气相中W~+活化CO_2分解的自旋禁阻反应机理

用密度泛函理论中的UB3LYP方法,对W采用相对论校正赝势基组(SDD),对C、O采用6-311+G(3d)基组,研究了气相中不同自旋态W+活化CO2分解的反应机理.计算结果表明,W+活化CO2分解反应以六重态进入反应通道,经过六重态势能面到四重态势能面的系间窜越(ISC),最后产物WO+和CO以四重态离开反应通道.运用Harvey方法优化出最低能量交叉点(MECP),并计算了MECP处的自旋-轨道耦合(SOC)常数(494.95cm-1),势能面的交叉和在MECP处较强的自旋-轨道耦合作用降低了自旋禁阻反应能垒,为反应提供了一条低能反应路径,反应总放热量为122.33kJ.mol-1.     

Activation of SO2 by N/Si+ and N/B Frustrated Lewis Pairs: Experimental and Theoretical Comparison with CO2 Activation

The guanidine 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD) and the substituted derivatives [TBD–SiR₂]⁺ and TBD–BR₂ reacted with SO₂ to give different FLP–SO₂ adducts. Molecular structures, elucidated by X-ray diffraction, showed some structural similarities with the analogous CO₂ adducts. Thermodynamic stabilities were both experimentally evidenced and computed through DFT calculations. The underlying parameters governing the relative stabilities of the different SO₂ and CO₂ adducts were discussed from a theoretical standpoint, with a focus on the influence of the Lewis acidic moiety.     

气相中W+活化CO2分解的自旋禁阻反应机理

用密度泛函理论中的UB3LYP方法, 对W采用相对论校正赝势基组(SDD), 对C、O采用6-311+G(3d)基组, 研究了气相中不同自旋态W+活化CO2分解的反应机理. 计算结果表明, W+活化CO2分解反应以六重态进入反应通道, 经过六重态势能面到四重态势能面的系间窜越(ISC),最后产物WO+和CO以四重态离开反应通道. 运用Harvey方法优化出最低能量交叉点(MECP), 并计算了MECP处的自旋-轨道耦合(SOC)常数(494.95 cm-1), 势能面的交叉和在MECP处较强的自旋-轨道耦合作用降低了自旋禁阻反应能垒, 为反应提供了一条低能反应路径, 反应总放热量为122.33 kJ·mol-1.     

气相中La催化乙烯脱氢及C-C键耦合的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论中的B3LYP方法研究了气相中过渡金属La在二、四重态势能面上催化C2H4的反应机理。全参数优化了二、四重态势能面上各个驻点的几何构型,同时对过渡态进行了频率分析,使用内禀反应坐标（IRC）方法验证了过渡态的准确性,通过AIM理论和NBO分析方法对主要的驻点进行了键分析,并对2IM1、2IM3进行了态密度分析。结果表明：La与C2H4的反应存在两种可能的路径,反应在二重态势能面上进行且均为放热反应。键分析表明初始复合物中La与C2H4分子之间为共价作用。     

MH~+(M=Fe,Co,Ni)催化二氧化碳的氢化反应

在密度泛函理论的B3LYP水平下计算了MH~+(M=Fe,Co,Ni)催化二氧化碳的氢化反应.研究表明,氢转移至C上要比转移至O上容易得多.探讨不同泛函方法对反应的影响,从CCSD(T)的计算结果可见,与Co H~+和Ni H~+相比,Fe H~+对H转移至C上的活性较高.电子结构分析表明,反应过程中氢转移为氢负离子转移.     

CO2吸附活化的研究进展

本文分析讨论了CO₂ 在金属催化剂和金属氧化物催化剂上吸附活化的机理及活化吸附态的反应性能, 提出了CO₂ 作为一种温和氧化剂在化工生产中加以综合利用的有效途径。     

气相中Sc+和Ti+与CS2反应的计算研究

以Sc⁺和Ti⁺与CS₂反应作为第一前过渡金属离子与CS₂反应的范例体系. 采用密度泛函(UB3LYP/6-311+G*)方法计算研究了Sc⁺和Ti⁺在基态和激发态与CS₂反应的反应机理. 全参数优化了反应势能面上各驻点的几何构型, 用频率分析方法和内禀反应坐标(IRC)方法对过渡态进行了验证. 计算了不同多重度下的反应交叉势能面. 确定了Sc⁺和Ti⁺与CS₂的反应为插入-消去反应, 找到了基态和激发态金属离子与CS₂反应的主要通道.     

