铂基催化剂用于柴油烃氧化

The catalytic performance of Pt-based catalysts for the total oxidation of hydrocarbons was investigated.The activity of supported Pt catalysts(Pt/Al2O3,Pt/ZrO2,Pt/TiO2,and Pt/H-ZSM-5)depends on the metal oxide support.Pt/Al2O3 showed the highest catalytic activity when the catalysts were aged at 750°C for 50 h in air.The activity of Pt/Al2O3 was dependent on the valence state of the Pt surface.Pt/Al2O3 with the Pt surface in the metallic state was more active than with the surface in the cationic state.The surface density of acid and basic sites on the Al2O3 support controlled the valence state of the Pt surface and stability of the Pt particles in the highly dispersed state,respectively.     

Shape-dependent catalytic properties of Pt nanoparticles

Tailoring the chemical reactivity of nanomaterials at the atomic level is one of the most important challenges in catalysis research. In order to achieve this elusive goal, fundamental understanding of the geometric and electronic structure of these complex systems at the atomic level must be obtained. This article reports the influence of the nanoparticle shape on the reactivity of Pt nanocatalysts supported on γ-Al(2)O(3). Nanoparticles with analogous average size distributions (～0.8-1 nm), but with different shapes, synthesized by inverse micelle encapsulation, were found to display distinct reactivities for the oxidation of 2-propanol. A correlation between the number of undercoordinated atoms at the nanoparticle surface and the onset temperature for 2-propanol oxidation was observed, demonstrating that catalytic properties can be controlled through shape-selective synthesis.     

酸洗Pt-Fe和Pt-Co催化剂在CO氧化反应中的对比研究

负载型纳米催化剂表面结构与其催化性能之间关系的研究一直受到广泛关注.由于其结构复杂使得人们在研究催化剂构效关系时遇到了很多困难.近年来,大量研究发现反转催化剂在众多反应中表现出优越的催化性能.反转催化剂是将过渡金属氧化物负载于其它金属表面.和传统金属/氧化物催化剂相比,反转催化剂更能突出氧化物在催化反应中的重要作用.众多研究表明,在氧化物-金属界面处存在特殊的作用,这种作用可以改变氧化物的电子特性和化学性质,进而产生较高的催化性能.傅强等人创建了金属氧化物负载于Pt表面的反转催化体系,其表现出了高的低温CO氧化反应性能.在氧化物和Pt之间的界面限域效应可以稳定氧化物中配位不饱和的金属阳离子.这种配位不饱和的氧化物提供了活化O2的活性位.目前,反转催化剂的研究主要集中在单晶模型体系中,在负载型催化剂中的研究还较少.我们以炭黑(CB)为载体,将还原后的Pt-Fe和Pt-Co催化剂经过酸洗制备了一种表面富Pt核为合金的结构.考察了酸洗后的Pt-Fe和Pt-Co催化剂经过不同温度氧化后的结构变化,并讨论了其结构与CO完全氧化反应(COOX)和CO选择氧化反应(CO-PROX)性能的关系.X射线粉末衍射(XRD),电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP),透射电镜(TEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征结果表明,还原后的Pt基催化剂经过酸洗可以选择性去除纳米粒子表面的3d过渡金属,形成表面富Pt体相为合金的结构.将酸洗后的Pt-Fe和Pt-Co催化剂在不同温度下空气中氧化,发现近表层的Fe(Co)会扩散到粒子表面上,形成过度氧化的Fe2O3(Co3O4)表面结构.氧化后的催化剂在COOX和CO-PROX反应中表现出截然不同的催化性能.酸洗后的Pt-Fe(Pt-Co)催化剂经过不同温度氧化后在COOX反应中活性都较差,室温下的CO转化率只有不到30%,CO完全转化的温度超过100oC,相当于纯Pt催化剂的活性.这说明Pt表面过度氧化的Fe2O3(Co3O4)对CO氧化反应的促进作用不明显.而氧化后的催化剂在CO-PROX反应中表现出较高的活性,250oC(或350oC)氧化后的酸洗Pt-Fe催化剂室温下的CO转化率接近100%,250oC(或350oC)氧化后的酸洗Pt-Co催化剂室温下的CO转化率也达到了70%.结合表征和反应结果,我们认为氧化处理形成的表面过度氧化的金属氧化物(Fe2O3,Co3O4)在COOX的催化性能较差.通入CO-PROX反应气后,气氛中大量H2的存在和Pt表面的氢溢流效应可以使得表面Fe2O3,Co3O4在室温下被还原成配位不饱和的FeO,CoO.这种配位不饱和的氧化物在表面Pt的限域作用和大量H2气氛下比较稳定,并且具有较强的活化解离O2的能力,进而提高了CO-PROX反应的活性.为了进一步证实催化剂表面氧化物与其催化性能的关系,我们在室温下进行了两种反应气的循环实验测试.测试结果表明,对于氧化后的酸洗Pt-Fe催化剂,COOX反应中的表面Fe2O3和CO-PROX反应中的表面FeO可以通过变换反应气氛实现两种氧化物的相互转变,并表现出完全不同的催化性能.对于氧化后的酸洗Pt-Co催化剂,CO-PROX反应中形成的CoO表面结构在COOX反应中也比较稳定,在两种反应气中表现出相似的催化性能.     

