某极低放废物填埋场土壤特性及其锶阻滞性能研究

为了考察某极低放射性废物填埋场土壤对待填埋锶的阻滞性能,对拟建场址开挖土坑进行土壤取样,采用筛分法,静态(间歇)吸附和动态迁移法等方法对所取的土壤样品进行土壤粒径的分布及渗透系数测定,并进行拟建场址土壤对锶分配系数和阻滞系数的研究,结果表明拟建场址土壤为非均质介质特征;渗透系数,纵向弥散度和有效孔隙度表明该拟建场址土壤属于属于亚砂、亚粘土;静态吸附试验的吸附结果表明最大的分配系数值为765.5,动态吸附实验各实验点对锶的阻滞系数最高位300.0;实验结果表明场址需要做进一步的化学工程屏障阻滞锶的迁移以保障填埋场的安全。     

放射性废物微波处理装置有效输出功率的测定

以微波为热源处理放射性废物的相关技术和装备的研究,在国外已经达到较高水平,在我国的相关研究较少。微波加热即物料在微波场中吸收消耗微波能量,并转化为热能用于物料温度升高。对于物料的处理效果主要与微波的有效输出功率有关。参考Schillman法测定了包括放射性废物微波处理装置的微波炉的有效输出功率,且经验证测定结果准确。微波有效输出功率的确定将对放射性废物微波处理工艺的研究打下基础。     

基于养分指标相关性的土壤有机质预测模型研究

为探究土壤间各养分指标间的相互关系,选取了天津市宁河区不同区域的种植土壤,基于行业标准规定的检测方法,对主要养分指标进行了测定,并研究各指标间的相关性。结果表明,各区域土壤pH值变异系数最小,整体均呈碱性;有机质、全氮及速效钾变异系数属于中等;有效磷的变异系数最高。各研究区域土壤有机质含量与全氮含量呈显著正相关(P<0.01),与pH值呈显著负相关(P<0.01),而与其他指标间不具备普遍且显著的相关性。基于多元线性回归分析建立了土壤有机质与全氮及pH值之间的预测模型,通过模型计算出的预测值与实际测定值的拟合性较好;另取土壤样品进行验证表明,预测模型具有良好的可靠性和准确性。     

土壤pH值测定的不确定度评估

按照NY/T 1377-2007《土壤pH的测定》进行测定,为了评估土壤p H值测定的不确定度,主要研究了测定的重复性、土样质量、水的体积、缓冲溶液和pH计所带来的不确定度,经计算得知,对土壤p H值测定的不确定度影响最大的是水体积和测定的重复性。所以,在测定时可通过使用高精度的量筒以及增加平行试样的次数来降低标准不确定度。     

乙酸铵离心交换法和乙酸钙离心交换法测定土壤阳离子交换量

土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)的测定在农业中有重要的意义,对农业行业标准NY/T295—1995和NY/T1121.5—2006中的离心交换法测定土壤中CEC值的方法进行了优化,讨论了不同pH值的土壤样品对两种方法的选择依据,分析了CEC值测定重现性较差的原因。结果表明,pH值的范围是方法选择的重要依据,pH7.0的样品适合用乙酸铵离心交换法,pH≥7.0的样品则适用乙酸钙离心交换法。优化后方法的准确度和精密度有了较大的改善,实验中对各步骤的优化缩短了约40%的操作时间,减少工作量,适合于批量样品的准确测定。     

滴定计算分析法同时测定Fe(Ⅲ)与Fe(Ⅱ)的研究

以铂电极为指示电极,Ce^4 标准溶液为滴定剂,对氧化还原滴定计算分析法同时测定Fe(Ⅲ)与Fe(Ⅱ)进行了研究。导出了同时测定Fe(Ⅲ)与Fe(Ⅱ)的滴定计算式。结果表明,电极的系统误差是影响测定结果准确度的主要因素,而且系统误差对Fe(Ⅲ)的影响比较大,对Fe(Ⅱ)的影响比较小。用刚开始滴定的实验数据,Fe(Ⅲ)的误差比较小;用接近化学计量点的实验数据,Fe(Ⅱ)的误差比较小。     