Time-dependent density functional study of the electronic spectra of oligoacenes in the charge states −1, 0, +1, and +2

We present a systematic theoretical study of the five smallest oligoacenes (naphthalene, anthracene, tetracene, pentacene, and hexacene) in their anionic, neutral, cationic, and dicationic charge states. We used density functional theory (DFT) to obtain the ground-state optimised geometries, and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) to evaluate the electronic absorption spectra. Total-energy differences enabled us to evaluate the electron affinities and first and second ionisation energies, the quasiparticle correction to the HOMO–LUMO energy gap and an estimate of the excitonic effects in the neutral molecules. Electronic absorption spectra have been computed by combining two different implementations of TD-DFT: the frequency–space method to study general trends as a function of charge-state and molecular size for the lowest-lying in-plane long-polarised and short-polarised π → π^* electronic transitions, and the real-time propagation scheme to obtain the whole photo-absorption cross-section up to the far-UV. Doubly ionised PAHs are found to display strong electronic transitions of π → π^* character in the near-IR, visible, and near-UV spectral ranges, like their singly charged counterparts. While, as expected, the broad plasmon-like structure with its maximum at about 17–18 eV is relatively insensitive to the charge-state of the molecule, a systematic decrease with increasing positive charge of the absorption cross-section between 6 and 12 eV is observed for each member of the class.     

On the Anion Distribution in Zr7O8N4

The effect of anion distribution on the stability of β‐zirconium oxide nitride Zr₇O₈N₄ (trigonal, ; a = 953.80(2) pm, c = 884.98(3) pm, Z=3) has been investigated quantum‐chemically. In agreement with experimental results for the structurally related β′‐type zirconium oxide nitride (Zr₇O₁₁N₂) nitride anions occupy sites in the central polyhedron of a Bevan cluster (A₇X₁₂ unit) in the most stable configurations. Other relevant structural ordering parameters are minimization of N^3?···N^3? contacts and of the number of quasi‐linear N–Zr–N bonds. The calculated electronic structure of β‐Zr₇O₈N₄ is in qualitative agreement with experimental observations.     

吡咯-HCN体系在气相及溶液中相互作用的理论研究

用量子化学B3LYP方法在6-311G(d, p)水平上优化了吡咯-HCN氢键复合物，通过振动频率分析确定了两个吡咯-HCN体系稳定构型.为了得到更加精确的氢键作用能，采用相关一致基组aug-cc-pVDZ以及Boys 和Bernardi的CP(counterpoise)校正方法消除基组重叠误差后得到C－H…π和N－H…N型复合物的氢键相互作用能.为了确定B3LYP方法计算的相互作用能的可靠性，在MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ水平计算了复合物的氢键相互作用能，结果分别为－25.10和－19.30 kJ·mol－1.采用自然键轨道(NBO)分析考察了吡咯与HCN分子间轨道相互作用.以自洽场理论(SCRF)中的Onsager模型研究了不同极性溶剂对吡咯-氰化氢体系N－H…N型氢键几何构型，频率位移，电荷分布以及相对能量的影响.研究发现，当溶液的介电常数在1.5～30.0范围时，溶液作用十分显著，而当介电常数超过30.0以后，溶液作用已经达到了极限.     

接枝羟基对有限长碳纳米管电子结构的影响

基于局域密度泛函理论, 采用第一原理方法, 建立了(5, 5)型和(8, 0)型有限长碳纳米管的原子模型, 并在两个端口接枝1～8个羟基官能团, 先用DMol3中BLYP方法对其结构进行优化, 再利用CASTEP软件计算其电子分布和态密度的变化, 从而讨论羟基官能团对碳纳米管电子结构和电子输运特性的影响. 计算表明, 接枝羟基的碳纳米管的电子结构明显改变, 费米能级上的电子态密度下降, 最高占据轨道上电子的非定域程度减弱, 致使电子输运性能呈下降趋势.     