CO oxidation on nanostructured SnO(x)/Pt(111) surfaces: unique properties of reduced SnO(x)

We have investigated surface CO oxidation on "inverse catalysts" composed of SnO(x) nanostructures supported on Pt(111) using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), low-energy ion scattering spectroscopy (LEISS) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). Nanostructures of SnO(x) were prepared by depositing Sn on Pt(111) pre-covered by NO(2) layers at low temperatures. XPS data show that the SnO(x) nanoparticles are highly reduced with Sn(II)O being the dominant oxide species, but the relative concentration of Sn(II) in the SnO(x) nanoparticles decreases with increasing Sn coverage. We find that the most active SnO(x)/Pt(111) surface for CO oxidation has smallest SnO(x) coverage. Increasing the surface coverage of SnO(x) reduces CO oxidation activity and eventually suppresses it altogether. The study suggests that reduced Sn(II)O, rather than Sn(IV)O(2), is responsible for surface CO oxidation. The occurrence of a non-CO oxidation reaction path involving reduced Sn(II)O species at higher SnO(x) coverages accounts for the decreased CO oxidation activity. From these results, we conclude that the efficacy of CO oxidation is strongly dependent on the availability of reduced tin oxide sites at the Pt-SnO(x) interface, as well as unique chemical properties of the SnO(x) nanoparticles.     

Pt/MOx-SiO2 (M=Ce,Zr, Al)催化剂对CO和C3H8氧化性能的影响

采用共沉淀法制备质量比为1:1的MOx-SiO2(M=Ce,Zr,Al)复合氧化物,以此为载体采用浸渍法制备了铂基氧化型催化剂.考察了该系列催化剂在模拟柴油车尾气条件下,经SO2硫化前后对C3H8和CO的氧化性能.用X射线衍射(XRD)、低温N2吸附-脱附、氨气/氧气/二氧化碳程序升温脱附(NH3/O2/CO2-TPD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段进行了表征.NH3-TPD证实催化剂表面存在多种酸中心,硫化后催化剂表面中强酸中心增多.O2-TPD证实催化剂表面存在α和β氧物种,硫化后催化剂表面氧脱附量减少.其中Pt/Al2O3-SiO2表面酸性最弱和表面氧脱附量最大.XPS结果表明新鲜催化剂经硫化后会使催化剂表面Pt的结合能降低.活性测试结果表明,三种催化剂对CO和C3H8的催化氧化活性均较好,其中Pt/ZrO2-SiO2抗SO2中毒性能最佳,具有良好的应用前景.     