土壤中钴和镍背景值测定的质量控制

通过分析方法验证,全程序空白值测定,检出限的建立,标准参考物质批内、批间密码样、平行双样的测定等一系列自控和监控措施,有效地保证了分析测试数据的精密度和准确度。     

石油废物处置场周边土壤中多环芳烃的测定及评价

土壤样品经微波萃取处理,采用GC-MS法对某地含油废水排放水泡周围土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的量进行测定,并与土壤中有机质的含量进行相关性分析。结果表明,表层土壤中PAHs污染主要是2~4环的低分子量的PAHs,未检出高分子量的PAHs。各采样点属于轻度污染和中度污染,总体评价为中度污染,污染水平与该地区中部土壤数据对比处于中低等程度。其来源可能是石油污染中低分子量PAHs随大气输送而产生,但也不能排除燃料燃烧污染的可能。本区域多环芳烃和有机质含量之间没有发现明显相关关系。     

Saturated hydraulic conductivity of a volcanic ash soil affected by repulsive potential energy in a multivalent anionic system

Acid rain is supposed to influence soil structures, because soils have pH-dependent charges. The adverse effects of acid rain on soils must be assessed. Although repulsive potential energy among soil clay particles generates swelling and dispersion, thereby changing the soil’s hydraulic conductivity, the relationship between hydraulic conductivity and repulsive potential energy has not been evaluated. Moreover, research into repulsive potential energy in multivalent counterionic systems has been rare. In this paper, repulsive potential energies for a volcanic ash soil (allophanic Andisol), which is characterized by a number of pH-dependent charges, were evaluated in a multivalent counterionic system. Changes in saturated hydraulic conductivity (K) of volcanic ash soil during dilute acid leaching and their relationship with the repulsive potential energies were examined. When nitric acid at pH 3 or 4 was leached, K decreased rapidly. On the other hand, the decrease in K attenuated as the proportion of sulfate in the dilute acid increased. Electrophoretic mobilities were measured and the zeta potentials were estimated. From the zeta potentials and the calculation of repulsive potential energies between the clay particles in the NO₃–SO₄ system, we concluded that the decrease in K for an acid solution with a high proportion of nitrate was due to swelling and dispersion of the soil induced by electrostatic repulsive potential energy. Because sulfate formed complexes on the clay surface, the repulsive potential energy decreased as the proportion of sulfate in the dilute acid increased. Then, the flocculation of the soil was maintained, thereby inhibiting the decrease in K.     

Codigestion of proteinaceous industrial waste

Organic wastes are increasingly collected source separated, thus requiring additional treatment or recovery capacities for municipal biowastes, organic industrial wastes, as well as agroindustrial byproducts. In this study, we demonstrate that anaerobic digestion is preferentially suited for high-water-containing liquid or pasty waste materials. We also evaluate the suitability of various organic wastes and byproducts as substrates for anaerobic digestion and provide a current status survey of codigestion. Biodegradation tests and estimations of the biogas yield were carried out with semisolid and pasty proteins and lipids containing byproducts from slaughterhouses; pharmaceutical, food, and beverage industries; distilleries; and municipal biowastes. Biogas yields in batch tests ranged from 0.3 to 1.36 L/g of volatile solids_added. In continuous fermentation tests, hydraulic retention times (HRTs) between 12 and 60 d, at a fermentation temperature of 35°C, were required for stable operation and maximum gas yield. Laboratory experiments were scaled up to full-scale codigestion trials in municipal and agricultural digestion plants. Up to 30% cosubstrate addition was investigated, using municipal sewage sludge as well as cattle manure as basic substrate. Depending on addition rate and cosubstrate composition, the digester biogas productivity could be increased by 80–400%. About 5–15% cosubstrate addition proved to be best suited, without causing any detrimental effects on the digestion process or on the further use of the digestate.     

Tannery trimming waste based biodegradable bioplastic: Facile synthesis and characterization of properties

In the present research, the untanned proteinaceous trimming waste from tanneries was used to prepare highly flexible and transparent bioplastic films. Composite bioplastic films were fabricated by blending trimming hydrolysate powder and polyvinyl alcohol using the solution casting method. In addition, a non-toxic and relatively inexpensive bio-crosslinker – citric acid was used as a plasticizer/crosslinking agent. The effects of citric acid concentration on the mechanical properties, thermal stability, transparency and anti-microbial properties of the bioplastic films were investigated. Crosslinking interactions by the citric acid on the constituents of the bioplastic were confirmed using FTIR/ATR. Also, the surface microstructure of the films was studied using SEM. The resultant bioplastic films were smooth, uniform and defect-free. Citric acid used in the bioplastic blend formulation clearly acted as a plasticizer at higher concentrations. The trimming waste-based bioplastic with the citric acid concentration of 40% exhibited an outstanding tensile strength above 20 MPa and extremely high elongation at break value greater than 343%. The bioplastic degraded to an extent of 62% within 70 days under the soil burial test. The transparency of the bioplastics was comparable with the LDPE and PP-like conventional plastics. The anti-microbial properties of the films are the positive aspects brought about by the presence of citric acid interactions. Consequently, trimming based bioplastics may become a future friendly alternative to fossil derived plastics having applicability in packaging, wound healing and other biocompatible applications.     

