窄振动颗粒床中的运动模式

实验研究了竖直振动情况下,窄容器中颗粒的运动模式.发现运动模式与颗粒床厚度及振动加速度有很强的依赖关系.实验表明横向尺寸较小的容器可以抑制对流卷及拱起现象.对于足够厚的颗粒床,即使振动加速度很大,颗粒床下部仍然存在着颗粒聚集态.出现聚集态时,颗粒床对容器底的冲击力是倍周期分岔的.实验表明倍周期分岔点与颗粒床厚度无关.对于较薄的颗粒床,颗粒可以是聚集态或对流卷,视颗粒尺寸而定.如果使用尺寸分布非常窄的球形颗粒,可以观察到颗粒的有序排列.出现同心的圆筒形“壳”结构,每个“壳”上的颗粒是二维六角密排列的. 关键词： 颗粒物质 倍周期分岔 颗粒聚集态 球堆积     

六角密排多迭层碳纳米管阴极的大电子发射电流和高电子发射稳定性（英文）

研制了一种六角密排多迭层碳纳米管阴极.在这种结构中,衬底银电极由烧结的银浆制作在透明锡铟氧化物电极上,且具有六角形边缘,相邻衬底银电极交错排列于阴极面板上.用ZnO和SnO_2颗粒作为掺杂材料,在衬底银电极和单一碳纳米管层之间制作了底部混杂层;单一碳纳米管层中的碳纳米管主要被用于发射阴极电子.给出了六角密排多迭层碳纳米管阴极的制作工艺,并研究了六角密排多迭层碳纳米管阴极用于电子源的可行性.将氮气作为保护气体,采用烧结方法除掉制备浆料中的有机粘合剂及其它有机杂质.将六角密排多迭层碳纳米管阴极真空密封进三极场发射显示器中,能够形成稳定的电子发射电流.测试结果表明,与普通碳纳米管阴极相比,六角密排多迭层碳纳米管阴极具有更优的电子发射特性,其开启电场为1.83V/μm,最大电子发射电流为2 718.6μA;且其具有良好的电子发射曲线趋势,当电场强度从2.17V/μm增强到3.06V/μm时,电子发射电流的增幅约为1 410.3μA.对电子发射电流随时间的波动变化进行了测试,测试结果显示六角密排多迭层碳纳米管阴极具有可靠且稳定的电子发射电流.绿色发射图像表明六角密排多迭层碳纳米管阴极具有良好的电子发射均匀性及高的电子发射亮度.鉴于其简单的制作结构和制作工艺,六角密排多迭层碳纳米管阴极具有一定的实际应用性.     

受振颗粒“毛细”系统中的对流与有序化

将球形颗粒倒入内径较窄的管状容器时,管壁的曲率会对颗粒的堆积结构产生影响,存在壁效应. 实验表明通过连续的竖直方向的振动,壁效应可以被强化,颗粒可以经由对流由无序排列转变为稳定的同轴筒形“壳层”结构. 每一壳层内,颗粒是二维的六角密堆积, 在这一转变过程中,颗粒堆积率的径向分布由初始的衰减振荡转变为等幅振荡. 分析了堆积率的不均匀性及空气在对流中的作用,以及形成“壳层”结构的动力学过程,对“壳层”结构的稳定性亦进行了讨论. 关键词： 颗粒物质 对流 有序化 毛细     

二维晶格颗粒堆积中侧壁的压力分布与转向系数

颗粒物质是大量颗粒聚集在一起的软凝聚态物质, 其微观结构与宏观力学性质的联系非常复杂. 本文用实验的方法观测了二维竖直晶格堆积颗粒, 在竖直方向外加正压力作用下其侧壁的受力分布情况, 根据实验结果详细讨论和分析了颗粒体系中正压力的转向行为. 实验结果表明: 在缓慢压缩颗粒体系的过程中, 正压力的变化呈现非线性和线性两段不同的规律; 对于确定堆积结构的颗粒体系, 竖直方向施加的正压力通过颗粒力链转向, 且水平方向不同堆积高度处所受压力值不同, 中部的压力大于顶部和底部的压力; 转向系数k的饱和值随堆积角θ 的增大而减小. 对颗粒堆的几何结构与受力情况进行分析, 给出了转向系数与堆积角之间的数学表达式, 理论值与实验值符合较好.     

