含损伤演化的TM耦合数值模型及其应用研究

从岩石材料的细观结构层次出发，应用损伤力学和热弹性理论，对热力耦合作用下岩石破裂 过程中热－应力相互作用关系进行了分析. 初步建立了细观岩石热－力(TM)耦合数值模型， 探讨了TM耦合作用下岩石材料的细观结构损伤及其诱发的材料力学性能演化机制，把岩石 热固耦合问题的研究从应力状态分析深入到损伤、破坏过程分析之中. 运用该数值模型对某 硬岩实验室开展的原位尺度实验中的废料处理井间柱稳定性进行了模拟分析，其应力场、岩 石剥离破坏形态及破坏诱发的AE特性等均与实验监测结果表现出了较好的一致性，证 明了该数值模型的合理性和有效性.     

三轴压缩岩石细观损伤扩展特性CT实时检测

利用作者最新研制的与CT（computerized tomography)机配套的专用加载设备,完成了三轴压缩荷载作用下岩石破坏全过程的细观损伤扩展规律的实时CT检测试验。得到了在不同荷载作用下岩石中微孔洞被压密、微裂纹萌生、分叉、发展、断裂、破坏、卸载等各个阶段清晰的CT图像。对得到的CT数、CT图像等数据进行了分析,引入了初始损伤影响因子和闭合影响系数,定义了一个基于CT数的损伤变量,基于岩石细观损伤演化CT试验的结果,给出了岩石应力损伤门槛值,将岩石应力应变全过程曲线分为5段,得到了岩石损伤扩展的初步规律。     

岩石破裂过程THMD耦合数值模型研究

从岩石的细观非均匀性特点出发,应用损伤力学、热力学和渗流力学理论,建立了岩体热(温度)-水(渗流)-岩(应力)-损伤耦合数值模型(THMD model),把岩石(体)THM耦合问题的研究从应力状态分析深入到损伤、破坏过程分析之中。探讨了THM耦合作用下岩石材料的细观结构损伤及其诱发的材料力学性能演化机制,并运用所提出方法计算温度-渗流-应力耦合作用下井筒近场围岩的稳定性,模拟得到的岩体破坏过程、应力分布、AE特性及渗流特性变化与现场标定结果有着一致的规律性,初步证明了该数值模型的合理性和有效性。THMD模型以简单的数值模型表征了岩石(体)中热、水、岩及损伤之间复杂的作用关系,为从细观损伤演化揭示宏观岩体温度-渗流-应力耦合破坏机制提供了一种新的数值分析方法。     

细观尺度下岩石热变形破坏的实验研究

利用带扫描电镜的高温疲劳试验机等目前最先进的实验手段,实时观测了在温度和载荷同时作用下岩石在单向压缩和和拉伸中微细观结构的变化、缺陷演化方式和变形破坏过程,针对岩石的热膨胀是不可逆的,即它会受加温历史的影响,加热时和冷却后岩石结构有差异的特点,对岩石在温度载荷作用下的细观结构特征和细观破坏机理进行了较为系统的实验研究。得到了在不同载荷和温度作用下岩石中微裂纹萌生、扩展、断裂破坏等各个阶段清晰的SEM图像和数据。结合实时观测得到的数据和高清晰度图片,分析研究了岩石热细观损伤特性,探讨了载荷和温度的变化对岩石细观结构的影响。     

冻融环境下红砂岩力学特性试验及损伤分析

将实验研究与损伤力学理论分析相结合,对红砂岩进行饱水状态下的冻融循环试验及不同冻融次数下的力学特性试验,分析了岩石的冻融损伤劣化过程,系统研究了岩石的变形破坏规律及损伤扩展力学特性.研究表明:红砂岩呈现出剥落和断裂的冻融损伤劣化模式;随着冻融次数的增加,岩石的强度及弹性模量急剧降低,并表现出压密性增大、弹性减弱、塑性增强的特征;岩石初始细观结构的缺陷经过损伤的非线性演化,表现出宏观力学性能的劣化.     

