高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱法检测环境水样中22种抗生素类药物

建立了高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱(HPLC-ESI MS/MS)分析环境水样中22种抗生素类药物的方法。采用HLB固相萃取柱对环境水样中的目标化合物进行富集、净化,然后以6 mL氨水-甲醇(5:95, v/v)溶液洗脱。收集的洗脱液经氮气吹干至1 mL,然后进行HPLC-ESI MS/MS分离分析。色谱流动相A相为甲醇-乙腈(1:1, v/v), B相为0.3%(体积分数)甲酸水溶液(含0.1%(体积分数)甲酸铵,pH 2.9);色谱柱为XTerra MS C18柱。质谱检测采用正离子扫描,多反应监测模式。分别以自来水和污水作为基质,22种抗生素类药物的加标平均回收率分别为54.9%～130%和57.4%～138%,相对标准偏差(n=3)分别为2.85%～28.6%和2.02%～23.2%;方法的检出限为0.05～0.5 ng/L。将建立的方法应用于北京市高碑店湖和小清河水样的分析,结果表明在两个水样中均有部分抗生素类药物检出。     

Quantification of zolpidem in human plasma by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

A simple and robust method for quantification of zolpidem in human plasma has been established using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI MS/MS). Es-citalopram was used as an internal standard. Zolpidem and internal standard in plasma sample were extracted using solid-phase extraction cartridges (Oasis HLB, 1 cm3/30 mg). The samples were injected into a C8 reversed-phase column and the mobile phase used was acetonitrile-ammonium acetate (pH 4.6; 10 mm) (80:20, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min. Using MS/MS in the selected reaction-monitoring (SRM) mode, zolpidem and Es-citalopram were detected without any interference from human plasma matrix. Zolpidem produced a protonated precursor ion ([M+H]+) at m/z 308.1 and a corresponding product ion at m/z 235.1. The internal standard produced a protonated precursor ion ([M+H]+) at m/z 325.1 and a corresponding product ion at m/z 262.1. Detection of zolpidem in human plasma by the LC-ESI MS/MS method was accurate and precise with a quantification limit of 2.5 ng/mL. The proposed method was validated in the linear range 2.5-300 ng/mL. Reproducibility, recovery and stability of the method were evaluated. The method has been successfully applied to bioequivalence studies of zolpidem.     

Large volume injection for the direct analysis of ionophores and avermectins in surface water by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

A simple method for the direct determination of residues of ionophore antibiotics and avermectin antiparasitics in surface water is reported. Using a large volume injector, a mixture of methanol and surface water is injected into an analytical liquid chromatography (LC) column and subsequently screened for residues of these veterinary pharmaceuticals using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. On-line sample enrichment and chromatographic separation are achieved using a single, short (20 mm) octadecylsilane LC column. The method permits the detection of four ionophores and two avermectins in surface water samples at low ng L⁻¹ concentrations. Minimal matrix effects were observed for a variety of surface water samples which permitted the use of reagent-based standards for quantitation.     

Ultra-pressure liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry for multiresidue determination of pesticides in water

A multiresidue analysis method has been developed for the determination of pesticides in water by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) combined with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The selected pesticides represent a broad range of polarity and volatility [benzoylcyclohexanedione (mesotrione and sulcotrione); chloroacetamide (acetochlor, alachlor, dimethenamide, and metolachlor); phenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D and MCPA); phenoxypropionic (dichloprop and mecoprop); phenylurea (chlortoluron, diuron, isoproturon, linuron, and metoxuron); sulfonylurea (foramsulfuron, iodosulfuron, and nicolsulfuron); triazine (atrazine, cyanazine, desethylatrazine (DEA), desisopropylatrazine (DIA), simazine, and terbutylazine)]. The analytes were extracted using solid-phase extraction (SPE). The separation was carried out on an acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (1.7 microm, 50 mm x 1 mm ID) using a gradient elution profile and mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile. The pesticides were detected with a tandem mass spectrometer after being ionised positively or negatively (depending on the molecule) using an electrospray ionisation (ESI) source. To achieve the suitable extraction conditions for sample preparation, several parameters affecting the efficiency of SPE such as the nature of the sorbent and the eluent, extractant volume and pH were studied. The best recovery was obtained by the extraction with an Oasis HLB cartridge and 3 mL of a solution of acetonitrile/dichloromethane (1:1, v/v) at pH 2. The average recoveries of the pesticides in different samples ranged from 82 to 109%. The weight least squares (WLS) linear regression was used to calculate the limits of detection and quantification (LOD and LOQ) because the dispersion was heteroskedastic. All the pesticides could be correctly quantified at a concentration level of 50 ng L(-1) and most of them could be detected at a concentration inferior or equal to 8 ng L(-1). Efficiency and robustness of this method were evaluated by the analysis of several samples of real natural water.     

