用于环酯单体开环聚合的无金属引发/催化体系

环酯单体在不同引发/催化体系作用下的开环聚合是制备可生物降解脂肪族聚酯的主要方法.综述了近年来用于环酯单体开环聚合的无金属引发/催化体系,主要涉及水、醇、胺、羧酸等引发剂及质子酸、膦类、氮杂环类化合物等催化剂体系.     

用于环酯单体开环聚合的无金属引发/催化体系

环酯单体在不同引发/催化体系作用下的开环聚合是制备可生物降解脂肪族聚酯的主要方法.综述了近年来用于环酯单体开环聚合的无金属引发/催化体系,主要涉及水、醇、胺、羧酸等引发剂及质子酸、膦类、氮杂环类化合物等催化剂体系.     

丙交酯开环均聚合

生物可降解脂肪族聚酯--聚丙交酯由可再生资源获得.聚丙交酯独特的物理性质使得它在包装、涂层、纤维、薄膜等方面有着广泛的应用.聚丙交酯低成本、大规模的生产及应用将极大地减轻对石油产品的依赖.高分子量的聚丙交酯主要由丙交酯开环聚合制备.本文总结了催化丙交酯开环聚合的3大类催化剂及其反应机理;综述了近年来国内外在丙交酯均聚合催化剂开发上的研究进展,并重点论述了稀土催化剂在丙交酯开环聚合中的优势及由其催化合成的聚丙交酯在生物学应用中的优点.     

铁系化合物催化脂肪族环酯聚合反应

以常见铁系化合物为催化剂对L-丙交酯（L-LA）及与ε-己内酯（ε-CL）的开环聚合反应进行了研究,探讨了体系反应温度、反应时间和催化剂用量等因素对聚合反应的影响,以及L-丙交酯在以铁系化合物作为催化剂时的开环聚合反应机理。用凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）、核磁共振氢谱（1H-NMR）、电感耦合-等离子发射光谱（ICP-AES...     

乙交酯开环聚合的金属化合物催化剂的研究

工业上由开环聚合法生产聚乙交酯(亦称聚乙醇酸,PGA),使用的催化剂种类对PGA的聚合反应和分子量的控制至关重要。本研究利用不同的金属化合物催化剂/羟基化合物引发剂进行乙交酯(GL)聚合研究,探索了中心金属(锡(Sn)、铝(Al)、锌(Zn)和锆(Zr))与配体结构(烷氧基(OR)、羧基(OC(O)R)、乙酰丙酮基(acac)和卤素(Cl))对乙交酯开环聚合以及所得PGA色泽的影响规律。实验结果表明金属中心对于GL开环聚合活性及所得PGA分子量起到决定作用,配体的影响较弱,而且金属种类显著影响PGA色泽。锡催化剂获得最高的GL开环聚合活性,在极低催化剂浓度和短时间内可使单体完全转化;而且,锡和锆催化聚合所得PGA具有良好的色泽。     

环碳酸酯开环聚合物制备、性能和应用研究进展

综述了近年来环碳酸酯开环均聚与共聚产物的制备、性能与应用研究进展     

基于氢键作用的内酯开环聚合非金属有机催化剂

脂肪族聚酯具有生物可降解、生物相容及环境友好等优良性能,其已广泛应用于包装、农用地膜、生物医用材料等领域。与缩聚反应相比,内酯开环聚合反应条件温和,无小分子产生,容易制得高分子量、窄分子量分布的聚合物。目前,脂肪族聚酯主要通过配位聚合反应制备,通常使用金属配合物作为催化剂,所得聚合物中含有少量无法除去的金属离子,这限制了其在医用材料等领域的应用。与金属催化剂相比,非金属有机催化剂具有价廉、易制备、低毒等特点,因此非金属有机催化剂催化的内酯开环聚合反应受到了研究者的广泛关注。本文根据非金属有机催化剂作用机理的不同,从氢键作用机理出发,综述近年来基于氢键作用的非金属有机催化剂在内酯开环聚合领域的研究进展。     

大环碳酸酯的Novozym-435酶促开环聚合

研究了14元环的碳酸丁二酯二聚体在固定化脂肪酶Novozym-435催化下的开环聚合反应制备聚碳酸丁二酯.聚合在常压,75℃的甲苯溶液中进行,反应条件温和.详细探讨了反应条件诸如单体浓度,酶浓度对于聚合的影响.结果显示Novozym-435具有与异辛酸亚锡可比拟的高催化活性,同时可以回收重复使用.聚合动力学研究表明碳酸丁二酯的酶促甲苯溶液开环聚合和环状内酯的酶促甲苯溶液聚合有所不同,没有表现出活性聚合的特征.     

