Incoherently Coupled Grey-Grey Spatial Soliton Pairs in Biased Two-Photon Photovoltaic Photorefractive Crystals

The incoherently coupled grey-grey screening-photovoltaic spatial soliton pairs are predicted in biased two-photon photovoltaic photorefractive crystals under steady-state conditions. These grey-grey screening-photovoltaic soliton pairs can be established provided that the incident beams have the same polarization, wavelength, and are mutually incoherent. The grey-grey screening-photovoltaic soliton pairs can be considered as the united form of grey- grey screening soliton pairs and open or closed-circuit grey-grey photovoltaic soliton pairs.     

Manakov Soliton Pairs in Biased Photovoltaic Photorefractive Crystals

We study,theoretically,incoherently coupled screening-photovoltaic soliton pairs in biased photovoltaic photorefractive crystals.It is shown that when the total intensity of two coupled solitons is much lower than the effective dark irradiance,the coupled soliton equations reduce to the Manakov equations.The dark-dark,bright-bright and dark-bright soliton pair solutions of these Manakov equations are obtained under an appropriate external bias field and a photovoltaic field,and the characteristics of these Manakov soliton pairs are also discussed in detail.     

Incoherently Coupled Grey Photovoltaic Spatial Soliton Families

A theory is developed for incoherently coupled grey photovoltaic soliton families in unbiased photovoltaic crystals. Both the properties and the forming conditions of these soliton families are discussed in detail. The theory can also be used to investigate the dark photovoltaic soliton families. Some relevant examples are presented, in which the photovoltaic-photorefractive crystal is of lithium niobate type.     

Grey spatial solitons due to two-photon photorefractive effect

This paper predicts that grey spatial solitons can exist in two-photon photorefractive materials. In steady state and under appropriate external bias conditions, it obtains the grey spatial soliton solutions of the optical wave evolution equation. The intensity profile, phase distribution,and transverse velocity of these grey solitons are discussed.     

Incoherently coupled spatial soliton families in biased two-photon photorefractive crystals with both the linear and quadratic electro-optic effect

Different from the cases discussed preciously, nonlinear changes of refractive index in the photorefractive materials are influenced by both the linear and quadratic electro-optic effect simultaneously now. Here we present the evolution equations of one-dimension incoherently coupled spatial soliton families due to two-photon effect in biased photorefractive crystals with both the linear and quadratic electro-optic effect and discuss their existence conditions and properties in detail. Our analysis indicates that these soliton families can exist in all three possible realizations： dark-dark, bright-bright and dark-bright provided that the incident beams have the same polarization, wavelength and are mutually incoherent. Finally, the stabilities of these soliton families have been discussed by means of beam propagation methods.     

Grey screening-photovoltaic soliton-induced waveguides

This paper shows that waveguides induced by grey screening-photovoltaic solitons are always single mode for all intensity ratios, which are the ratio between the peak intensity of the soliton and the dark irradiance. It finds that the confined energy near the centre of the grey soliton and the propagation constant of the guided mode increase monotonically with increasing intensity ratio. On the other hand, when the soliton greyness increases, the confined energy near the centre of the grey soliton and the propagation constant of the guided mode reduce monotonically. When the bulk photovoltaic effect is neglected for short circuits, these waveguides become waveguides induced by grey screening solitons. When the external bias field is absent, these waveguides become waveguides induced by grey photovoltaic solitons.[第一段]     

Bright-dark incoherently coupled soliton pairs composed of spatially incoherent solitons

It is shown that bright-dark incoherently coupled soliton pairs can exist in photorefractive (PR) crystals under steady-state conditions, each soliton constituent of which is spatially incoherent. The characteristics of bright-dark incoherently coupled soliton pairs are studied by the coherent density approach and the intensity expressions of soliton pairs are obtained. The propagation properties of coherent components of each constituent in a soliton pair are also discussed in detail.     