Sonic spray ionization applied to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in environmental water samples

A sonic spray ionization liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/SSI-MS) procedure combined with off-line solid-phase extraction was optimized for the analysis of 20 endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in water samples. Method development included a comparison of the novel sonic spray ionization (SSI) with more traditional ion sources, i.e. pneumatically assisted electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI). It was demonstrated that SSI and ESI spectra were very similar, but were more prone to the formation of solvent cluster ions as compared with APCI spectra. This phenomenon was most prominent for SSI and resulted in an increased chemical background in full-scan mass spectra. However, this chemical noise did not affect the overall sensitivity of SSI and ESI. After optimization of LC and MS parameters, the LC/SSI-MS method was validated. Recoveries ranged from 76.3 up to 113.4% for all compounds. Limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) were established between 3.0 and 11.5 ng/L and 9.9 and 38.0 ng/L, respectively. Within-day (n = 5) and between-day (n = 5) reproducibility were investigated at three levels and ranged from 3.3-16.5% and 7.6-19.2%, respectively. Eight-point calibration curves were established and showed linearity for all compounds (r(2) > 0.987) over a linear dynamic range of 10-10 000 ng/L.     

Ultra-trace level determinations of benzidine and dichlorobenzidine residues in surface water by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

A liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric method (LC-ESI-MS/MS) has been developed for the determination of benzidine (BZ) and 3, 3′-dichlorobenzidine (DCBZ) from surface water. Parent ion of DCBZ gave strong signal with ESI by dissolving with 15?mM ammonium formate, which is also used as mobile phase. Deuterated BZ (d8-BZ) was chosen as the internal standard (IS). BZ and DCBZ were extracted by solid-phase extraction on Oasis hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) from water at pH 8.0. The coefficients of variation of BZ and DCBZ were less than 13.1% and the detection limits were 0.004?ng?L^?1 for BZ and 0.7?ng?L^?1 for DCBZ using 0.5?L surface water. The detection limit shows fair lower value than the water quality criteria for BZ and DCBZ established by the US EPA. When the proposed method was used to analyze the target compounds in sixteen surface water samples, BZ was detected in a concentration range of 0.15–2.33?ng?L^?1 in four of sixteen surface water samples     

Development of sensitive derivatization method for aldosterone in liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry of corticosteroids

A highly sensitive quantification method of aldosterone by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) was investigated in a positive mode using recently developed picolinyl derivatization. Aldosterone was smoothly and quantitatively converted to the ethyl ether-picolinyl derivative by treatment with HCl-ethanol followed by the esterification with picolinic acid in the presence of 2-methyl-6-nitrobenzoic anhydride and 4-dimethylaminopyridine. The positive ion-ESI mass spectrum of the ethyl ether-picolinyl derivative was characterized by an appearance of protonated molecule ([M+H](+)) as a base peak. The ethyl ether-picolinyl derivatization gave a successful result in a separation of aldosterone from corticosterone, dehydrocorticosterone and cortexolone, and also provided an approximately 10-fold higher ESI response in the positive-LC-ESI-MS/MS (selected reaction monitoring; SRM) when compared to that of underivatized molecule (negative mode). The limit of quantification of aldosterone by SRM using ethyl ether-picolinyl derivatization (m/z 494-->m/z 448) was 1 pg/0.2 ml serum with accuracy and precision of 92.6% and 5.6%, respectively.     

Reversed-phase liquid chromatograhy/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for analysis of perchlorate in water

A new reversed-phase liquid chromatograhy/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the analysis of perchlorate in water. The improved separation of perchlorate from common anions along with sample dilution effectively reduced matrix effects, primarily ion suppression caused by common anions. The (18)O-enriched perchlorate used as an internal standard provided further compensation for potential changes associated with instrument sensitivity, retention time shifting, peak broadening, ion suppression, and other matrix effects. The mean recoveries and relative standard deviations were 92-107% and 2.5-9.5% for simulated water matrix spikes at 0.05-1.0 microg/L, and 80-106% and 3.8-13% for real water sample matrix spikes at 2.0 microg/L, respectively. The method detection limits were 0.007 microg/L for reagent water and 0.014 microg/L for the simulated water matrix that contained 100 mg/L of SO(4)(2-), CO(3)(2-), and Cl(-) anions; 2 mg/L of PO(4)(3-) as P and NO(3)(-) as N; and 0.1 mg/L of Br(-), BrO(3)(-), ClO(2)(-), ClO(3)(-), and F(-) anions in reagent water, respectively. When using cartridge pretreatment to remove problematic SO(4)(2-), CO(3)(2-), and Cl(-) anions, the minimum reporting level could be set to 0.05 microg/L or lower. With 10-fold dilution, the minimum reporting level was conservatively set to 0.5 microg/L.     