Covalent hybrid of spinel manganese-cobalt oxide and graphene as advanced oxygen reduction electrocatalysts

Through direct nanoparticle nucleation and growth on nitrogen doped, reduced graphene oxide sheets and cation substitution of spinel Co(3)O(4) nanoparticles, a manganese-cobalt spinel MnCo(2)O(4)/graphene hybrid was developed as a highly efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline conditions. Electrochemical and X-ray near-edge structure (XANES) investigations revealed that the nucleation and growth method for forming inorganic-nanocarbon hybrids results in covalent coupling between spinel oxide nanoparticles and N-doped reduced graphene oxide (N-rmGO) sheets. Carbon K-edge and nitrogen K-edge XANES showed strongly perturbed C-O and C-N bonding in the N-rmGO sheet, suggesting the formation of C-O-metal and C-N-metal bonds between N-doped graphene oxide and spinel oxide nanoparticles. Co L-edge and Mn L-edge XANES suggested substitution of Co(3+) sites by Mn(3+), which increased the activity of the catalytic sites in the hybrid materials, further boosting the ORR activity compared with the pure cobalt oxide hybrid. The covalently bonded hybrid afforded much greater activity and durability than the physical mixture of nanoparticles and carbon materials including N-rmGO. At the same mass loading, the MnCo(2)O(4)/N-graphene hybrid can outperform Pt/C in ORR current density at medium overpotentials with stability superior to Pt/C in alkaline solutions.     

调控尖晶石Co3+和Ni3+表面密度来提高催化甲烷氧化活性

天然气资源丰富、价格低廉, 因而被广泛用作燃料. 天然气的主要成分是甲烷, 未燃烧完的甲烷所产生的温室效应是二氧化碳的 21 倍, 所带来的环境问题引起越来越多的研究者关注. 但甲烷是最稳定的非极性有机小分子, C–H 键能高达434 kJ/mol, 大多数催化剂很难将其在很低的温度在完全转化. C–H 键的活化解离是催化甲烷燃烧最关键的一步, 而活化C–H 键方式主要有两大类: (1) 均裂活化机制, 一般用在贵金属催化剂上; (2) 异裂活化机制, 往往发生在过渡金属氧化物上. 比较而言, 贵金属催化剂, 尤其是 Pd, 往往具有更优异的低温催化活性, 但价格昂贵, 从而限制了其广泛使用. 因此, 开发更加高效的非贵金属催化剂用于废气中未转化的甲烷完全氧化是亟待解决的问题.含有 Co 和 Ni 的尖晶石氧化物具有良好的催化甲烷燃烧活性, 有望代替贵金属催化剂, 但要求在低于 400 °C 完全转化, 仍具有一定挑战. 另一方面, Ni3+和 Co3+哪个是活性中心, 还具有一定争议. 因此, 我们通过水热法和共沉淀法合成一系列表面暴露不同数目的 Ni3+和 Co3+来探究表面高氧化态 Co 和 Ni 跟活性之间的关系. XRD 和 TEM 结果表明, 相比于水热法合成的 Co3O4, 水热法合成的 NiCo2O4发生明显的晶格收缩现象, 这是由于在尖晶石体相中大量小半径 Ni3+(0.053 nm) 取代了大半径 Co3+(0.055 nm) 所致. 同时还发现, 水热合成的尖晶石具有多孔纳米片层结构, 相比于共沉淀法合成的尖晶石具有更大的比表面积, 催化活性也更高. XPS 分析发现, 催化甲烷燃烧的活性随着表面 (Ni3++ Co3+) 含量增加而提高. 结合文献分析和本文的实验结果推测, 表面的 Ni3+和 Co3+都可作为解离 C–H 键的活性中心. 水热 60 小时合成的 NiCo2O4纳米片表面 Ni3++ Co3+的数量最多, 所以具有最优异的催化性能, 大约在 280 °C甲烷转化 50%. 当加入 10%(体积比) 的水, 在高空速工况下对催化活性影响不大, 主要是因为长时间水热合成的尖晶石表面缺陷少, 对水的吸附弱, 这可通过 O 1s 图谱得到印证. 总之, 这些研究结果能够给甲烷活化和开发更加高效和低成本催化剂一些启示.     