基于数字图像处理的岩石细观破裂力学分析

将数字图像处理技术引入到岩石破裂过程分析RFPA2D(Rock Failure Process Analysis)系统,建立了岩石细观结构破坏过程分析方法．首先提取岩石的细观结构图像,再转化成RFPA2D的前处理数据和数值分析网格,然后进行应力求解和破坏分析．以花岗岩细观结构为例,阐述了运用基于数字图像处理技术的RFPA2D方法进行岩石细观结构破坏分析的过程．结果表明,在岩石破裂过程数值模拟分析中引入数字图像处理技术是岩石细观结构破坏力学行为研究的一种方便而有效的方法．     

基于三维重构的冻融岩石细观损伤研究

为了研究冻融作用下岩石的细观损伤劣化机理,以冻融岩石CT扫描试验为基础,红砂岩CT图像为研究对象,借助三维重构技术和分形理论,获取表征岩石细观结构特征的孔隙率和分形维数,定义用分形维数表征的冻融岩石损伤变量,分析冻融环境下红砂岩的细观损伤演化规律。结果表明:通过图像处理和三维重构技术能够获得表征岩石宏观损伤劣化以及细观孔隙结构发育情况的三维数字化模型;损伤演化方式对应着岩体内部孔隙发育情况,随着冻融次数的增加,红砂岩的孔隙率逐渐增大,分形维数则逐渐降低;基于细观孔隙与裂纹扩展形态的分形特征定义的冻融岩石损伤变量,与宏观建立的损伤变量具有较好的一致性,能够很好地从细观结构变化的角度说明岩石的冻融破坏过程。     

动力损伤后的脆性岩石静力蠕变断裂模型研究

应力波动力扰动下脆性岩石的静力蠕变特性,对深部地下工程围岩变形的评价有重要的实践意义.动力载荷作用导致的局部细观裂纹损伤严重影响脆性岩石蠕变力学行为.基于细观裂纹扩展与应力关系模型、动力扰动损伤演化函数、静动力载荷演化路径函数与黏弹性本构模型,提出一种应力波动力扰动下脆性岩石蠕变断裂特性的宏细观力学模型.其中动力损伤通过控制岩石内部细观裂纹数量变化实现.模型描述了应力波动力扰动下岩石的应变时间演化曲线,解释了岩石动力扰动下蠕变失效特性.研究了不同应力波幅值及周期影响下的脆性岩石应变-时间关系曲线,并通过试验结果验证了模型的合理性.讨论了动力损伤变化形式,突变发生时刻,突变量的大小对岩石蠕变失效特性的影响.分析了应力波幅值、周期对岩石动态动力损伤效应以及蠕变失效特性的影响.主要研究结果:动力损伤的变化值越大,岩石蠕变失效发生时间越短.冲击载荷扰动期间,动力损伤发生的时刻及增加的形式,对动力扰动后的岩石应变及蠕变破坏时间影响很小.动力损伤变化量随应力波幅值增加、周期减小而加速增大.应力波幅值越大、周期越小,岩石发生蠕变失效时间越短.     

水泥土细观破裂过程的实时观测试验

利用中科院武汉岩土力学研究所的岩石破裂过程细观力学实验系统,对不同水泥掺量的水泥土试件进行了单轴压缩细观实验,该试验系统可通过显微镜和数码视频装置实时观测水泥土试件的细观结构及其破坏的全过程,试验得到了水泥土破裂过程中的细观图像及其相应应力应变关系曲线.分析了不同水泥掺量的水泥土试件的细观破坏特征及其与宏观力学行为的关系,研究为水泥土细观损伤本构模型的建立提供了实验依据.     

