壳聚糖基生物医用材料及其应用研究进展

壳聚糖是一种极具发展潜力的天然生物材料,其在生物医学领域的研究和应用越来越受到重视。阐述了壳聚糖及其衍生物作为生物医用材料的特性,介绍了壳聚糖基生物医用材料的应用现状和发展趋势。     

Stereocomplex Polylactide for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Applications: A Review

Polylactide (PLA) is among the most common biodegradable polymers, with applications in various fields, such as renewable and biomedical industries. PLA features poly(D-lactic acid) (PDLA) and poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) enantiomers, which form stereocomplex crystals through racemic blending. PLA emerged as a promising material owing to its sustainable, eco-friendly, and fully biodegradable properties. Nevertheless, PLA still has a low applicability for drug delivery as a carrier and scaffold. Stereocomplex PLA (sc-PLA) exhibits substantially improved mechanical and physical strength compared to the homopolymer, overcoming these limitations. Recently, numerous studies have reported the use of sc-PLA as a drug carrier through encapsulation of various drugs, proteins, and secondary molecules by various processes including micelle formation, self-assembly, emulsion, and inkjet printing. However, concerns such as low loading capacity, weak stability of hydrophilic contents, and non-sustainable release behavior remain. This review focuses on various strategies to overcome the current challenges of sc-PLA in drug delivery systems and biomedical applications in three critical fields, namely anti-cancer therapy, tissue engineering, and anti-microbial activity. Furthermore, the excellent potential of sc-PLA as a next-generation polymeric material is discussed.     

Recent Advances in Polyurethane/POSS Hybrids for Biomedical Applications

Advanced organic-inorganic materials-composites, nanocomposites, and hybrids with various compositions offer unique properties required for biomedical applications. One of the most promising inorganic (nano)additives are polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS); their biocompatibility, non-toxicity, and phase separation ability that modifies the material porosity are fundamental properties required in modern biomedical applications. When incorporated, chemically or physically, into polyurethane matrices, they substantially change polymer properties, including mechanical properties, surface characteristics, and bioactivity. Hence, this review is dedicated to POSS-PU composites that have recently been developed for applications in the biomedical field. First, different modes of POSS incorporation into PU structure have been presented, then recent developments of PU/POSS hybrids as bio-active composites for scaffolds, cardiovascular stents, valves, and membranes, as well as in bio-imaging and cancer treatment, have been described. Finally, characterization and methods of modification routes of polyurethane-based materials with silsesquioxanes were presented.     

Recent Insights Into the Biomedical Applications of Shape‐memory Polymers

Shape‐memory polymers (SMP) are versatile stimuli‐responsive materials that can switch, upon stimulation, from a temporary to a permanent shape. This advanced functionality makes SMP suitable and promising materials for diverse technological applications, including the fabrication of smart biomedical devices. In this paper, advances in the design of SMP are discussed, with emphasis on materials investigated for medical applications. Future directions necessary to bring SMP closer to their clinical application are also highlighted.

     

Metal‐Based Transient Micromotors: From Principle to Environmental and Biomedical Applications

Inspired by transient devices, transient self‐destroying micromotors that are propelled by metal–water/acid reactions and autonomously disappear after completing their tasks have emerged as promising tools for diverse applications. Such transient machines require careful selection of the metal matrix and well‐designed architectures for effective propulsion and customized functionality. In particular, recent advances in transient micromotors based on the active metals Zn, Fe, and Mg are introduced here. First, the fundamental design principles of transient micromotors are discussed. Then, their recent progress in environmental and biomedical applications is highlighted.     

Recent Advances and Future Prospects of Aggregation‐induced Emission Carbohydrate Polymers

Aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) is an abnormal phenomenon that has sparked great attention for diverse applications in different fields. In particular, the fabrication and biological imaging applications of AIE‐active fluorescent organic nanoparticles (FONs) have become a focus in the emerging and promising fields. A large number of AIE‐active polymeric nanoprobes have recently been fabricated through different strategies. The advances and progress in this direction have also recently been summarized by some groups. However, the fabrication and biomedical applications of AIE‐active FONs based on carbohydrate polymers and AIE‐active dyes are quite rare and limited. In this feature article, the recently reported AIE‐active FONs with different structures and applications based on AIE‐active dyes and carbohydrate polymers are highlighted, and the major current limitations and development tendencies are also discussed.

