Weak and Strong Time Consistency in a Differential Oligopoly Game with Capital Accumulation

We illustrate a differential oligopoly game with capital accumulation where the accumulation dynamics of productive capacity is modelled à la Ramsey. The model is solved under the open-loop information structure, to show that it admits an open-loop Nash equilibrium which is indeed a degenerate feedback one and therefore strongly time consistent, even if, by construction, the problem under consideration is not a linear state game. We thank George Leitmann, Massimo Marinacci, Daniele Ritelli, Arsen Palestini and two anonymous referees for very useful comments and suggestions.     

Stochastic Differential Games with Asymmetric Information

We investigate a two-player zero-sum stochastic differential game in which the players have an asymmetric information on the random payoff. We prove that the game has a value and characterize this value in terms of dual viscosity solutions of some second order Hamilton-Jacobi equation.     

非对称信息条件下的税收管理博弈分析

本利用非对称信息条件下的委托——代理理论对我国的税收管理进行系统的研究，建立了税收机关与纳税人之间的博弈模型，并对我国个人征税效率低下的原因作出详细分析，同时给出了几点建设性建议。     

不对称信息下的制造商——供应商库存博弈

在分析信息对称情况下制造商和供应商库存分散控制策略和集中控制策略的基础上 ,运用转移支付联盟博弈讨论了制造商和供应商库存协调策略 ,然后分三种情况探讨了不对称信息下供应商和制造商库存协调、协调的有效性以及达到双赢所要遵循的原则 .     

Advertising in a Differential Oligopoly Game

We illustrate a differential oligopoly game where firms compete à la Cournot in homogeneous goods in the market phase and invest in advertising activities aimed at increasing the consumers reservation price. Such investments produce external effects, characterizing the advertising activity as a public good. We derive the open-loop and closed-loop Nash equilibria, and show that the properties of the equilibria depend on the curvature of the market demand function. The comparative assessment of these equilibria shows that the firms advertising efforts are larger in the open-loop equilibrium than in the closed-loop equilibrium. We also show that a cartel involving all the firms, setting both output levels and advertising efforts, may produce a steady state where the social welfare level is higher than the social welfare levels associated with both open-loop and closed-loop noncooperative settings.     

基于超越对数生产函数的人力资本外溢效应研究

人力资本不仅作为一种投入要素参与到经济生产过程,直接推动经济增长,还通过影响和改变其他经济要素的生产效率,间接推动经济增长.建立了考虑人力资本的超越对数生产函数模型,测算出人力资本的直接效应贡献和外溢效应贡献,分析了人力资本与物质资本的直接产出弹性、外溢产出弹性及物质资本对人力资本的技术替代率.     

不对称信息下技术员工股票期权管理激励的博弈分析

分析了技术员工偷懒“囚徒困境”的形成过程,构建了技术员工股票期权管理激励的博弈模型,进行ESS博弈均衡分析,得出了防范技术员工偷懒行为的惩罚力度与股票期权管理激励因子之间的关系,在此基础上得出结论：股票期权与偷懒惩罚力度相结合,能有效预防技术员工偷懒行为．     

非对称信息下供应商-零售商供应链的批量折扣决策

在供应链管理的文献中,许多工作研究供应商如何使用激励手段,如数量折扣,去影响零售商的订货行为以增加供应商的利润(与整个供应链的利润).多种形式的激励策略模型已有许多,但通常有一个关键的假设,即,供应商关于零售商的成本结构具有完全信息.本文研究了在非对称信息下供应商的最优数量折扣决策问题,得到了最优策略,并与完全信息的情形进行了比较.     

随机需求下具有不对称信息的闭环供应链的最优差别定价模型

在随机需求条件下建立了由一个制造商和一个零售商所组成的闭环供应链差别定价模型。在制造商成本信息对称和信息不对称情况下,分别讨论了闭环供应链的最优差别定价问题,得到了在不同信息条件下的最优定价组合以及最优的订购量.最后通过数值算例分析了成本信息不对称对两种产品的零售价以及订购量的影响.     

Capital Accumulation and Embodied Technological Progress

This paper combines technology adoption with capital accumulation taking into account technological progress. We model this as a multi-stage optimal control problem and solve it using the corresponding maximum principle. The model with linear revenue can be solved analytically, while the model with market power is solved numerically. We obtain that investment jumps upwards right at the moment that a new technology is adopted. We find that, if the firm has market power, the firm cuts down on investment before a new technology is adopted. Furthermore, we find that larger firms adopt a new technology later.     

Quasilinear Pursuit Differential Game with a Simple Dynamics under Phase Constraints

On a fixed closed time interval we consider a quasilinear pursuit differential game with a convex compact target set under a phase constraint in the form of a convex closed set. We construct a convex compact guaranteed capture set similar to an alternating Pontryagin sum and define the guaranteed piecewise-programmed strategy of the pursuer ensuring the hitting of the target set by the phase vector satisfying the phase constraint in finite time. Under certain conditions, we prove the convergence of the constructed alternating sum in the Hausdorff metric to a convex compact set, which is an analog of the alternating Pontryagin integral for the differential game.     

