treatment of the sample with nitric and hydrofluoric acids and evaporation to fumes of perchloric acid. Iron oxide and calcium oxide are determined by atomic absorption, after treatment with nitric and hydrofluoric acids and evaporation to fumes of perchloric acid. Al(2)O(3) is calculated by difference.     

Determination of phosphorus in phosphazenes and phosphines

An improved technique for the determination of phosphorus in organic phosphazenes and phosphines is described. An acid digestion using a mixture of fuming nitric, sulphuric and perchloric acids converts the organically bound phosphorus into orthophosphate. The orthophosphate is precipitated as magnesium ammonium phosphate, which is ignited to magnesium pyrophosphate. With this technique phosphorus was determined in several compounds. The results establish both good accuracy and precision for the method.     

Preliminary results on the immobilisation of radionuclides from waters with specific adsorbers based on phosphate salts

The present paper is focused on the ability of aluminium phosphate (ALPC), magnesium ammonium phosphate (MGPC), magnesium hydrogen phosphate (MGHPC), and calcium hydrogenphosphate (CAHPC), adsorbed onto charcoal, to immobilise actinides by adsorption from natural waters. The objective of this process is to evaluate the environmental pollution due to the actinides. Europium, thorium, protactinium, neptunyl, and uranyl ions were chosen to simulate actinides in the +3, +4, +5 and +6 oxidation state. The adsorbers were tested using natural waters samples. The adsorption trends and capacities were analysed. ALPC and MGPC exhibited a similar behaviour and adsorbed demonstrating that the +5, +4 and +3 actinide ions can be easily immobilised from natural waters and may be successfully used at pH 7-8. MGHPC may be used at a higher pH, whereas CAHPC is effective in the whole pH range. In all cases, thorium, protactinium and europium were strongly     

磷酸铵镁沉淀法测定聚马来酸酐氨化体系中的铵离子

通过甲醛法、四苯硼钠沉淀法以及磷酸铵镁沉淀法(MAP)测定模拟体系中铵离子含量,分析比较确定了聚马来酸酐(PMA)与氨气反应产物中铵离子的测定方法,即利用磷酸氢二钠和氯化镁结合铵离子形成磷酸铵镁沉淀,并通过凯式定氮法确定体系中铵离子含量。结果表明,pH值为9.0时,铵离子测定得到了较好的结果,测定平均值为5.50mmol/g,测定平均误差为2.1%,方法有很好的精密度和准确度,能够满足实际测试要求。     

Study of conversion processes in multicomponent systems in manufacture of complex magnesium-containing fertilizers

Conversion processes occurring upon introduction of various kinds of magnesium-containing raw materials in separate technological stages of fabrication of complex NP fertilizers based on ammonium phosphates and NPK fertilizers produced by acid decomposition of phosphate raw materials were studied. It was found that there occur exchange interaction processes yielding double magnesium-ammonium sulfates, magnesium hydroand dihydrophosphates, and double magnesium-ammonium hydrophosphate. The involvement of magnesium chlorides in the conversion processes is confirmed by the formation of polyhalite.     

Potentiometric determination of EDTA and NTA in detergents

A method is described for the potentiometric titration with iron(III) of EDTA and NTA in detergents, a platinum electrode being used as indicator. EDTA and NTA were extracted at pH 9 and 50–60 °C in the presence of magnesium(II). Interference from polyphosphates was minimized by hydrolysis to orthophosphate followed by remotion as magnesium ammonium phosphate. Complexometric titration was carried out at pH 4.7 in acetate medium, in the presence of ferroin. A preliminary cleaning of the platinum electrode with thiosemicarbazide in hydrochloric acid was found to improve significantly the potential measurements. A mean recovery of 93% for EDTA and 89% for NTA was observed.     

铵光卤石气固反应法制备无水氯化镁

铵光卤石气固反应法制备无水氯化镁;ouig     

Determination of citric acid based on inhibition of the crystal growth of calcium fluoride

Inhibition of the growth of calcium fluoride crystals in the presence of citrate was followed using a kinetic-potentiometric technique and a calcium ion-selective electrode, and as a consequence, a method for the determination of citrate in the range 0.5-2.4 micrograms ml-1 has been developed. The method was successfully applied to the determination of citrate contained in pharmaceutical products and urine. Urine analysis requires prior separation of phosphate, sulphate and magnesium(II). Elimination of these interferences was studied and accomplished using precipitation processes. Magnesium and phosphate were jointly eliminated in basic media by the addition of ammonium ions. Phosphate and sulphate were eliminated with barium(II). Phosphate was also eliminated as a lithium salt.     

有机溶剂法无水氯化镁的制备与表征

Ammonium carnallite was synthesized by hydrated magnesium chloride in salt lake and ammonium chloride solution. Dehydrated ammonium carnallite was dissolved in methanol under low temperature by feeding ammonia, to prepare anhydrous magnesium chloride. The results show that anhydrous magnesium chloride contains magnesium oxide in an amount less than 0.1% by weight, the yield of magnesium chloride was above 99.5%. Ammonium carnallite, ammoniation magnesium chloride and anhydrous magnesium chloride were characterized by thermoanalysis, X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.     

