Water's polyamorphic transitions and amorphization of ice under pressure

Transformations of water's high density amorph (HDA) to low density amorph (LDA) and of LDA's to cubic ice (Ic) have been studied by in situ thermal conductivity kappa measurements at high pressures. The HDA to LDA transformation is unobservable at p of 0.07 GPa, indicating that, for a fixed heating rate, an increase in pressure increases the temperature of HDA to LDA transformation and decreases that of LDA to ice Ic, causing thereby the two transformations to merge, and HDA appears to convert directly to ice Ic. Thus either LDA forms but converts extremely rapidly to ice Ic, or LDA does not form. At a fixed p and T, in the range of pressure amorphization of hexagonal ice, kappa continues to decrease with time. Therefore, the amorphization of ice Ih is kinetically controlled. When HDA at 1 GPa was heated from 130 to 157 K and densified to very HDA, its kappa increased by 3%. Our findings and a scrutiny of earlier reports show that a reversible transition between HDA and LDA does not occur at approximately 135 K and approximately 0.2 GPa. Since there is no unique HDA, it is difficult to justify the conjecture for a second critical point for water.     

La0.8Sr0.2-xCaxCo0.9Fe0.1O3-δ的合成与电性能

利用X射线衍射 (XRD)、差热 热重 (DSC/TG)与直流四探针测试分析方法研究了少量Ca取代LaCoO3 中部分La的合成过程及对其电导率的作用。采用固相反应合成的La0 .8Sr0 .2 -xCaxCo0 .9Fe0 .1 O3 -δ(LSCCF ,0≤x≤ 0 1)氧化物为单一钙钛矿相 ,其烧结过程可以分为 3个阶段 :即反应原料的变化 ;LaCoO3 基氧化物的生成 ;LSCCF固溶体的形成。LSCCF复合掺杂材料电导率的最大值都超过了 10 0S·cm- 1 ,其导电机制可以用p型小极子的绝热空隙理论来解释     

The glass-to-liquid transition of the emulsified high-density amorphous ice made by pressure-induced amorphization

Emulsified high-density amorphous ice, made by pressure-induced amorphization of emulsified ice Ih, was decompressed at about 160 K. The onset of an endothermic event was observed around 0.4 GPa during the decompression. This is consistent with existence of the glass transition to a liquid state, implying the close relationship between melting and amorphization.     

La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O3-α的微乳液法合成及其质子导电性研究

采用微乳液法合成了La_0.9Sr_0.1Ga_0.8Mg_0.2O_3-α的共沉淀前驱体，经初烧和烧结后制得La_0.9Sr_0.1Ga_0.8Mg_0.2O_3-α陶瓷样品，TEM和SEM分析结果表明陶瓷样品具有良好的微观结构，XRD分析结果表明陶瓷样品已形成了单相的LaGaO₃钙钛     

Effect of pressure on thermal conductivity and pressure collapse of ice in a polymer-hydrogel and kinetic unfreezing at 1 GPa

We report a study of aqueous solutions of poly(vinylalcohol) and its hydrogel by thermal conductivity, κ, and specific heat measurements. In particular, we investigate (i) the changes in the solution and the hydrogel at 0.1 MPa observed in the 350-90 K range and of the frozen hydrogel at 130 K observed in the range from 0.1 MPa to 1.3 GPa, and (ii) the nature of the pressure collapse of ice in the frozen hydrogel and kinetic unfreezing on heating of its high density water at 1 GPa. The water component of the polymer solution on cooling either first phase separates and then freezes to hexagonal ice or freezes without phase separation and the dispersed polymer chains freeze-concentrate in nanoscopic and microscopic regions of the grain boundaries and grain junctions of the ice crystals in the frozen state of water in the hydrogel. The change in κ with temperature at 1 bar is reversible with some hysteresis, but not reversible with pressure after compression to 0.8 GPa at 130 K. At high pressures the crystallized state collapses showing features of κ and specific heat characteristic of formation of high density amorphous solid water. The pressure of structural collapse is 0.08 GPa higher than that of ice at 130 K. The slowly formed collapsed state shows kinetic unfreezing or glass-liquid transition temperature at 140 K for a time scale of 1 s. Comparison with the change in the properties observed for ice shows that κ decreases when the polymer is added.     

Spontaneous transformation of water's high-density amorph and a two-stage crystallization to ice VI at 1 GPa: a dielectric study

Dielectric relaxation spectra of a metastable crystal phase formed on implosive and exothermic transformation of pressure-amorphized hexagonal ice have been measured in situ at 0.97 GPa pressure over a range of temperature. The metastable phase showed no relaxation peak at 130 K and 0.97 GPa. When heated at a fixed pressure of 0.97 GPa, it began to transform at approximately 145 K exothermally to a phase whose relaxation rate and equilibrium dielectric permittivity increased. A second, but slower exothermic transformation also occurred at approximately 175 K. After keeping at 213 K, the relaxation rate and equilibrium permittivity reached the known values of these two quantities for ice VI. Thus the metastable phase transformed to ice VI in two stages. It is conjectured that the intermediate phase in this transformation could be ice XII. The rate of transformation is not determined by the reorientational relaxation rate of water molecules in the ices.     