聚苯乙烯微球负载脲催化剂与碱协同催化环内酯的开环聚合

通过环己基异氰酸酯和4-三氟甲基苯异氰酸酯分别与氨基化聚苯乙烯反应, 构筑了聚苯乙烯(PS)负载的环己基脲(PS-U₁)和聚苯乙烯负载的4-三氟甲基苯基脲催化剂(PS-U₂). 利用PS-U/KOMe二元催化体系协同催化环内酯的开环聚合. 结果表明, PS-U/KOMe二元体系可高效催化ε-己内酯(ε-CL)、 δ-戊内酯(δ-VL)和L-丙交酯(L-LA)的开环聚合, 制备了低催化剂残留且环境友好的聚酯材料; 同时实现了PS-U的回收及循环利用.     

环张力驱动环醚单体开环聚合的DFT验证北大核心CSCD

高分子化学教学中,在向学生讲授环状单体开环聚合驱动力时,单体的环张力是决定其能否进行开环聚合的一个非常重要的热力学因素,但有时并非是根本因素。在部分教材上提及顺式-和反式-8-氧杂双环[4.3.0]壬烷(I)、顺式-和反式-7,9-二氧杂双环[4.3.0]壬烷(II)两对顺反异构体时,都认为它们是由于反式异构体环张力大而易于开环聚合。本文通过密度泛函理论(Density Functional Theory,DFT)方法分别计算了它们发生开环聚合的Gibbs自由能变化,发现前者I单体两个异构体能量非常接近,不存在环张力大小的区别,而反式异构体开环产物在能量上更加稳定,利于开环过程。后者II单体则确实是因为反式环状单体的环张力比顺式异构体高,从而有利于开环聚合。本文希望通过这两个实例的DFT计算,阐明这两种不同的机理,并且向学生们介绍量子化学计算方法。     

Ring‐Opening Polymerization of Cyclic Esters by an Enantiopure Heteroscorpionate Rare Earth Initiator

With a sting in its tail : An enantiopure neodymium complex (see scheme) acts as an efficient single‐site initiator for the controlled ring‐opening polymerization of rac‐lactide, forming isotactic polyester. The heteroscorpionate complex was characterized spectroscopically and by X‐ray diffraction.

     

Direct Cyclodextrin‐Mediated Ring Opening Polymerization of ϵ‐Caprolactone in the Presence of Yttrium Trisphenolate Catalyst

Unmodified β‐cyclodextrin has been directly used to initiate ring‐opening polymerization of ϵ‐caprolactone in the presence of yttrium trisphenolate. Well‐defined cyclodextrin (CD)‐centered star‐shaped poly(ϵ‐caprolactone)s have been successfully synthesized containing definite average numbers of arms (N_arm = 4–6) and narrow polydispersity indexes (below 1.10). The number‐average molecular weight ( ) and average molecular weight per arm ( ) are controlled by the feeding molar ratio of monomer to initiator. The prepared star‐PCL with of 2.7 × 10³ is in fully amorphous and that with of 13.3 × 10³ is crystallized. In addition, the obtained poly(e‐caprolactone) (PCL) stars with various molecular weights have different solubilities in methanol and tetrahydrofuran, which can be applied for further modifications.     

Polymerization of Cyclic Monomers, 10,

Methyl 2‐(bicyclo[3.1.0]hex‐1‐yl)acrylate ( 1 ) was synthesized from methyl 2‐(cyclopentene‐1‐yl)‐2‐hydroxyacetate by cyclopropanation, followed by oxidation to the corresponding bicyclic 2‐oxoacetate and Wittig olefination with methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide. Initiated with 2,2′‐azoisobutyronitrile at 65 °C in chlorobenzene, the radical homopolymerization of 1 occurred with opening of the cyclopropane ring leading to a polymer with a glass transition temperature of 90 °C. The reactivity of 1 in radical copolymerization was higher than that of methyl methacrylate.