混凝土三维细观模型的建模方法与力学特性分析

根据混凝土材料的细观组成和结构特点,基于三维Voronoi图形提出了一种简单高效的混凝土细观模型生成方法,利用塑性损伤模型对该细观模型进行了单、多轴应力状态下的准静态分析以及SHPB动态有限元分析。结果表明,数值模拟得到的应力应变曲线和破坏模式与实验结果基本吻合,本文中提出的混凝土三维细观模型可较好地模拟混凝土的静、动态力学特性,为进一步从细观力学角度研究混凝土损伤演化规律和破坏机理提供了模型基础。     

Local and parallel finite element algorithms for time-dependent convection-diffusion equations

Local and parallel finite element algorithms based on two-grid discretization for the time-dependent convection-diffusion equations are presented. These algorithms are motivated by the observation that, for a solution to the convection-diffusion problem, low frequency components can be approximated well by a relatively coarse grid and high frequency components can be computed on a fine grid by some local and parallel proce- dures. Hence, these local and parallel algorithms only involve one small original problem on the coarse mesh and some correction problems on the local fine grid. One technical tool for the analysis is the local a priori estimates that are also obtained. Some numerical examples are given to support our theoretical analvsis.     

Dynamic model and performance analysis of landing buffer for bionic locust mechanism

The landing buffer is an important problem in the research on bionic locust jumping robots, and the differ-ent modes of landing and buffering can affect the dynamic performance of the buffering process significantly. Based on an experimental observation, the different modes of landing and buffering are determined, which include the different numbers of landing legs and different motion modes of legs in the buffering process. Then a bionic locust mechanism is established, and the springs are used to replace the leg muscles to achieve a buffering effect. To reveal the dynamic performance in the buffering process of the bionic locust mechanism, a dynamic model is established with different modes of landing and buffering. In particular, to analyze the buffering process conveniently, an equivalent vibration dynamic model of the bionic locust mechanism is proposed. Given the support forces of the ground to the leg links, which can be obtained from the dynamic model, the spring forces of the legs and the impact resistance of each leg are the important parameters affecting buffering performance, and evaluation principles for buffering performance are proposed according to the aforementioned parameters. Based on the dynamic model and these evaluation principles, the buffer-ing performances are analyzed and compared in different modes of landing and buffering on a horizontal plane and an inclined plane. The results show that the mechanism with the ends of the legs sliding can obtain a better dynamic per-formance. This study offers primary theories for buffering dynamics and an evaluation of landing buffer performance, and it establishes a theoretical basis for studies and engineer-ing applications.     

采用卡尔曼滤波器的GPS／INS姿态组合系统的研究

阐述了利用位置和速度以及GPS姿态作为观测量的GPS/INS组合导航系统原理,建立了状态变量为21维的组合系统动态方程,给出了用于卡尔曼滤波的GPS姿态误差模型,并对组合系统进行模拟分析,基于这种组合方式,使系统的位置和航向测量精度获得大幅度提高。     

一种带速度观测量的GPS动态定位自适应卡尔曼滤波算法

提出了一种应用于GPS动态定位滤波的自适应卡尔曼滤波算法,此自适应滤波器算法简单,与常规滤波器相比,可实现快速有效地提高GPS定位精度。计算机仿真实例表明应用该算法具有良好的效果。     

一种航天器天文自主定轨方法

提出用星敏感器和地平仪测量星光角距作为主要观测量,用地平仪直接测量得到地心方向矢量,用间接测得的地心距离作为补充观测量,并用推广卡尔曼滤波方法来实时确定航天器的轨道。文中对系统的构成、模型的建立、以及卡尔曼滤波的方法都作了认真的仿真研究,并获得了满意的结果。     