Evolution of the surface science of catalysis from single crystals to metal nanoparticles under pressure

Vacuum studies of metal single crystal surfaces using electron and molecular beam scattering revealed that the surface atoms relocate when the surface is clean (reconstruction) and when it is covered by adsorbates (adsorbate-induced restructuring). It was also discovered that atomic steps and other low coordination surface sites are active for breaking chemical bonds (H-H, O=O, C-H, C=O, and C-C) with high reaction probability. Investigations at high reactant pressures using sum frequency generation-vibrational spectroscopy and high pressure scanning tunneling microscopy revealed bond breaking at low reaction probability sites on the adsorbate-covered metal surface and the need for adsorbate mobility for continued turnover. Since most catalysts (heterogeneous, enzyme, and homogeneous) are nanoparticles, colloid synthesis methods were developed to produce monodispersed metal nanoparticles in the 1-10 nm range and controlled shapes to use them as new model catalyst systems in two-dimensional monolayer film or deposited in mesoporous three-dimensional oxides. Studies of reaction selectivity in multipath reactions (hydrogenation of benzene, cyclohexene, and crotonaldehyde) showed that the reaction selectivity depends on both nanoparticle size and shape. The oxide-metal nanoparticle interface was found to be an important catalytic site that is associated with the hot electron flow induced by exothermic reactions such as carbon monoxide oxidation.     

Synergetic effect of surface and subsurface Ni species at Pt-Ni bimetallic catalysts for CO oxidation

Various well-defined Ni-Pt(111) model catalysts are constructed at atomic-level precision under ultra-high-vacuum conditions and characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy. Subsequent studies of CO oxidation over the surfaces show that a sandwich surface (NiO(1-x)/Pt/Ni/Pt(111)) consisting of both surface Ni oxide nanoislands and subsurface Ni atoms at a Pt(111) surface presents the highest reactivity. A similar sandwich structure has been obtained in supported Pt-Ni nanoparticles via activation in H(2) at an intermediate temperature and established by techniques including acid leaching, inductively coupled plasma, and X-ray adsorption near-edge structure. Among the supported Pt-Ni catalysts studied, the sandwich bimetallic catalysts demonstrate the highest activity to CO oxidation, where 100% CO conversion occurs near room temperature. Both surface science studies of model catalysts and catalytic reaction experiments on supported catalysts illustrate the synergetic effect of the surface and subsurface Ni species on the CO oxidation, in which the surface Ni oxide nanoislands activate O(2), producing atomic O species, while the subsurface Ni atoms further enhance the elementary reaction of CO oxidation with O.     

一步法制备还原态氧化石墨烯载铂纳米粒子及其对甲醇氧化的电催化性能

以天然石墨为原料,采用改进的Hummers法制备氧化石墨.然后采用简单的一步化学还原法在乙二醇(EG)中同时还原氧化石墨烯(GO)和H₂PtCl₆制备高分散的铂/还原态氧化石墨烯(Pt/RGO)催化剂.采用傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱、X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对催化剂的微结构、组成和形貌进行表征.结果表明, GO已被还原成RGO, Pt纳米粒子均匀分散在RGO表面,粒径约为2.3 nm.采用循环伏安法和计时电流法评价催化剂对甲醇氧化的电催化性能,测试结果表明, Pt/RGO催化剂对甲醇氧化的电催化活性和稳定性与Pt/C和Pt/CNT相比有了很大提高.另外其对甲醇电催化氧化的循环伏安图中正扫峰电流密度(I_f)和反扫峰电流密度(I_b)的比值高达1.3,分别是Pt/C和Pt/CNT催化剂的2.2和1.9倍,表明Pt/RGO催化剂具有高的抗甲醇氧化中间体CO_ad的中毒能力.     