     

Protein-Integrated Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks: Chemistry and Biomedical Applications

Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) are porous nanomaterials that offer exceptional biocompatibility and versatility for integrating proteins for biomedical applications. This minireview concisely discusses recent advancements in the chemistry and functionality of protein-HOF interfaces. It particularly focuses on strategic methodologies, such as the careful selection of building blocks and the genetic engineering of proteins, to facilitate protein-HOF interactions. We examine the role of enzyme encapsulation within HOFs, highlighting its capability to preserve enzyme function, a crucial aspect for applications in biosensing and disease diagnosis. Moreover, we discuss the emerging utility of nanoscale HOFs for intracellular protein delivery, illustrating their applicability as nanoreactors for intracellular catalysis and neuroprotective biorthogonal catalysis within cellular compartments. We highlight the significant advancement of designing biodegradable HOFs tailored for cytosolic protein delivery, underscoring their promising application in targeted cancer therapies. Finally, we provide a perspective viewpoint on the design of biocompatible protein-HOF assemblies, underlining their promising prospects in drug delivery, disease diagnosis, and broader biomedical applications.     

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) in Sensors for Environmental and Biomedical Applications: A Review

Molecular imprinted polymers are custom made materials with specific recognition sites for a target molecule. Their specificity and the variety of materials and physical shapes in which they can be fabricated make them ideal components for sensing platforms. Despite their excellent properties, MIP-based sensors have rarely left the academic laboratory environment. This work presents a comprehensive review of recent reports in the environmental and biomedical fields, with a focus on electrochemical and optical signaling mechanisms. The discussion aims to identify knowledge gaps that hinder the translation of MIP-based technology from research laboratories to commercialization.     

Biomedical Investigations of Biodegradable PHAs

This work is a review of the results of biomedical studies of polymer devices (films, fibers, microparticles, 3D implants) made from resorbable PHAs synthesized by the bacterium Wautersia (Ralstonia) eutropha B5786, using the technology developed at the Institute of Biophysics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Two types of PHAs – polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and a hydroxybutyrate/hydroxyvalerate copolymer (PHB/PHV) – have been proven to be biocompatible in vitro in cultures of fibroblasts, endothelial cells, hepatocytes, and osteoblasts, and in short- and long-duration experiments on animals. Polymer films and membranes have been found to be usable as scaffolds for functioning cells and monofilament suture fibers – for stitching muscular-fascial wounds and in abdominal surgery. Ectopic bone formation assay and experiments with the model of segmental osteotomy showed that 3D PHB and PHB/HA implants can be used for reparative osteogenesis. The paper reports beneficial results of using polymers to repair bone defects in oral surgery.     

Recent Strategies to Develop Polysaccharide‐Based Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications

Polysaccharides are abundant in nature, renewable, nontoxic, and intrinsically biodegradable. They possess a high level of functional groups including hydroxyl, amino, and carboxylic acid groups. These functional groups can be utilized for further modification of polysaccharides with small molecules, polymers, and crosslinkers; the modified polysaccharides have been used as effective building blocks in fabricating novel biomaterials for various biomedical applications such as drug delivery carriers, cell‐encapsulating biomaterials, and tissue engineering scaffolds. This review describes recent strategies to modify polysaccharides for the development of polysaccharide‐based biomaterials; typically self‐assembled micelles, crosslinked microgels/nanogels, three‐dimensional hydrogels, and fibrous meshes. In addition, the outlook is briefly discussed on the important aspects for the current and future development of polysaccharide‐based biomaterials, particularly tumor‐targeting intracellular drug delivery nanocarriers.

     

水滑石(LDHs)及其衍生物在生物医药领域的研究进展

生物医学涉及到人类健康相关的多个领域:临床医疗、公共卫生、医药研发等多个方面.其中在医药研发领域,基于插层结构的纳米药物载体的研发已经成为重要发展方向之一.水滑石(LDHs)及其衍生物具有成本低、合成简单、载药高效、细胞膜透过率高、生物相容性好、易降解等优点,在生物医药领域得到了广泛关注.本文主要介绍了LDHs及其衍生物的制备方法,以及在抗菌治疗、生物成像和肿瘤治疗等方面的应用.此外,还简述了LDHs材料的规模化生产方法和现状,进一步分析了LDHs的实际应用前景.最后,对LDHs材料在生物医药领域的未来发展方向进行了展望.     

Advances of Microneedles in Biomedical Applications

A microneedle (MN) is a painless and minimally invasive drug delivery device initially developed in 1976. As microneedle technology evolves, microneedles with different shapes (cone and pyramid) and forms (solid, drug-coated, hollow, dissolvable and hydrogel-based microneedles) have been developed. The main objective of this review is the applications of microneedles in biomedical areas. Firstly, the classifications and manufacturing of microneedle are briefly introduced so that we can learn the advantages and fabrications of different MNs. Secondly, research of microneedles in biomedical therapy such as drug delivery systems, diagnoses of disease, as well as wound repair and cancer therapy are overviewed. Finally, the safety and the vision of the future of MNs are discussed.     