Nash Equilibria in a Differential Game of Economic Growth

The present work studies a dynamic game of economic growth with two phases or periods. In the first phase, a political process exists where an institutional framework is fixed, that is, limits to the workers share in the national income, minimum limits of consumption by capitalists, and discretionality in investment are specified. This framework conditions the actions of the players (capitalists and workers). In the second phase, the Nash equilibria of the game are calculated. Lastly, the sensitivity of the results with respect to the institutional parameters is analyzed for a given scenario.     

On a Nonrenewable Resource Extraction Game Played by Asymmetric Firms

A differential game of extraction of a nonrenewable resource is taken into account, where two firms compete over time and their two terminal times of extraction are two different random variables. The winning firm will be the only one remaining in the game after the first one retires. We explicitly compute the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equations of the model and solve them in an asymmetric game with logarithmic payoff structure and linear state dynamics.     

基于学习效应的供应链信息共享研究

供应链中存在着广泛的信息共享,既包括上下游企业间的纵向性共享,也包括同层企业间的横向信息共享.以一个具有学习效应的供应链为研究对象,为研究信息共享对分散型供应链中零售商决策的影响,提出了一个具有横向信息共享的供应链模型.以Cournot博弈为研究手段,求解了零售商的均衡订货决策和信息共享策略.在此模型中,生产商为多个零售商提供类似的产品,每个零售商具有自己独立的终端市场.零售商面对单周期需求,该需求可以在本周期内满足或者在第二阶段延迟交货.由于学习效应的存在,第二阶段生产商的批发价格是第一阶段总订货量的减函数.零售商在观察到自身的需求之前,达成信息共享的协议.研究结果表明,当第一阶段的均衡订货数量低于需求时,零售商间无共享私有信息的动机,该结果和寡头模型信息共享的相关结果相反.除此之外,在一个总体需求稳定的市场中,信息共享的影响随着零售商数量的增加而递减.此结果对企业在不同市场情况下选择信息共享策略具有重要价值.     

Subgame Consistent Solutions of a Cooperative Stochastic Differential Game with Nontransferable Payoffs

Subgame consistency is a fundamental element in the solution of cooperative stochastic differential games. In particular, it ensures that the extension of the solution policy to a later starting time and any possible state brought about by the prior optimal behavior of the players would remain optimal. Recently, mechanisms for the derivation of subgame consistent solutions in stochastic cooperative differential games with transferable payoffs have been found. In this paper, subgame consistent solutions are derived for a class of cooperative stochastic differential games with nontransferable payoffs. The previously intractable subgame consistent solution for games with nontransferable payoffs is rendered tractable.This research was supported by the Research Grant Council of Hong Kong, Grant HKBU2056/99H and by Hong Kong Baptist University, Grant FRG/02-03/II16.Communicated by G. Leitmann     

具有不完全信息的内部交易动态博弈

在Kyle模型中的线性均衡假设进行了修正的基础上,针对内部交易者只具有资产价值不完全信息情况,建立两期风险厌恶型内部交易均衡模型,并求得该模型的子博弈纳什均衡解.由此发现资产价值不完信息中噪音对市场干扰程度愈小(波动程度愈小),就愈有利于内部交易者的收益;内部交易者的交易就愈活跃;交易均衡价格包含资产价值信息就愈多.     

基于不对称需求信息的数量折扣设计

通过建立数量折扣设计优化模型,利用委托代理理论分别分析了完全和不完全需求信息条件下,商品供应商如何为一群异质的零售商制定价格政策,实现其中望利润的最大化.在完全需求信息条件下,单一价格就能使供应商实现利润最大化;而在需求信息为不对称条件下,逆向选择使单一价格失效,此时,数量折扣是一种能够有效增加零售商订货量的激励方式.     

需求信息不对称下双渠道供应链的协调

基于报童模型,研究了由一个制造商与一个零售商组成的双渠道供应链在需求信息不对称条件下的契约协调问题,分别得到了离散和连续两种需求类型下的最优回购契约,并分析了最优回购契约对供应链的协调绩效.     

非对称信息证券交易的跨期动态博弈均衡解析

揭示了不对称信息条件下证券市场均衡的基本特征.Grossman和Stiglitz模型依据不知情交易者的弱理性,解析了证券交易的静态均衡状态.O'Hara模型增强了不知情交易者的理性,强调了市场均衡时的风险定价,但其命题的成立条件是相互矛盾的.认为不知情交易者信息收集和处理能力的提高会使决策更为理性,证券市场的均衡本质上是交易者的动态博弈均衡.依此思路,运用不完美信息的跨期动态博弈模型解析了非对称信息条件下证券交易者的精炼贝叶斯纳什均衡.结论显示出,市场失效的主要原因是交易者之间的信息分析能力不平衡,而不是信息不对称;市场流动性的决定因素不是信息不对称风险而是知情交易者与不知情交易者所研判的无风险收益率的差别.