Activation of nanoparticle Pt-Ru fuel cell catalysts by heat treatment: a 195Pt NMR and electrochemical study

(195)Pt NMR spectroscopic and electrochemical measurements were carried out on commercial Pt-Ru alloy nanoparticle samples to investigate the effect of high-temperature annealing in different vacuum/gas-phase environments. Samples annealed at 220 degrees C in Ar gas, or in a vacuum, did not show any demonstrable change in catalytic activity vs electrochemically reduced, room-temperature samples. In contrast, annealing at 220 degrees C in H(2) gas led to a 3-fold increase in reactivity toward methanol oxidation (per surface site). NMR experiments show that annealing at 220 degrees C (in both Ar and H(2)) leads to a slight reduction in the Fermi level local density of states (E(F)-LDOS) at the Pt sites, which we attribute to surface enrichment of Ru. This electronic effect alone, however, appears to be too small to account for the increase in the catalytic activity observed for the H-treated catalyst. By comparing the electrochemical and NMR data of the H- and Ar-treated samples, we conclude that annealing at 220 degrees C in the hydrogen atmosphere reduces surface Ru oxides into metallic Ru, and consequently, the presence of metallic Ru and its enrichment on the surface are essential for the enhanced catalytic activity. In contrast, heat treatment at 600 degrees C in both vacuum and argon atmosphere increases the particle size and reduces the amount of platinum on the nanoparticle surface, thereby increasing the surface Ru content beyond the optimum surface composition values. This causes a large reduction in catalytic activity. Our results suggest that optimizing the amount of surface Ru by heat treatment at temperatures near 200 degrees C, in a hydrogen atmosphere, can be utilized to produce Pt-Ru alloy nanoparticles with high methanol oxidation activity. Finally, our NMR and electrochemical data, taken together with the lattice parameter measurements, lead to a novel model of Pt-Ru alloy nanoparticles having a Ru-rich core and a Pt-Ru alloy overlayer.     

Relevance of electronic effects on the yield of CO2 from methanol oxidation

The yields of products of methanol oxidation (HCHO, HCOOH, and CO(2)) were studied for carbon-supported PtRu nanoparticles having different amounts of alloyed and oxide phases. It is demonstrated that the increase in the Pt 5d-band vacancy enhances the production of CO(2), which is not directly related with the catalytic activity for CO oxidation. Results prove the relevant role of oxides and, at the same time, shed some new light on mechanistic aspects of methanol oxidation on PtRu nanocatalysts. It is also demonstrated that extrapolating from the behavior of smooth surfaces to nanoparticle systems is not always valid.     

Chasing changing nanoparticles with time-resolved pair distribution function methods

When materials are reduced to the nanoscale, their structure and reactivity can deviate greatly from the bulk or extended surface case. Using the archetypal example of supported Pt nanoparticles (ca. 2 nm diameter, 1 wt % Pt on Al(2)O(3)) catalyzing CO oxidation to CO(2) during cyclic redox operation, we show that high energy X-ray total scattering, used with subsecond time resolution, can yield detailed, valuable insights into the dynamic behavior of nanoscale systems. This approach reveals how these nanoparticles respond to their environment and the nature of active sites being formed and consumed within the catalytic process. Specific insight is gained into the structure of the highly active Pt surface oxide that formed on the nanoparticles during catalysis.     