Gas/shear-thinning liquid flows through pipes: Modeling and experiments

In chemical and oil industry gas/shear-thinning liquid two-phase flows are frequently encountered. In this work, we investigate experimentally the flow characteristics of air/shear-thinning liquid systems in horizontal and slightly inclined smooth pipes. The experiments are performed in a 9-m-long glass pipe using air and three different carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) solutions as test fluids. Flow pattern maps are built by visual observation using a high-speed camera. The observed flow patterns are stratified, plug, and slug flow. The effects of the pipe inclination and the rheology of the shear-thinning fluid in terms of flow pattern maps are presented. The predicted existence region of the stratified flow regime is compared with the experimental observation showing a good agreement. A mechanistic model valid for air/power-law slug flow is proposed and model predictions are compared to the experimental data showing a good agreement. Slug flow characteristics are investigated by the analysis of the signals of a capacitance probe: slug velocity, slug frequency, and slug lengths are measured. A new correlation for the slug frequency is proposed and the results are promising.     

防波堤基础的爆炸处理方法及应用

采用了爆炸法处理地基的新方法:它包括堤端推进爆填、边坡拓宽爆填、加抛密实爆夯、边坡整理爆夯等方法。通过玉环坎门防波堤工程中的应用、观察和比较,表明此方法能够比较彻底地置换淤泥层,夯实堆石体,形成符合设计要求的各部位尺寸及深度。     

几种铝锡硅铜合金的摩擦磨损特性

采用环－块摩擦磨损试验机，考察了含Ｓｉ质量分数为１％～５％的Ａｌ－２０Ｓｎ－Ｓｉ－１Ｃｕ合金及传统的Ａｌ－２０Ｓｎ－１Ｃｕ合金的摩擦磨损性能．结果表明：几种Ａｌ－２０Ｓｎ－Ｓｉ－１Ｃｕ合金的磨损率低于Ａｌ－２０Ｓｎ－１Ｃｕ合金的磨损率，并且随Ｓｉ含量的增加而降低．干摩擦时，摩擦因数随Ｓｉ含量的增加无明显变化；油润滑时摩擦因数则随Ｓｉ含量的增加而略微减小．两类合金的摩擦因数均随滑动速度的增加而减小，随摩擦时间的增加先增加后减小并趋于稳定．磨损表面的ＳＥＭ分析表明：Ａｌ－２０Ｓｎ－Ｓｉ－１Ｃｕ合金在干摩擦下的磨损机制主要是磨粒磨损和氧化磨损，而Ａｌ－２０Ｓｎ－１Ｃｕ合金则包括粘着、疲劳及磨粒磨损等多种形式．在油润滑下，两者的磨损机理则分别为犁削作用和疲劳磨损及分层磨损．     

Efficient field computation using Gaussian beams for both transmission and reception

An exact representation is presented for the field inside a sphere (the observation sphere) due to primary sources enclosed by a second sphere (the source sphere). The regions bounded by the two spheres have no common points. The field of the primary sources is expressed in terms of Gaussian beams whose branch-cut disks are all centered at the origin of the source sphere. The expansion coefficients for the standing spherical waves in the observation sphere are expressed in terms of the output of Gaussian-beam receivers, whose branch-cut disks are all centered at the origin of the observation sphere. In this configuration the patterns of the transmitting and receiving beams “multiply” to produce a higher directivity than is usually seen with Gaussian beams. The areas on the unit sphere, which must be covered by the transmitting and receiving disk normals to achieve a given accuracy, diminish as 1/(ka) for ka → ∞, where a is the disk radius and k is the wavenumber. This 1/(ka) behavior leads to a single-level method with O(N^3/2) complexity for computing matrix-vector multiplications in scattering calculations (N is the number of unknowns).     

结构非线性振动及其控制系统的等效力学模型研究

研究了结构非线性振动及其控制系统的等效力学模型建立问题,对结构进行等效线性化处理;对状态变量的观测,仅测量结构的前几个位移。将随机激励和观测噪声等维化处理后,导出了结构非线性振动及其控制系统的等效力学模型。通过等效力学模型的应用研究,得出了多高层结构在风与地震作用下的多维与一维等效力学模型、等效振型力学模型及其线性力学模型,给出了等效力学模型在多高层结构自适应抗风抗震控制中的应用。