Physicochemical and electrochemical properties of sulfolane solutions of lithium salts

The physicochemical and electrochemical properties (electrical conductivity, viscosity, density, and electrochemical stability) of sulfolane solutions of various lithium salts are studied. The nature of the anion considerably affects the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of the electrolyte systems considered. Sulfolane solutions of lithium salts have moderate electrical conductivity and high electrochemical stability, and can be used as electrolytes in lithium batteries.     

Physicochemical properties of chemically and enzymatically modified cellulosic surfaces

Surface characteristics of modified cotton fibers have been studied using electrokinetic analysis (EKA), inverse gas chromatography (IGC) and dynamic contact angle (DCA) determinations. Modifications of cotton surfaces included mercerization, water-proofing, cross-linking, dyeing with a bifunctional reactive dye and cellulase biopolishing. Comparisons are made to linen as an example of a natural cellulosic fiber other than cotton and to rayon as a representative of a regenerated cellulosic fiber. Generally all cellulosic surfaces were bipolar with a slightly higher acidic contribution in the case of the cotton samples. EKA indicated ion dissociation as the predominant mechanism for surface charge in aqueous medium for all cellulosic samples, with the exception of greige cotton and the cotton sample with the hydrophobic finish. Results from EKA and IGC showed good correlation, while DCA yielded unreasonably high basic contributions most likely due to fiber swelling.     

Preparation and properties of surface-active organocobalt complexes having long-chain alkyl groups

New types of surface-active organocobaltocenium(I) complexes, η-C_nH_2n+1X-C₅H₄(ηC₅H₅)₂Co⁺Y^? and(η-C_nH_2n+1X-C₅H₄)Co⁺Y^? (n = 6–16; X not present, NHCO or OCO; Y = Cl or PF₆) were prepared and their surface character studied. (1) The critical micelle concentrations of the cobaltocenium chlorides were much lower than those of corresponding trimethylammonium-type cationic surfactants. (2) The surface-active character of the cobaltocenium chlorides in aqueous solution (and the redox potentials of the hexafluorophosphates in acetonitrile) were affected by the substituents (X) in the cyclopentadienyl groups. (3) The surface activities of the cobaltocenium salts were lost on reduction with NaBH₄ to afford (alkyl-substituted cyclopentadiene) cyclopentadienylcobalt (0) complexes which were surface-inactive but could be re-oxidized to afford the surface-active cobaltoceium(I) salts. The cobalt complexes mentioned above may be the first examples of redoxresponsive surfactants.     

Physicochemical properties of protease A from cotton seeds

It has been found that protease A from dormant seeds of cotton plants of the Tashkent-1 variety consists of two subunits: and , differing in molecular weight and carbohydrate content and linked with one another by a disulfide bridge. The amino acid and carbohydrate compositions of the enzyme and its subunits have been determined. A comparative study of peptide maps of protease A and its - and -subunits and of their amino acid compositions has permitted the assumption that subunits and , in their turn, each consists of two polypeptide chains that are identical or very close in composition.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, Tashkent. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 741–744, November–December, 1986.     

Physicochemical properties of protease A from cotton seeds

It has been found that protease A from dormant seeds of cotton plants of the Tashkent-1 variety consists of two subunits: α and β, differing in molecular weight and carbohydrate content and linked with one another by a disulfide bridge. The amino acid and carbohydrate compositions of the enzyme and its subunits have been determined. A comparative study of peptide maps of protease A and its α- and β-subunits and of their amino acid compositions has permitted the assumption that subunits α and β, in their turn, each consists of two polypeptide chains that are identical or very close in composition.     

Physicochemical properties of amorphous silicon dioxide produced from nepheline

The properties of silicon dioxide precipitates produced by acid processing of nepheline have been investigated. Regardless of the production method, silicon dioxide takes an intermediate position between commercial silica gel and white soot in terms of the structure and some physicochemical properties, this position determining possible applications of this product.