Pt/Co3O4/3DOM Al2O3：甲苯燃烧的高效催化剂

与硫氧化物、氮氧化物、一氧化碳以及悬浮颗粒一样,大部分挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染大气环境.控制 VOCs排放有多种方法,其中催化氧化法是一种有效技术,关键在于获得高效催化剂.
　　近年来,负载过渡金属和贵金属催化剂因具有比单纯负载贵金属和单纯负载过渡金属氧化物更好的催化性能而备受关注.在负载贵金属催化剂中,高比表面积载体负载 Pt, Pd或 Rh催化剂得到广泛而深入的研究,尽管这些催化剂成本较高,但是其对 VOCs氧化反应显示了很高的低温催化活性.众所周知,催化活性取决于贵金属和 VOCs的种类,不同负载贵金属催化剂对特定反应会表现出不同的催化活性.负载 Pt催化剂对长链碳氢化合物和芳香族化合物氧化反应表现出更高的活性.相对于负载贵金属催化剂,负载过渡金属氧化物催化剂不仅具有良好的氧化活性,而且价格低廉.迄今已发现许多过渡金属氧化物(如 Co3O4, Cr2O3和 MnO2等)对典型 VOCs氧化反应具有催化活性,其中 Co3O4的催化活性尤为突出.研究表明, Co3O4的性质和分散度是决定其性能的关键因素,制备方法、载体性质和过渡金属氧化物负载量对 Co3O4的物化性质具有重要影响,而且在负载 Pt催化剂中添加金属氧化物能改善其催化性能.尽管多孔氧化铝是一种常用的载体材料,但目前尚无文献报道三维有序大孔-介孔氧化铝负载 Co3O4和 Pt纳米粒子催化剂的制备及其对甲苯氧化反应的催化性能.
　　本文采用聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯微球胶晶模板法、等体积浸渍法和聚乙烯醇保护的硼氢化钠还原法制备了三维有序大孔-介孔(3DOM Al2O3)负载 Co3O4和 Pt (xPt/yCo3O4/3DOM Al2O3, Pt的质量分数(x%)为0-1.4%, Co3O4的质量分数(y%)为0-9.2%)纳米催化剂.通过电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱、X射线衍射、氮气吸附-脱附、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、选区电子衍射、X射线光电子能谱及氢气程序升温还原等技术表征了催化剂的物化性质,利用固定床微型石英反应器评价了催化剂对甲苯氧化反应的催化活性.结果表明,xPt/yCo3O4/3DOMAl2O3催化剂具有多级孔结构(大孔孔径为180–200 nm,介孔孔径为4–6 nm),比表面积为94?102 m2/g.粒径为18.3 nm的 Co3O4纳米粒子和粒径为2.3?2.5 nm的 Pt纳米粒子均匀分散在3DOM Al2O3表面.在xPt/yCo3O4/3DOM Al2O3催化剂中,1.3Pt/8.9Co3O4/3DOM Al2O3拥有最高的 Oads浓度、最好的低温还原性和最高的甲苯氧化反应催化活性(当空速为20000mL g–1 h–1时,甲苯转化率达90%的反应温度为160oC).基于催化剂的活性数据和结构表征,我们认为,1.3Pt/8.9Co3O4/3DOM Al2O3优异的催化性能与其高分散的 Pt纳米粒子、高的 Oads浓度、好的低温还原性、Pt和 Co3O4纳米粒子间的强相互作用以及多级孔结构相关.     

In situ oxidation study of Pt(110) and its interaction with CO

Many interesting structures have been observed for O(2)-exposed Pt(110). These structures, along with their stability and reactivity toward CO, provide insights into catalytic processes on open Pt surfaces, which have similarities to Pt nanoparticle catalysts. In this study, we present results from ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, high-pressure scanning tunneling microscopy, and density functional theory calculations. At low oxygen pressure, only chemisorbed oxygen is observed on the Pt(110) surface. At higher pressure (0.5 Torr of O(2)), nanometer-sized islands of multilayered α-PtO(2)-like surface oxide form along with chemisorbed oxygen. Both chemisorbed oxygen and the surface oxide are removed in the presence of CO, and the rate of disappearance of the surface oxide is close to that of the chemisorbed oxygen at 270 K. The spectroscopic features of the surface oxide are similar to the oxide observed on Pt nanoparticles of a similar size, which provides us an extra incentive to revisit some single-crystal model catalyst surfaces under elevated pressure using in situ tools.     