Unusual Gruneisen and Bridgman parameters of low-density amorphous ice and their implications on pressure induced amorphization

The low-temperature limiting value of the Grüneisen parameter for low-frequency phonons and the density dependence of the thermal conductivity (Bridgman parameter) of low-density amorphous (LDA) ice, high-density amorphous (HDA) ice, hexagonal ice Ih, and cubic ice Ic were calculated from high-pressure sound velocity and thermal conductivity measurements, yielding negative values for all states except HDA ice. LDA ice is the first amorphous state to exhibit a negative Bridgman parameter, and negative Grüneisen parameters are relatively unusual. Since Ih, Ic, and LDA ice all transform to HDA upon pressurization at low temperatures and share the unusual feature of negative Grüneisen parameters, this seems to be a prerequisite for pressure induced amorphization. We estimate that the Grüneisen parameter increases at the ice Ih to XI transition, and may become positive in ice XI, which indicates that proton-ordered ice XI does not amorphize like ice Ih on pressurization.     

Tl2CO3 at 3.56 GPa

The crystal structure of thallium carbonate, Tl₂CO₃ (C2/m, Z = 4), is stable at least up to 3.56 GPa, as demonstrated by hydrostatic single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction measurements in a diamond anvil cell at room temperature. Our results contradict earlier observations from the literature, which found a structural phase transition for this compound at about 2 GPa. Under atmospheric conditions, all atoms except for one O atom reside on the mirror plane in the high‐pressure structure. The compression mainly affects the part of the structure where the nonbonded electron lone pairs on the Tl⁺ cations are located.     

La0.9M0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O3-α的中温质子导电性及其在常压合成氨中的应用

采用水热沉淀法制备了La0.9M0.1Ga0.8 Mg0.2O3-a(M=Ca2+,Sr2+,Ba2+)陶瓷样品的前驱体,沉淀剂来自尿素在水热条件下的水解产物.前驱体经煅烧和烧结后得到陶瓷样品.XRD显示样品具有单一的斜方晶LaGaO3钙钛矿结构.同位素效应和氢的电化学透过(氢泵)实验证明陶瓷样品具有质子导电性.用AC阻抗谱法测定了样品在300~600℃、氢气气氛中的质子电导率,其人小取决于La位掺杂的碱土金属离子:σ(M=Sr2+)>σ(M=Ba2+)>σ(M=Ca2+).以La0.9M0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O3-a为固体电解质进行了常压合成氨,最佳合成温度为520℃.当施加的电流密度为1mA-cm-2、合成温度为520℃时,氨产率分别为:1.63X 10-9 mol·s-1cm-2(M=Ca2+),2.53X 10-9 mol·s-1·cm-2(M=Sr2+)和2.04X10-9mol·s-1,cm-2(M=Ba2+).     

(La0.8Sr0.2)0.9MnO3–Gd0.2Ce0.8O1.9 composite cathodes prepared from (Gd, Ce)(NO3) x -modified (La0.8Sr0.2)0.9MnO3 for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells

Development of high performance cathodes with low polarization resistance is critical to the success of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) development and commercialization. In this paper, (La_0.8Sr_0.2)_0.9MnO₃ (LSM)–Gd_0.2Ce_0.8O_1.9(GDC) composite powder (LSM ~70 wt%, GDC ~30 wt%) was prepared through modification of LSM powder by Gd_0.2Ce_0.8(NO₃) _x solution impregnation, followed by calcination. The electrode polarization resistance of the LSM–GDC cathode prepared from the composite powder was ~0.60 Ω cm² at 750 °C, which is ~13 times lower than that of pure LSM cathode (~8.19 Ω cm² at 750 °C) on YSZ electrolyte substrates. The electrode polarization resistance of the LSM–GDC composite cathode at 700 °C under 500 mA/cm² was ~0.42 Ω cm², which is close to that of pure LSM cathode at 850 °C. Gd_0.2Ce_0.8(NO₃) _x solution impregnation modification not only inhibits the growth of LSM grains during sintering but also increases the triple-phase-boundary (TPB) area through introducing ionic conducting phase (Gd,Ce)O_2-δ, leading to the significant reduction of electrode polarization resistance of LSM cathode.     