CeO2(110)负载Au纳米颗粒催化CO+NOx反应的DFT+U研究

通过在位库伦校正的密度泛函理论（DFT+U）方法计算,我们研究了CO和NO_x分子在Au负载CeO₂（110）表面的吸附. 结果表明,CO在Au纳米颗粒的顶位有很强的吸附能,大约为1.2 eV,而NO在Au纳米颗粒上或者Au与CeO₂载体界面处都是弱吸附. 然而,当NO_x在界面处形成N₂O₂二聚体之后,通过断裂末端的N-O键能够有效地被降解. 纵观整个反应过程,第一步CO+N₂O₂的反应遵循了Langmuir-Hinshelwood机理,活化能只有0.4 eV,通过形成ONNOCO的中间物种最终产生N₂O和CO₂. 不同的是,第二步消除N₂O反应遵循了Eley-Rideal碰撞机理,需要相当高的能垒,约为1.8 eV. 通过进一步分析表明,稀土Ce元素独特的电子特性能够使电子从Au上转移并且局域到载体表面的Ce阳离子上,并且有助于形成带负电的N₂O₂分子. 而且Au纳米颗粒有很强的结构流动性,能够促进吸附的CO分子靠近界面处的N₂O₂并与之反应.     

ZrO2基复合金属氧化物催化剂上CO2温和氧化乙苯制苯乙烯

苯乙烯(SM)是聚合物化学中最重要的单体之一,由其生产的聚合物产品(如PS,SBR和ABS等)具有独特的性能,因而SM的需求逐年增加.乙苯(EB)催化脱氢工艺提供了90％的SM需求,该过程在K促进的氧化铁催化剂上于600-650℃进行.这是一个吸热且体积增大的反应,因此需要绝热反应器和大量的过热过饱和蒸汽以提供热量和降低反应分压,从而有利于反应平衡向SM方向移动,也可避免或消除积碳.同时,也造成大量潜热被浪费;热点也降低了整个反应活性和催化剂寿命.在蒸汽中加入空气或富氧空气,使得副产H2与O2反应,产生的热量可供随后乙苯脱氢反应,同时H2的移除也有利于提高EB单程转化率,并保持高的SM选择性.但是,该过程需要2个催化剂,反应器的设计和催化剂的装填比较复杂,且存在爆炸的危险.因此,人们尝试了多种氧化剂和新型的催化剂.最近也有人提出软氧化剂的概念.这为开发新催化体系提供了可能.相对于O2,CO2的氧化性很弱,但可用作温和氧化剂去除脱氢单元中副产的H2,降低了反应温度,且不影响反应活性和选择性;同时,具有较大的经济性和环保性,在工业上也是切实可行的.除了负载型的碱金属促进的氧化铁催化剂外,各种金属或金属氧化物也用于催化CO2氧化EB脱氢反应中,如Fe,Cr,V和La的氧化物为活性金属,碳材料、MgO、SiO2、Al2O3、Ga2O3、ZrO2、TiO2、水滑石类化合物及分子筛为载体.Park课题组研究了Fe,V和Cr基催化剂,即设计氧化还原的催化剂表面以解离CO2,产生的O用于逆水汽反应.其中以Al2O3负载的V和V-Sb氧化物催化剂性能最为突出;但存在积碳失活和V物种的深度还原等问题.为了进一步提高催化剂性能,该课题组开发了多种ZrO2基复合氧化物催化剂,包括MnO2-ZrO2,TiO2-ZrO2,CeO2-ZrO2和SnO2-ZrO2.这些催化剂具有酸碱特性,在反应中表现出较高的催化性能.因此,本文简要总结了用于CO2氧化EB脱氢反应的ZrO2基催化剂最新研究进展.研究发现,在CO2氧化EB脱氢制SM反应中,CO2在提高催化剂活性和稳定性方面起着非常重要的作用,可被定义为软氧化剂:氧化催化剂表面以保持其表面氧含量,移除催化剂表面产生的积碳和副产物H2,为反应体系提供较高的热容以克服反应平衡限制,从而达到较高的转化率.ZrO2基复合金属氧化物是具有改善的织构特性的纳米粒子,且具有酸碱两性和氧化还原性能.改性可提高催化体系的热稳定性和活性.其中CeO2-V2O5/TiO2-ZrO2催化剂具有恰当的氧化还原性和酸碱两性,二者协同作用,因而催化性能最佳.氧化还原稳定剂Sb的添加进一步提高了其催化性能.碱金属和碱土金属可优化其酸碱性,增加比表面积,从而提高反应活性和选择性以及CO2转化率.继续加强抑制积碳和促进CO2活化方面的研究,可有望进一步提高单程转化率(75％以上)、选择性(98％)和CO2转化率(30％).总之,CO2氧化EB脱氢制SM是一个高度经济性和环境友好的新过程,在未来有望满足SM日益增长的需求.另外,该过程的开发可减少CO2排放,其副产的CO还可用于多种化工过程.然而,该过程仍面临诸多挑战:如何抑制积碳,单程转化率和催化剂寿命有待进一步提高.这些挑战也给我们未来的研究提供了方向.深入理解反应机理、积碳机理和CO2的活化过程也有利于我们开发出更适合工业应用的催化剂.     