Low-temperature activation conditions for PAMAM dendrimer templated Pt nanoparticles

Surface immobilized polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer templated Pt nanoparticles were employed as precursors to heterogeneous catalysts. CO oxidation catalysis and in situ infrared spectroscopy were used to evaluate conditions for dendrimer removal. Infrared spectroscopy showed that PAMAM dendrimer amide bonds begin decomposing at temperatures as low as 75 degrees C. Although the amide stretches are completely removed after 3 h of oxidation at 300 degrees C, 16 h were required to reach maximum catalytic activity. Further treatment under oxidizing or reducing atmospheres did not cause substantial changes in activity. Infrared spectroscopy of the activated materials indicated that organic residues, probably surface carboxylates, are formed during oxidation. These surface species passivate the Pt NPs, and their removal was required to fully activate the catalyst. Substantially less forcing activation conditions were possible by employing a CO/O(2)/He oxidation treatment. At appropriate temperatures, CO acts as a protecting group for the Pt surface, helping to prevent fouling of the nanoparticle by organic residues. CO oxidation catalysis and infrared spectroscopy of adsorbed CO indicated that the low temperature activation treatment yielded supported nanoparticles that were substantially similar to those prepared with more forcing conditions.     

MoO3和Nb2O5助剂对Pt/ZrO2催化剂上短链烷烃燃烧反应的不同促进作用

贵金属Pt催化剂具有高活性和热稳定性,广泛应用于催化挥发性有机物的完全氧化反应(燃烧反应).短链烷烃(甲烷、乙烷、丙烷等)化学性质稳定,是最难氧化的一类有机物,常用作考察燃烧反应催化剂性能的模型反应物.然而,目前报道的研究工作通常仅限于针对某一种烷烃底物的催化燃烧,系统考察催化剂以及助剂对不同短链烷烃的催化燃烧活性鲜有报道.在短链烷烃中,甲烷只有C–H键;而其它烷烃除了C–H键;还有C–C键.因此,研究催化剂对甲烷、乙烷和丙烷燃烧反应催化性能的差异性,对于认识催化剂上C–H键和C–C键的活化具有非常重要的意义.本文制备了MoO3或Nb2O5修饰的Pt/ZrO2催化剂并用于短链烷烃的燃烧反应.研究发现,MoO3助剂对甲烷燃烧有明显的抑制作用,但对乙烷,丙烷和正己烷燃烧反应具有促进作用,促进作用随着烷烃碳链的增长逐渐增加;Nb2O5助剂对甲烷、乙烷、丙烷和正己烷燃烧反应均具有促进作用,然而促进作用随着碳链的增长而逐渐减弱.MoO3和Nb2O5助剂的不同促进作用与助剂影响催化剂表面酸性以及Pt物种的氧化或还原态有关.NH3-TPD结果表明,MoO3助剂可以显著增加Pt/ZrO2催化剂表面强酸位点数量,而Nb2O5助剂可以显著增加Pt/ZrO2催化剂表面中强酸位点数量.HTEM结果表明,两种助剂的添加都不会明显改变Pt物种的颗粒尺寸.在Pt-Mo/ZrO2催化剂上,MoO3覆盖部分Pt物种形成丰富的Pt-MoO3界面,促进了金属Pt物种和强表面酸性位点的生成,提高了丙烷燃烧反应活性;Pt-Nb/ZrO2催化剂上载体表面的部分Nb2O5被Pt物种包覆,使得生成的表面Pt-Nb2O5界面低于Pt-Mo/ZrO2催化剂,但由于催化剂表面酸性位的提升,也促进了丙烷燃烧反应活性的提高.XPS结果表明,在甲烷燃烧反应中,Pt-Nb/ZrO2催化剂上Ptn+物种能够更加稳定地存在,这可能是Nb2O5助剂提高Pt-Nb/ZrO2催化剂上甲烷燃烧活性的关键.而Pt-Mo/ZrO2催化剂上Ptn+物种在甲烷反应中可以更容易地被还原,并且由于MoO3的包裹导致暴露的Pt位点数量降低,使催化剂催化甲烷燃烧的活性受到抑制.可见,MoO3助剂更有利于C–C键活化,而Nb2O5助剂更有利于高键能的C–H键活化.综上,本文系统性地研究MoO3助剂和Nb2O5助剂对Pt/ZrO2催化剂上不同短链烷烃的燃烧反应的影响,证实了两种助剂的促进作用与碳链长度的关系是截然不同的.     