液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱法检测鸡组织中5种聚醚类药物残留

建立了鸡组织中聚醚类药物多残留检测的高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱方法。采用甲醇提取鸡组织中的拉沙洛菌素、盐霉素、莫能菌素、甲基盐霉素和马杜霉素,经硅胶柱净化,以乙腈(含0.1%甲酸)-0.1%甲酸水溶液(体积比为97:3)为流动相,Symmetry Shield RP18作为色谱分析柱,多反应监测(MRM)正离子扫描方式进行质谱检测。当5种聚醚类药物的添加水平为鸡肉0.1～1500 μg/kg、鸡肝0.2～4500 μg/kg时,平均回收率为71.6%～99.1%,日内测定的相对标准偏差(RSD)(n=5)为3.2%～10.7%,日间RSD(n=3)为4.6%～14.7%。2种鸡组织中5种聚醚类药物的定量限为0.1～1.0 μg/kg。该方法的灵敏度、准确度和精密度均符合兽药残留分析技术的要求,适用于鸡肉和鸡肝中5种聚醚类药物的多残留检测。     

同位素稀释液相色谱-串联质谱法准确测定猪肉中的氯霉素

建立了同位素稀释质谱测定猪肉中氯霉素残留的方法,对影响溶剂提取、萃取净化、液相色谱-质谱检测方法准确度的因素进行了量化与优化。猪肉样品经液氮冷冻粉碎,加入氯霉素-D5同位素内标和0.1 mol/L醋酸钠缓冲溶液(pH 5),用乙酸乙酯提取4次,正己烷脱脂,HLB固相萃取小柱净化后采用负离子多反应监测模式下的液相色谱-质谱技术检测。方法的线性范围为0.01～0.5 ng/g,相关系数r2大于0.999;检出限和定量限分别为0.004 ng/g和0.02 ng/g;在0.02 ng/g和1.0 ng/g加标水平的回收率(n=3)分别为95.2%～109.1%和99.7%～102.5%;日内和日间相对标准偏差均小于2%。研究了氯霉素及氯霉素-D5的基体效应,测得不同流动相和稀释溶剂组成时基体效应因子k的范围在0.950～1.015之间。研究结果对同位素稀释质谱痕量残留检测结果准确度的控制、方法的建立与验证具有参考意义。     

Automated mass analysis of low-molecular-mass bacterial proteome by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Due to the presence of a large number of proteins in cell extracts, ion chromatograms of cell extracts obtained by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) can be quite complicated. It is found that the elevated baseline in an ion chromatogram contains many protein signals. One deficiency of current commercially available LC-ESI-MS data interpretation software is found to be the lack of functional operation that allows automated mass spectral integration and interpretation over signals hidden in the baseline. This current limitation can be overcome by a technique that involves the introduction of artificial pulses to an ion chromatogram by removing the solvent mixer in the HPLC pump. These artificial pulses are treated as chromatographic peaks by the software, thereby allowing automated spectral integration over the duration of a pulse. The reliability of mass analysis from the integrated spectra is shown to be dependent on spectral interpretation parameters such as mass spectral baseline threshold. The application of this method is demonstrated for rapid detection and mass analysis of low-molecular-mass proteins from cell extracts of Escherichia coli or Bacillus globigii.     

超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱法同时分析鸡肉中7种氟喹诺酮类药物残留

建立了一种同时测定鸡肉中7种氟喹诺酮类药物残留的超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱确证分析方法(UPLC-ESI-MS/MS)。样品经酸化乙腈提取、正己烷脱脂和HLB固相萃取柱净化,采用ACQUITY UPLCTM BEH C18色谱柱(50 mm×2.1 mm,1.7 μm)分离,以0.1%甲酸水溶液和乙腈作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,电喷雾质谱检测,正离子多反应监测模式进行定性和定量分析。7种药物在5～100 μg/kg范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r2)均大于0.99;以5,25,50 μg/kg3个浓度水平进行添加回收试验,7种药物的平均回收率在79.2%～108.6%之间,相对标准偏差为4.2%～8.9%,方法的检出限(LOD)为0.2～1.4 μg/kg。方法重现性好、灵敏度高、分析时间短、确证能力强,适用于鸡肉中氟喹诺酮类药物多残留的确证检测。     