多功能磁性纳米粒的合成、修饰及生物医学应用

多功能磁性纳米粒由于其独特的性质而受到广泛的关注。磁性纳米粒可以与荧光探针、生物靶向分子或抗肿瘤药物等相结合实现磁性纳米粒的多功能化,因此在多模式成像、癌症的靶向诊断与治疗中有较好的应用前景。本文介绍了磁性纳米粒的合成以及多功能磁性纳米粒的构建方法,重点介绍了核壳型、哑铃型和组合杂化型三种不同类型多功能磁性纳米粒的合成方法。多功能磁性纳米粒通常具有粒径小、超顺磁性以及荧光等独特性质,在此基础上对纳米粒表面进行稳定化和靶向性修饰后即可在多模式成像、特异性靶向药物输送、基因转染等生物医学领域得到应用。最后指出了当前研究中需要解决的问题。     

Near-Infrared-Emissive AIE Bioconjugates: Recent Advances and Perspectives

Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence materials have exhibited formidable power in the field of biomedicine, benefiting from their merits of low autofluorescence background, reduced photon scattering, and deeper penetration depth. Fluorophores possessing planar conformation may confront the shortcomings of aggregation-caused quenching effects at the aggregate level. Fortunately, the concept of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) thoroughly reverses this dilemma. AIE bioconjugates referring to the combination of luminogens showing an AIE nature with biomolecules possessing specific functionalities are generated via the covalent conjugation between AIEgens and functional biological species, covering carbohydrates, peptides, proteins, DNA, and so on. This perfect integration breeds unique superiorities containing high brightness, good water solubility, versatile functionalities, and prominent biosafety. In this review, we summarize the recent progresses of NIR-emissive AIE bioconjugates focusing on their design principles and biomedical applications. Furthermore, a brief prospect of the challenges and opportunities of AIE bioconjugates for a wide range of biomedical applications is presented.     

AIE Polymers: Synthesis,Properties, and Biological Applications

Aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ) is a general phenomenon that is faced by traditional fluorescent polymers. Aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) is exactly opposite to ACQ. AIE molecules are almost nonemissive in their molecularly dissolved state, but they can be induced to show high fluorescence in the aggregated or solid state. Incorporation of AIE phenomenon into polymer design has yielded various polymers with AIE characteristics. In this review, the recent progress of AIE polymers for biological applications is summarized.

     

人造细胞的化学构建及其生物医学应用研究

人造细胞是模拟生物细胞结构,人工构建的与细胞功能相近的微米囊泡。人造细胞的构建主要有两种模式：自上而下模式主要利用生物学方法对生物基因序列进行重新设计,获得具有细胞类似结构功能的人造细胞;自下而上模式主要利用化学方法采用非生命物质构筑简化的细胞结构模型。自下而上化学模式构建的人造细胞大多只包含执行所需功能的最小单元,具有简单的细胞仿生的结构与功能。本文详细综述了人造细胞的构建模式以及化学构建人造细胞的常见类型,包括脂质囊泡、蛋白体囊泡、聚合物囊泡、凝集体液滴和胶体囊泡等,总结了人造细胞在分析传感、细胞结构与功能模拟、生物载体转运、微纳米反应器、疾病诊疗方面的生物医学应用现状。     

含氟芳杂环高分子及其在微电子工业中的研究进展

综述了近年来国内外在含氟芳杂环高分子方面的研究及应用进展情况。主要介绍了含氟聚苯并睬咪唑(PBI)、聚苯并喏唑(PBO)、聚芳醚(PAE)及其衍生物等材料。从含氟单体的合成、聚合物的合成及其应用等几个方面进行了阐述。     

Precision Biopolymers from Protein Precursors for Biomedical Applications

The synthesis of biohybrid materials with tailored functional properties represents a topic of emerging interest. Combining proteins as natural, macromolecular building blocks, and synthetic polymers opens access to giant brush‐like biopolymers of high structural definition. The properties of these precision polypeptide copolymers can be tailored through various chemical modifications along their polypeptide backbone, which expands the repertoire of known protein‐based materials to address biomedical applications. In this article, the synthetic strategies for the design of precision biopolymers from proteins through amino acid specific conjugation reagents are highlighted and the different functionalization strategies, their characterization, and applications are discussed.