Density functional theory model study of size and structure effects on water dissociation by platinum nanoparticles

Size and structure effects on the homolytic water dissociation reaction mediated by Pt nanoparticles have been investigated through density functional theory calculations carried out on a series of cubooctahedral Pt(n) nanoparticles of increasing sizes (n = 13, 19, 38, 55, 79, and 140). Water adsorption energy is not significantly influenced by the nanoparticle size. However, activation energy barrier strongly depends on the particle size. In general, the activation energy barrier increases with nanoparticles size, varying from 0.30 eV for Pt(19) to 0.70 eV for Pt(140). For the largest particle the calculated barrier is very close to that predicted for water dissociation on Pt(111) (0.78 eV) even though the reaction mediated by the Pt nanoparticles involves adsorption sites not present on the extended surface.     

Construction of sensitive and selective zirconia-based CO sensors using ZnCr2O(4)-based sensing electrodes

The carbon monoxide (CO) sensitivity of a mixed-potential-type yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ)-based tubular-type sensor utilizing a ZnCr(2)O(4) sensing electrode (SE) was tuned by the addition of different precious metal nanoparticles (Ag, Au, Ir, Pd, Pt, Ru and Rh; 1 wt % each) into the sensing layer. After measuring the electromotive force (emf) response of the fabricated SEs to 100 ppm of CO against a Pt/air-reference electrode (RE), the ZnCr(2)O(4)-Au nanoparticle composite electrode (ZnCr(2)O(4)(+Au)-SE) was found to give the highest response to CO. A linear dependence on the logarithm of CO concentration in the range of 20-800 ppm at an operational temperature of 550 °C under humid conditions (5 vol % water vapor) was observed. From the characterization of the ZnCr(2)O(4)(+Au)-SE, we can conclude that the engineered high response toward CO originated from the specific properties of submicrometer sized Au particles, formed via the coalescence of nanosized Au particles located on ZnCr(2)O(4) grains, during the calcining process at 1100 °C for 2 h. These particles augmented the catalytic activities of the gas-phase CO oxidation reaction in the SE layer, as well as to the anodic reaction of CO at the interface; while suppressing the cathodic reaction of O(2) at the interface. In addition, the response of the ZnCr(2)O(4)(+Au)-SE sensor toward 100 ppm of CO gradually increased throughout the 10 days of operation, and plateaued for the remainder of the month that the sensor was examined. Correlations between SEM observations and the CO sensing characteristics of the present sensor were suggestive that the sensitivity was mostly affected by the morphology of the Au particles and their catalytic activities, which were in close proximity to the ZnCr(2)O(4) grains. Furthermore, by measuring the potential difference (emf) between the ZnCr(2)O(4)(+Au) and a ZnCr(2)O(4) electrode, sensitivities to typical exhaust component gases other than CO were found to be negligible at 550 °C.     

Pt/oxide nanocatalysts synthesized via the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis process: engineering metal–oxide interfaces for enhanced catalytic activity

We show that Pt nanoparticles synthesized on oxide nanocatalysts exhibit catalytic activity enhancement depending on the type of the oxide support. To synthesize the Pt/oxide nanocatalysts, we employed a versatile synthesis method using Pt nanoparticles (NPs) supported on various metal oxides (i.e., SiO₂, CeO₂, Al₂O₃, and FeAl₂O₄) utilizing ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. Catalytic CO oxidation was carried out on these catalysts, and it was found that the catalytic activity of the Pt NPs varied depending on the supporting oxide. While Pt/CeO₂ exhibited the highest metal dispersion and active surface area, Pt/FeAl₂O₄ exhibited the lowest active surface area. Among the Pt/oxide nanocatalysts, Pt NPs supported on CeO₂ showed the highest catalytic activity. We ascribe the enhancement in turnover frequency of the Pt/CeO₂ nanocatalysts to strong metal–support interactions due to charge transport between the metal catalysts and the oxide support. Such Pt/oxide nanocatalysts synthesized via spray pyrolysis offer potential possibilities for large-scale synthesis of tailored catalytic systems for technologically relevant applications.