Simultaneous analysis of 16 sulfonamide and trimethoprim antibiotics in environmental waters by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

A sensitive liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry method combined with solid-phase extraction and silica cartridge cleanup was established for 16 sulfonamides and trimethoprim in various water matrices. Signal suppression of all target analytes in sewage treatment plant influent, effluent and river water was improved by this method developed in this study. The method detection limits for 17 analytes were 20-200 pg/L for influent, 16-120 pg/L for effluent and 8.0-60 pg/L for river water with overall mean recoveries of 62-102% in all studied matrices. This method was used to analyze residual sulfonamides and trimethoprim in wastewater and river samples from Japan, and 8 analytes (0.08 (sulfadimethoxine)-161 ng/L (sulfapyridine) in wastewater and 10 (0.03 (sulfamethizol)-8.9 ng/L (sulfaquinoxaline) in river samples were detected.     

Trace analysis of 28 steroids in surface water, wastewater and sludge samples by rapid resolution liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

A sensitive rapid resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (RRLC-MS/MS) method, combined with solid-phase extraction, ultrasonic extraction and silica gel cartridge cleanup, was developed for 28 steroids including 4 estrogens (estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-ethynyl estradiol (EE2), diethylstilbestrol (DES)), 14 androgens (androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD), 17α-trenbolone, 17β-trenbolone, 4-androstene-3,17-dione, 19-nortestoserone, 17β-boldenone, 17α-boldenone, testosterone (T), epi-androsterone (EADR), methyltestosterone (MT), 4-hydroxy-androst-4-ene-17-dione (4-OHA), 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT), androsterone (ADR), stanozolol (S)), 5 progestagens (progesterone (P), ethynyl testosterone (ET), 19-norethindrone, norgestrel, medroxyprogesterone (MP)), and 5 glucocorticoids (cortisol, cortisone, prednisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone) in surface water, wastewater and sludge samples. The recoveries of surface water, influents, effluents and sludge samples were 90.6-119.0% (except 5α-DHT was 143%), 44.0-200%, 60.7-123% and 62.6-138%, respectively. The method detection limits for the 28 analytes in surface water, influents, effluents and freeze-dried sludge samples were 0.01-0.24 ng/L, 0.02-1.44 ng/L, 0.01-0.49 ng/L and 0.08-2.06 ng/g, respectively. This method was applied in the determination of the residual steroidal hormones in two surface water of Danshui River, 12 wastewater and 8 sludge samples from two wastewater treatment plants (Meihu and Huiyang WWTPs) in Guangdong (China). Ten analytes were detected in surface water samples with concentrations ranging between 0.4 ng/L (17β-boldenone) and 55.3 ng/L (5α-DHT); twenty analytes in the wastewater samples with concentrations ranging between 0.3 ng/L (P) and 621 ng/L (5α-DHT); and 12 analytes in the sludge samples with concentrations ranging between 1.6 ng/g (E1) and 372 ng/g (EADR).     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定猪肉中3种β-受体激动剂残留量

建立一种同时测定猪肉中3种β-受体激动剂残留量的高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱(HPLC-ESI-MS/MS)确证分析方法。样品经β-葡萄糖醛酸酶/芳基硫酸酯酶酶解、乙酸铵缓冲液提取和MCX固相萃取柱净化,采用Agilent ZorbaxSB-C18(2.1mm×150mm,3.5μm)色谱柱,0.1%的甲酸水溶液、甲醇和乙腈作为流动相进行洗脱,高效液相色谱分离,电喷雾离子源电离,正离子多反应监测模式进行检测,内标法定量。3种药物在0.05～1μg/kg浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数r均大于0.999,0.05、0.1、0.5μg/kg3个浓度水平的添加回收率在89.7%～106.7%之间,相对标准偏差为2.4%～8.6%,3种药物的定量限均为0.05μg/kg。方法适用于猪肉中β-受体激动剂残留的确证分析。     