Pressure-induced hydration at 0.6 GPa in a synthetic gallosilicate zeolite

The onset of pressure-induced hydration and volume expansion is lowered to 0.6 GPa via the increased flexibility of the host lattice using isomorphous substitution of Al by larger Ga in a sodium aluminosilicate natrolite.     

ti0.8zr0.2v1.1mn0.9-xni0.4crx固溶体贮氢合金结构和电化学性能

金属氢化物;固溶体合金;负极材料;电化学性能     

SrCe0.9Yb0.1O3-α陶瓷的导电性

以高温固相反应法合成了质子导电性氧化物陶瓷SrCe0.9Yb0.1O3-α.粉末XRD结果表明,该陶瓷样品为单一斜方相钙钛矿型结构.以陶瓷样品为固体电解质、多孔性铂为电极,采用交流阻抗谱技术和气体浓差电池方法分别测定了样品在600～1000 ℃下、干燥空气及湿润氢气中的电导率及离子迁移数,研究了样品的离子导电特性.结果表明,在600～1000 ℃下干燥空气中,陶瓷样品的最大电导率为0.026 S·cm-1,氧离子迁移数为0.03～0.2,是一个氧离子与空穴的混合导体;在湿润氢气中,陶瓷样品的最大电导率为0.015 S·cm-1. 600～800 ℃时,陶瓷样品的质子迁移数为1,是一个纯的质子导体,而在900～1000 ℃时,陶瓷样品的质子迁移数为0.91～0.97,是一个质子与电子的混合导体,质子电导占主导.     

Formation of high density amorphous ice by decompression of ice VII and ice VIII at 135 K

Monte Carlo computer simulations of ice VII and ice VIII phases have been undertaken using the four-point transferable intermolecular potential model of water. By following thermodynamic paths similar to those used experimentally, ice is decompressed resulting in an amorphous phase. These phases are compared to the high density amorphous phase formed upon compression of ice Ih and are found to have very similar structures. By cooling liquid water along the water/Ih melting line a high density amorphous phase was also generated.     

Surface properties of water ice at 150-191 K studied by elastic helium scattering

A highly surface sensitive technique based on elastic scattering of low-energy helium atoms has been used to probe the conditions in the topmost molecular layer on ice in the temperature range of 150-191 K. The elastically scattered intensity decreased slowly as the temperature was increased to about 180 K, followed by a rapid decrease at higher temperatures. An effective surface Debye temperature of 185+/-10 K was calculated from the data below 180 K. The changes in the ice surface above 180 K are interpreted as the onset of an anomalous enhancement of the mean square vibrational amplitude for the surface molecules and/or the onset of a limited amount of disorder in the ice surface. The interpretation is consistent with earlier experimental studies and molecular dynamics simulations. The observed changes above 180 K can be considered as the first sign of increased mobility of water molecules in the ice surface, which ultimately leads to the formation of a quasiliquid layer at higher temperatures. A small shift and broadening of the specular peak was also observed in the range of 150-180 K and the effect is explained by the inherent corrugation of the crystalline ice surface. The peak shift became more pronounced with increasing temperature, which indicates that surface corrugation increases as the temperature approaches 180 K. The results have implications for the properties and surface chemistry of atmospheric ice particles, and may contribute to the understanding of solvent effects on the internal molecular motion of hydrated proteins and other organic structures such as DNA.     

Isobaric annealing of high-density amorphous ice between 0.3 and 1.9 GPa: in situ density values and structural changes

We report in situ density values of amorphous ice obtained between 0.3 and 1.9 GPa and 144 to 183 K. Starting from high-density amorphous ice made by pressure-amorphizing hexagonal ice at 77 K, samples were heated at a constant pressure until crystallization to high-pressure ices occurred. Densities of amorphous ice were calculated from those of high-pressure ice mixtures and the volume change on crystallization. In the density versus pressure plot a pronounced change of slope occurs at approximately 0.8 GPa, with a slope of 0.21 g cm(-3) GPa(-1) below 0.8 GPa and a slope of 0.10 g cm(-3) GPa(-1) above 0.8 GPa. Both X-ray diffractograms and Raman spectra of recovered samples show that major structural changes occur up to approximately 0.8 GPa, developing towards those of very high-density amorphous ice reported by (T. Loerting, C. Salzmann, I. Kohl, E. Mayer and A. Hallbrucker, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2001, 3, 5355) and that further increase of pressure has only a minor effect. In addition, the effect of annealing temperature (T(A)) at a given pressure on the structural changes was studied by Raman spectra of recovered samples in the coupled O-H and decoupled O-D stretching band region: at 0.5 GPa structural changes are observed between approximately 100-116 K, at 1.17 GPa between approximately 121-130 K. Further increase of T(A) or of annealing time has no effect, thus indicating that the samples are fully relaxed. We conclude that mainly irreversible structural changes between 0.3 to approximately 0.8 GPa lead to the pronounced increase in density, whereas above approximately 0.8 GPa the density increase is dominated to a large extent by reversible elastic compression. These results seem consistent with simulation studies by (R. Martonàk, D. Donadio and M. Parrinello, J. Chem. Phys., 2005, 122, 134501) where substantial reconstruction of the topology of the hydrogen bonded network and changes in the ring statistics from e.g. mainly six-membered to mainly nine-membered rings were observed on pressure increase up to 0.9 GPa and further pressure increase had little effect.