Waveguides induced by grey screening solitons

We investigate the properties of waveguides induced by one-dimensional grey screening solitons in biased photorefractive crystals. The results show that waveguides induced by grey screening solitons are always of single mode for all intensity ratios, i.e. the ratios between the peak intensity of the soliton and the dark irradiance. Our analysis indicates that the energy confined near the centre of the grey soliton and the propagation constant of the guided mode of the waveguide induced by the grey screening soliton increase monotonically with intensity ratio increasing. On the other hand, when the soliton greyness increases, the energy confined near the centre of the grey soliton and the propagation constant of the guided mode of the waveguide induced by the grey screening soliton decrease monotonically. Relevant examples are provided where photorefractive crystal is of the strontium barium niobate type.     

Incoherently coupled soliton pairs in nonlocal nonlinear media

We show that incoherently coupled soliton pairs can exist in nonlocal Kerr-type nonlinear media. Such solitons can propagate in bright--bright, dark--dark, and gray--gray configurations. When the nonlocal nonlinearity is absent, these bright--bright and dark--dark soliton pairs are those observed previously in local Kerr-type nonlinear media. Our analysis indicates that for a self-focusing nonlinearity the intensity full width half maximum (FWHM) of the bright--bright pair components increases with the degree of nonlocality of the nonlinear response, whereas for a self-defocusing nonlinearity the intensity FWHM of the dark--dark and gray--gray pair components decreases with the increase in the degree of nonlocality of the nonlinear response. The stability of these soliton pairs has been investigated numerically and it has been found that they are stable.     

Effects of correlated perturbations on dark soliton propagation and interaction

Correlated perturbations are considered in a dark soliton system, and their effects on soliton propagation and interaction are investigated numerically. These perturbations result in large sidebands, lead to submergence of dark soliton, and enhance the interaction. The correlation amplifies these effects and shortens the distance until submergence. The comparison of the distinction is made between the degradations of these effects on dark soliton and the corresponding bright soliton. It is found that these effects on dark soliton are less than those on bright soliton. Finally the nonlinear gain is introduced to suppress efficiently these effects.     

Effects of Correlations Among Multiple Perturbations on Soliton Propagation

Correlations among multiple noise perturbations are considered in a sofiton system. It is found that these perturbations lead to disintegration of soliton, their correlations play important roles and reinforce their effects.Furthermore, there is a limiting case among the multiple noise perturbations in the system, here their effect is the largest. Finally, the nonlinear gain and the narrow band filter are introduced to suppress these effects effectively.     

Dynamics of the Manakov Solitons in Biased Guest-Host Photorefractive Polymer

In the biased guest-host photorefractive polymer,the Manakov equations can be used to describe the optical soliton propagation and interaction.Hereby for such equations,via the Hirota method and symbolic computation,analytic soliton solutions in the bright-dark and dark-dark forms are obtained.Based on the choice of photorefractive polymer parameter and incident-optical-beam parameter,the bright-dark and dark-dark solitons as well as their interaction can occur in the polymer when the total intensity is much lower than the background illumination,and our analysis indicates that the incident light with different polarization directions influence little on the soliton propagation.γ,representing the soliton intensity far away from the soliton center,determines the appearance of bright or dark soliton under the background illumination.Through the graphic and asymptotic analysis on the two-soliton solutions along with the different γ,we find that there exist the elastic and inelastic interactions between the bright-dark solitons,while the interactions between the dark-dark solitons are always elastic.     

Solitary Wave Evolution of Optical Planar Vortices in Self-Defocusing Photorefractive Media

Solitary wave evolution of optical planar vortices in isotropie self-defoeusing photorefractive media is investigated in detail. We demonstrate that the formation of a planar vortex soliton intensively depends on the diameter and maximum intensity of the input vortex Seam. The exact solutions of planar vortex solitons are obtained due to the Petviashvili iteration method. It is found that, with the increasing soliton maximum intensity, the soliton core will be gradually diminished to a minimum value.     

Generalized Theory of One-Dimensional Steady-State Optical Spatial Solitons

We present a generalized soliton theory based on the one-dimensional generalized nonlinear Schroedinger equation,from which one can easily obtain the bright, dark, and grey soliton waveforms, and their existence curves. We show that the forming conditions of spatial solitons are directly dependent on the relationship between the index perturbation and the intensity, no matter whether the index perturbation is positive or negative. Some relevant examples are presented when the solitons are supported by the photoisomerization nonlinearity.     