     

Zinc Undecylenate Catalyst for the Ring‐Opening Polymerization of Caprolactone Monomers

The ring‐opening polymerization of two caprolactone monomers catalyzed by zinc undecylenate (ZU) is reported. Polymerizations were performed in bulk with benzyl alcohol (BnOH) as an initiator at 90 and 110 °C, respectively. A slower polymerization rate was observed for γ‐octyloxy‐ϵ‐caprolactone as compared to ϵ‐caprolactone. Diblock copolymers were synthesized by the sequential monomer addition at 90 and 110 °C. The kinetic studies performed for the ring‐opening polymerization of ϵ‐caprolactone and γ‐octyloxy‐ϵ‐caprolactone and the successful synthesis of diblock copolymers by the sequential monomer addition confirmed the controlled/living nature of zinc undecylenate catalyzed reactions.     

Use of germanium initiators in ring‐opening polymerization of L‐lactide

Three different, new germanium initiators were used for ring‐opening polymerization of L ‐lactide. Chlorobenzene and 120 °C was a usable polymerization system for solution polymerization, and the results from the polymerizations depended on the initiator structure and bulkiness around the insertion site. The average molecular weights as measured by size exclusion chromatography increased linearly with the monomer conversion, and the molecular weight dispersity was around 1.2 for initiators 1 and 2 , whereas it was around 1.4 for initiator 3 . The average molecular weight of poly(L ‐lactide) could be controlled with all three initiators by adding different ratios of monomer and initiator. The reaction rate for the solution polymerization was, however, overall extremely slow. With an initial monomer concentration of 1 M and a monomer‐to‐initiator ratio of 50, the conversion was 93% after 161 h for the fastest initiator. In bulk polymerization, 160 °C, the conversion was 90% after 10 h. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 3074–3082, 2003     

Novel Highly Active Niobium Catalysts for Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization of Norbornene

Ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of norbornene catalyzed by niobium(V) N,N‐dialkylcarbamates Nb(O₂CNR₂)₅, R = Et ( 1 ), Me ( 2 ) was studied in the presence of methylaluminoxane (MAO) as a cocatalyst. These novel catalytic systems resulted very active in chlorobenzene: 1 in the presence of methylaluminoxane catalyzes the ROMP of norbornene with the highest activity (29 000 kg of polymer/mol of catalyst × hour) never reported up to now for niobium catalysts. The high productivity appears particularly attractive considering that these precursors are rather cheap and easy to synthesize and to handle. Polynorbornenes were characterized by FT‐IR and NMR spectroscopies and by DSC calorimetry. A new FT‐IR method for the swift determination of the cis/trans content of the polymer is presented.

     

Tetrakis Sn(IV) alkoxides as novel initiators for living ring‐opening polymerization of lactides

The use of tetrakis Sn(IV) alkoxides as highly active initiators for the ring‐opening polymerization of D ,L ‐lactide is reported. The activities of prepared Sn(IV) tetra‐2‐methyl‐2‐butoxide, Sn(IV) tetra‐iso‐propoxide, and Sn(IV) tetra‐ethoxide were compared to a well‐known ring‐opening polymerization initiator system, Sn(II) octoate activated with n‐butanol. All polymerizations were conducted at 75 °C in toluene. The activities of tetrakis Sn(IV) alkoxides grew in order of increasing steric hindrance, and the bulky Sn(IV) alkoxides showed higher activity than the Sn(II) octoate/butanol system. The living character of the polymerization was demonstrated in homopolymerization of D ,L ‐lactide and in block copolymerization of L ‐lactide with ?‐caprolactone. ¹H, ¹³C, and ¹¹⁹Sn NMR were used to characterize the prepared Sn(IV) alkoxides and the polymer microstructure, and size exclusion chromatography was used to determine the molar masses as well as the molar‐mass distributions of the polymers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 1901–1911, 2004