液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱法同时检测鸡组织中5种抗病毒类药物的残留量

建立了鸡组织中抗病毒类药物多残留检测的液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱法(LC-ESI-MS/MS)。采用三氯乙酸-乙腈溶液提取鸡组织中的金刚烷胺、金刚乙胺、美金刚、咪喹莫特和吗啉胍,离心过滤后经强阳离子交换柱(SCX)净化,色谱柱Xamide(100 mm×2.1 mm, 5 μm)分离,多反应监测(MRM)正离子扫描方式进行质谱检测。结果表明,鸡组织与鸡肝中5种药物的检出限为0.06～0.30 μg/kg,定量限为0.2～1.0 μg/kg。当5种药物的添加水平为0.2～10.0 μg/kg时,在鸡肉中的平均回收率为72.3%～94.2%,相对标准偏差(RSD)(n=6)为3.5%～11.3%;在鸡肝中的平均回收率为70.8%～92.7%, RSD(n=6)为5.3%～12.6%。该方法选择性好,抗干扰能力强,可作为鸡肉和鸡肝中抗病毒药物残留检测的确证方法。     

Application of liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry to the detection of 10 sulfonamides in honey

Liquid chromatography (LC) in combination with tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) has been applied to the separation and detection of 10 different sulfonamides in honey. The methodology encompasses a simple hydrolysis of the honey sample to liberate sugar-bound sulfonamides followed by liquid-liquid extraction of the 10 analytes, filtration, and analysis by LC-MS-MS. Conditions for reversed-phase LC and electrospray ionization (ESI) MS-MS in the positive ion mode were optimized for the 10 compounds under study, monitoring two characteristic mass transitions simultaneously for each analyte. The procedure is a qualitative confirmatory method for 10 sulfonamides at the low microg/kg level in honey. Typical recoveries of the analytes in honey ranged from 44 to 73% at a fortification level of 50 microg/kg. This study also addresses the issue of matrix-induced suppression of ionization, an effect often encountered in trace residue analysis of food matrices using LC-ESI-MS-MS based methods.     

液相色谱-电喷雾离子阱串联质谱同时分析烟草中的20种游离氨基酸

建立了液相色谱-电喷雾离子阱串联质谱(LC-ESI-IT-MS/MS)同时分析烟草中20种游离氨基酸的方法。烟草样品经萃取后过滤直接进样,无需进行衍生和固相萃取等其他前处理步骤。液相色谱采用HyPURITY C18反相色谱柱(200 mm×2.1 mm, 5 μm),采用1%(体积分数,下同)乙腈水溶液(含0.1%九氟戊酸)和90%乙腈水溶液(含0.1%九氟戊酸)为流动相进行梯度洗脱。结果表明,20种氨基酸的检出限(LOD)为0.01～0.05 μmol/L (S/N=3),线性相关系数均大于0.9977,峰面积测定的相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.78%～4.93%。该方法分析效率、灵敏度和选择性高,已成功应用于多种烟草样品中氨基酸的分析测定。     

超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱法测定生活饮用水中49种药物及5种代谢物

建立了超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱(UPLC-ESI MS/MS)分析生活饮用水中54种药物的方法。采用HLB固相萃取柱对水样中的目标化合物进行富集净化,以5 mL甲醇洗脱;洗脱液用氮气吹至近干,用0.4 mL 0.1%甲酸水溶液定容,上机分析;ACQUITY UPLC^TMBEH C₁₈柱用作色谱分离,以0.1%甲酸水溶液-甲醇为流动相进行梯度洗脱;多反应监测(MRM)模式进行检测;目标药物使用基质外标法定量。54种药物在自备井水、市政末梢水和地表水中的加标回收率分别为58.7%~104.4%、53.1%~109.5%和50.7%~118.8%,相对标准偏差(n=6)分别为0.3%~12.8%、1.0%~15.5%和0.4%~19.3%;方法定量限为0.002~5.000 ng/L。将建立的方法应用于北京部分自备井水、市政末梢水和地表水样品的分析,结果在自备井水样中检出26种药物。     

Preparation and structural elucidation of the picolinyl ester of aldosterone for liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

Treatment of aldosterone with 35% HCl in EtOH or in MeOH followed by the picolinyl derivatization gave the picolinyl derivative of aldosterone-ethyl ether, 8, or methyl ether, 9, as a single and well-shaped liquid chromatographic peak. Picolinyl derivatization of aldosterone produced 21-picolinyl derivative of 18,20-anhydro-hemiacetal derivatives, 6, with poor chromatographic peak with wide half-width. Further conversion of 6 to 8 required long reaction time (>4 h). Structure of each picolinyl or alkyl ether-picolinyl derivative, was carefully elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, electron ionization mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Enhancement of sensitivity (approximately 10-fold) in positive-LC-ESI-MS/MS of aldosterone was confirmed by the use of the alkyl ether-picolinyl derivatization when compared to the underivatized molecule.