Coupling and stability of bright holographic soliton pairs

The coupling effect and stability property of symmetric bright holographic soliton pairs have been investigated numerically. Results show that when any one of the two solitary beams from a pair is perturbed in amplitude or width, both beams will be affected by such a perturbation via the coupling effect between the beams, thus resulting in both beams propagating in the medium without a constant shape; however, these two solitary beams are still stable against small perturbations. When both solitary beams from a pair are perturbed simultaneously in amplitude, for some given absolute values of the perturbations, the two beams are stable against these perturbations if both beams are perturbed with the same sign, whereas are unstable with the different signs. When the two beams are simultaneously perturbed in width, both beams exhibit their stability property similar to that when only one beam is perturbed no matter whether both perturbations have the same or different signs.     

Solitonic Diffusion of Wavepackets in One-Dimensional Bose–Einstein Condensates

Solitonic characteristics are revealed in the diffusion process of a hump or a notch wave packet in a one-dimensional Bose–Einstein condensate. By numerically solving the time-dependent Gross–Pitaevskii equation, we find completely different spreading behavior for attractive or repulsive condensates. For the attractive condensate, a series of bright solitons are continuously generated one after another at the wave front and they nearly stay at the positions where they are generated in the whole diffusion process. In contrast, for the repulsive condensate,the initial wave packet splits at the beginning into a series of grey solitons that travel at different velocities. The moving velocity of the grey soliton depends on nonlinear interaction strength, as well as the shape of a particular grey soliton.     

Effects of temperature on the stability of separatescreening bright--dark spatial soliton pair

We investigate theoretically the temperature effects on the evolution and stability of a separate screening bright--dark soliton pair formed in a serial non-photovoltaic photorefractive crystal circuit. Our numerical results show that, for a stable bright--dark soliton pair originally formed in a crystal circuit at given temperatures, when one crystal temperature changes, the soliton supported by the other crystal will evolve into another stable soliton if the temperature change is quite small, whereas it will become unstable and experience larger cycles of compression or break up into beam filaments if the temperature difference is big enough. The dark soliton is more sensitive to the temperature change than the bright one.     

Moving bright solitons in a pseudo-spin polarization Bose-Einstein condensate

We study the moving bright solitons in the weak attractive Bose–Einstein condensate with a spin–orbit interaction. By solving the coupled nonlinear Schr ?dinger equation with the variational method and the imaginary time evolution method,two kinds of solitons(plane wave soliton and stripe solitons) are found in different parameter regions. It is shown that the soliton speed dominates its structure. The detuning between the Raman beam and energy states of the atoms decides the spin polarization strength of the system. The soliton dynamics is also studied for various moving speed and we find that the shape of individual components can be kept when the speed of soliton is low.     

Compression of Soliton Pairs in Dispersion-Decreasing Fibres

The compression of soliton pairs in fibres with decreasing dispersion is studied. The results show that generation of high-quality stable pedestal-free pulses is strongly affected by the interaction between soliton pairs. The initial phase difference between two solitons can modify soliton interaction and can make the neighbouring solitons never collide periodically. The soliton pairs can be compressed selectively so that one of the two solitons can achieve enhanced compression by controlling the initial phase difference.     

Asymmetric W-shaped and M-shaped soliton pulse generated from a weak modulation in an exponential dispersion decreasing fiber

We study localized waves on continuous wave background in an exponential dispersion decreasing fiber with two orthogonal polarization states. We demonstrate that asymmetric W-shaped and M-shaped soliton pulse can be generated from a weak modulation on continuous wave background. The numerical simulation results indicate that the generated asymmetric soliton pulses are robust against small noise or perturbation. In particular, the asymmetric degree of the asymmetric soliton pulse can be effectively controlled by changing the relative frequency of the two components. This character can be used to generate other nonlinear localized waves, such as dark–antidark and antidark–dark soliton pulse pair, symmetric W-shaped and M-shaped soliton pulse. Furthermore, we find that the asymmetric soliton pulse possesses an asymmetric discontinuous spectrum.