Thermal Ethane Activation by Bare [V2O5]+ and [Nb2O5]+ Cluster Cations: on the Origin of Their Different Reactivities

The gas‐phase reactivity of [V₂O₅]⁺ and [Nb₂O₅]⁺ towards ethane has been investigated by means of mass spectrometry and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The two metal oxides give rise to the formation of quite different reaction products; for example, the direct room‐temperature conversions C₂H₆→C₂H₅OH or C₂H₆→CH₃CHO are brought about solely by [V₂O₅]⁺. In distinct contrast, for the couple [Nb₂O₅]⁺/C₂H₆, one observes only single and double hydrogen‐atom abstraction from the hydrocarbon. DFT calculations reveal that different modes of attack in the initial phase of C?H bond activation together with quite different bond‐dissociation energies of the M?O bonds cause the rather varying reactivities of [V₂O₅]⁺ and [Nb₂O₅]⁺ towards ethane. The gas‐phase generation of acetaldehyde from ethane by bare [V₂O₅]⁺ may provide mechanistic insight in the related vanadium‐catalyzed large‐scale process.     

Theoretical Study About Effects of H2O and Na+ on Adsorption of CO2 on Kaolinite Surfaces

The density functional theory(DFT) was used to investigate the adsorptions of carbon dioxide(CO₂) on kaolinite surfaces and the influences of Na⁺ and H₂O on the adsorption. Both cluster and periodic models of kaolinite were considered. The calculated results indicate that stable complexes can be formed between adsorbed CO₂ and the surfaces of kaolinite in the presence or absence of sodium cation and water molecule. The Al-O octahedral surface has a larger adsorption affinity for CO₂ than the Si-O tetrahedral surface of kaolinite because the hydroxyl groups of kaolinite Al-O surface present more activity than the basal O atoms of the Si-O tetrahedral surface in the inter-molecular interactions. The existence of exchangeable sodium cations exerts the significant effect on the adsorption of CO₂ with the dramatic increase of the adsorption energy, while the presence of water molecule decreases the adsorption strength insignificantly. The calculated Gibbs free energies of the adsorption reveal that the adsorptions of CO₂ on all the investigated kaolinite surfaces are feasible thermodynamically in the gas phase. Surface free energy was calculated to provide the predictions of the surface stability as a function of temperature.     

Activation of CS2 and CO2 by Silylium Cations

The hydride-bridged silylium cation [Et₃Si−H−SiEt₃]⁺, stabilized by the weakly coordinating [Me₃NB₁₂Cl₁₁]⁻ anion, undergoes, in the presence of excess silane, a series of unexpected consecutive reactions with the valence-isoelectronic molecules CS₂ and CO₂. The final products of the reaction with CS₂ are methane and the previously unknown [(Et₃Si)₃S]⁺ cation. To gain insight into the entire reaction cascade, numerous experiments with varying conditions were performed, intermediate products were intercepted, and their structures were determined by X-ray crystallography. Besides the [(Et₃Si)₃S]⁺ cation as the final product, crystal structures of [(Et₃Si)₂SMe]⁺, [Et₃SiS(H)Me]⁺, and [Et₃SiOC(H)OSiEt₃]⁺ were obtained. Experimental results combined with supporting quantum-chemical calculations in the gas phase and solution allow a detailed understanding of the reaction cascade.     

CO2二聚体分子弱结合作用的DFT计算

用密度泛函理论(DFT)的Becke 3LYP方法,在不同基集合（6 31G和6 311G系列）下对平行结构（C 2h）和T形结构(C2v)的CO2二聚体进行ab initio计算.通过计算,得到了CO2二聚体C2h和C2v两种构型的结构参数和离解能,并给出了CO2二聚体相对稳定构型C2h的12个正则振动分析图.结果表明,CO2二聚体的离解能为2 kJ•mol－1,CO2分子之间振动频率很小,从而说明CO2二聚体是弱结合分子.     