Formation of Struvite Crystals in a Simulated Food Waste Aerobic Composting Process

Bench-scale treatments with three mixtures of Mg and P salts,including K3PO4+MgSO4,K2HPO4+MgSO4,and KH2PO4+MgSO4 as additives in a simulated food waste aerobic composting process,were conducted to test the magnesium ammonium phosphate(MAP) formation,and the compost products were analyzed by X-ray diffraction(XRD),Scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS) analyses.The comparison results between XRD,SEM,and EDS analyses of MAPs in the dried compost and synthesized MAPs co...     

Struvite precipitation for ammonia nitrogen removal in 7-aminocephalosporanic acid wastewater

7-Aminocephalosporanic acid wastewater usually contains high concentrations of ammonium (NH??-N), which is known to inhibit nitrification during biological treatment processes. Chemical precipitation is a useful technology to remove ammonium from wastewater. In this paper, the removal of ammonium from 7-aminocephalosporanic acid wastewater was studied. The optimum pH, molar ratio, and various chemical compositions of magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) precipitation were investigated. The results indicated that ammonium in 7-aminocephalosporanic acid wastewater could be removed at an optimum pH of 9. The Mg2?:NH??-N:PO? 3?-P molar ratio was readily controlled at a ratio of 1:1:1.1 to both effectively remove ammonium and avoid creating a higher concentration of PO? 3?-P in the effluent. MgCl?·6H?O + 85% H?PO? was the most efficient combination for NH??-N removal. Furthermore, the lowest concentration of the residual PO? 3?-P was obtained with the same combination. Struvite precipitation could be considered an effective technology for the NH??-N removal from the 7-aminocephalosporanic acid wastewater.     

Study of chemical modifiers for direct determination of silver in sea water by ETA-AAS with deuterium background correction

Methods for the direct determination of silver in sea water samples by ETA-AAS using different chemical modifiers were studied. The effect of salinity was studied using synthetic sea water of high (72.8 per thousand) and low (34.2 per thousand) salinity, and the results were compared with aqueous standard solutions. The charring temperatures achieved were 800 and 900 degrees C for magnesium nitrate and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate respectively, being 1100 degrees C for palladium nitrate and their mixtures. The best sensitivity obtained in the peak-height measurement mode was achieved by using reduced palladium (limit of detection (LOD) between 0.5 and 1.1 mug l(-1) for an injection volume of 20 mu1) with analytical recoveries close to 100% for synthetic and real sea water samples. The use of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (LOD of 1.3 mug l(-1) for an injection volume of 20 mu1) produced good recoveries for low salinity; at high salinity an increase of around 25% was obtained, the method being unsuitable for sea water analysis. Finally, an interference study of the major components of sea water was carried out and applied to the analysis of surface sea water from the Galicia coast.     

Die komplexometrische Bestimmung von Phosphat im Anschlu\ an die Verbrennung nach Schöniger

Zusammenfassung In Anlehnung an eine von Sawarow⁸ und Mitarbeitern veröffentlichte Methode wird eine neue einfachere Modifikation der indirekten komplexometrischen Bestimmung von Phosphat mitgeteilt, die die umständliche Isolierung des mit überschüssigem Magnesiumchlorid als Magnesiumammoniumphosphat gefällten Phosphats umgeht. Es wurde gefunden, daß der Magnesiumchloridüberschuß in 50%iger äthanolischer Lösung auch in Gegenwart des Niederschlages sehr genau mit Komplexon gegen Eriochromschwarz T zurücktitriert werden kann, da Magnesium-ammoniumphosphat in diesem Medium in Komplexon praktisch unlöslich ist. Die Methode ist besonders zur Phosphatbestimmung im Anschluß an die Verbrennung nachSchöniger gedacht.

---

Summary In dependence on a method published bySawarow and his associates, a new simplified modification is given of the indirect complexometric determination of phosphate, which avoids the tedious isolation of the phosphate precipitated as magnesium ammonium phosphate by means of excess magnesium chloride. It was found that the excess of magnesium chloride can be titrated accurately in 50% ethanol solution, even in the presence of the precipitate, by complexone with eriochrome black T as indicator, since the magnesium ammonium phosphate is practically insoluble in complexone in this medium. The method is intended particularly for the determination of phosphate in connection with theSchöniger combustion procedure.

---

Résumé Sur la base d'une méthode publiée parSawarow et ses collaborateurs l'auteur communique une nouvelle modification simple de la détermination complexométrique indirecte des phosphates qui permet d'éviter les complications de l'isolement du phosphate en le précipitant sous forme de phosphate ammoniaco -magnésien par un excès de chlorure de magnésium. Il a été établi que l'excès de chlorure de magnésium pouvait être dosé en retour avec une grande précision, par le complexon, en présence de noir ériochrome T et du précipité dans une solution éthanolique à 50%; le phosphate ammoniacomagnésien est en effet pratiquement insoluble dans le complexon dans un tel milieu. La méthode a été particulièrement étudiée pour son application au dosage des phosphates après combustion par la méthode deSchöniger.