Investigation on Non-covalent Complexes of Cyclodextrins with Li+ in Gas Phase by Mass Spectrometry

To investigate the non-covalent interaction between cyclodextrins (CD) and lithium ion, a stoichiometry of α-CD, β-CD, heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-CD (DM-β-CD), or heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-CD (TM-β-CD) was mixed with lithium salt, respectively, and then incubated at room temperature for 10 min to reach the equilibrium. In posi-tive mode, the electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) results demonstrated that lithium ion can conjugate to α-, β-, DM-β- or TM-β-CD and form 1:1 stoichiometric non-covalent complexes. The binding of the complexes was further confirmed by collision-induced dissociation. The dissociation constants K_d1 of four complexes (Li+α-CD, Li+β-CD, Li+DM-β-CD, and Li+TM-β-CD) were determined by mass spectrometric titration. The results showed K_d1 were 18.7, 26.7, 33.6, 30.5 μmol/L for the complexes of Li+ with α-CD, β-CD, DM-β-CD, and TM-β-CD, respectively. K_d1 for the Li⁺ complexes of β-CD is smaller than that of DM-β-CD due to its steric effect of the partial substituted -CH₃. The Kd1 for the Li⁺ complexes of DM-β-CD is nearly in agreement with that of TM-β-CD, indicating Li⁺ is more likely to locate in the small rim of DM-β-CD's hydrophobic cavity. The DFT results showed through electrostatic interaction, one Li+ can strongly conjugate to four neighboring oxygen atoms. For the (α-CD+Li)⁺ complex, one Li⁺ may also situate the small rim of α-CD's hydrophobic cavity to form a non-specific host-guest complex.     

钒硼双原子阳离子活化甲烷研究

Methane activation by transition metal species has been extensively investigated over the past few decades. It is observed that ground-state monocations of bare 3d transition metals are inert toward CH₄ at room temperature because of unfavorable thermodynamics. In contrast, many mono-ligated 3d transition metal cations, such as MO⁺ (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn), MH⁺ (M = Fe, Co), and NiX⁺ (X = H, CH₃, F), as well as several bis-ligated 3d transition metal cations including OCrO⁺, Ni(H)(OH)⁺, and Fe(O)(OH)⁺ activate the C―H bond of methane under thermal collision conditions because of the pronounced ligand effects. In most of the above-mentioned examples, the 3d metal atoms are observed to cooperate with the attached ligands to activate the C―H bond. Compared to the extensive studies on active species comprising of middle and late 3d transition metals, the knowledge about the reactivity of early 3d transition metal species toward methane and the related C―H activation mechanisms are still very limited. Only two early 3d transition metal species HMO⁺ (M = Ti and V) are discovered so far to activate the C―H bond of methane via participation of their metal atoms. In this study, by performing mass spectrometric experiments and density functional theory calculations, we have identified that the diatomic vanadium boride cation (VB⁺) can activate methane to produce a dihydrogen molecule and carbon-boron species under thermal collision conditions. The strong electrostatic interaction makes the reaction preferentially proceed the V side. To generate experimentally observed product ions, a two-state reactivity scenario involving spin conversion from high-spin sextet to low-spin quartet is necessary at the entrance of the reaction. This result is consistent with the reported reactions of 3d transition metal species with CH₄, in which the C―H bond cleavage generally occurs in the low-spin states, even if the ground states of the related active species are in the high-spin states. For VB⁺ + CH₄, the insertion of the synergetic V―B unit (rather than a single V or B atom) into the H₃C―H bond causes the initial C―H bond activation driven by the strong bond strengths of V―CH₃ and B―H. The mechanisms of methane activation by VB⁺ discussed in this study may provide useful guidance to the future studies on methane activation by early transition metal systems.     

气相中Y^＋活化CS2中的C—S键

以Y+与CS2反应作为第二行前过渡金属离子与CS2反应的范例体系.采用密度泛函UB3LYP方法,对于Y+采用Stuttgart赝势基组,对于CS2采用6-311+G(2d)基组,计算研究了Y+离子在基态和激发态时与CS2气相反应的机理.并用UCCSD(T)方法在相同的基组水平上对各驻点作了单点能量校正.结果表明Y+离子与CS2的反应是插入-消去反应,在反应过程中会发生系间窜越,并且找到了两个势能面的能量最低交义点.