离散颗粒层被横向推移过程中的力学行为研究

研究发现,颗粒物质层被匀速推移挤压过程中,所需推移力先以线性规律增加,在某一确定点后,则会以指数规律增加.而颗粒物质是由众多离散颗粒组成的软凝聚态物质,其宏观上反映的是离散颗粒的个体性质和凝聚态物质的集体效应.颗粒与颗粒之间以及颗粒与边界之间的细观尺度接触力链的构成以及演变规律将会直接影响各种宏观受力情况,其摩擦力与挤压力便是力链的主要构成形式.围绕着定量描述细观力链特征,从而揭示力的变化规律这一目标,采用计算机模拟的方法,依照球形颗粒Hertz法向接触理论和Mindlin-Deresiewicz切向接触理论,对重力作用下不同数目的三维等径球体颗粒层的推移情况进行了离散元仿真模拟,量化分析了推移力变化规律、各摩擦力变化规律以及力链分布规律,发现摩擦力与挤压力在颗粒堆积的不同阶段对力链的构成起到了不同的主次作用,使得力链发生强弱演变,从而发现了推移颗粒物质层时推移力的变化规律及原因.这些结果有利于从力链角度揭示颗粒内部和颗粒与各边界之间的受力情况.     

重力作用下颗粒介质应力链的离散元模拟

用离散元的方法模拟了仅有重力作用的二维颗粒系统内部力的分布情况,并根据力的大小得到颗粒之间的应力链.模拟结果与颗粒介质研究中的两个著名模型q模型和α模型作了对比,并与光弹实验的结果作了比较.对比结果表明,模拟结果与实验相似,而与两个概率模型有一定的差异.另外计算结果还表明,颗粒介质中力大小的概率分布极为不均匀,较大的力概率呈指数衰减,应力链的分布具有分形特征. 关键词： 颗粒介质 离散元 应力链 光弹实验     

带有点缺陷的二维颗粒系统离散元模拟

首先用离散元方法研究了颗粒系统在各向同性挤压和纯剪切状态下粒子间力的分布情况,并与相同条件下的实验结果进行对比. 然后模拟了带有不同数目点缺陷的二维颗粒系统在各向同性挤压和纯剪切时粒子间力的分布情况,并与无缺陷的情况做了比较,发现了点缺陷对颗粒系统的影响规律. 关键词： 颗粒系统 离散元 点缺陷 力概率分布     

颗粒堆内微观力学结构的离散元模拟研究

将离散单元法应用到三维堆积过程的模拟计算,探讨了滑动摩擦及滚动摩擦对堆积形成的影响,得到了颗粒堆内部的应力分布规律,发现颗粒堆的形态是由滑动摩擦和滚动摩擦共同决定的,在堆内颗粒间的作用力基本呈树状结构.在模拟得到的颗粒堆中出现了应力分布奇异现象,在堆积角较大的情况下,颗粒堆与地面间作用力的最大值常发生在距堆底中心不远的环状区域,而并非发生在堆底的中心;在堆积角相对较小时颗粒堆与地面间作用力的最大值较容易发生在堆底的中心.对于一个颗粒堆,具体会发生哪种受力情况具有一定的偶然性. 关键词： 堆积 离散单元法 计算颗粒力学     

一维周期与准周期排列沟槽结构的流体减阻特性研究

本文设计了具有相同平均沟槽密度的三种排列类型的一维沟槽结构: 密排列、周期间隔排列和两种准周期间隔排列, 并采用数值模拟和实验验证相结合的方法研究了一维沟槽结构在不同排列下的流体减阻特性. 模拟计算分析流场特征和总阻力, 发现相对于密排列和周期间隔排列的沟槽结构, 准周期间隔排列具有更好的减阻特性, 并且这一结果得到减阻实验的验证. 通过流场分布特性进一步分析沟槽结构的减阻机理. 机理分析发现高速流在经一维准周期结构的扰动波调制后形成了准周期间隔排列的速度条纹相, 这有效地抑制了大涡在流向和展向上的形成, 从而实现较大幅度的减阻. 同时对比分析沟槽排列结构调制展向涡和流向涡各自对流动减阻的贡献, 结果表明, 调制流向涡对减阻的作用更大. 关键词： 流体减阻 沟槽结构 准周期     

铬过渡层位置及金属沉积角度对纳米球刻蚀法制备二维银纳米点阵结构的影响

利用纳米球刻蚀法制备了二维六角密排三角形银纳米阵列, 通过加入铬过渡层并改变其位置和改变金属沉积角度, 研究它们对点阵结构的影响. 实验发现, 加入铬过渡层所形成的银纳米点阵结构较无铬层有很大改善, 三角形角部更加尖锐, 更能满足传感器对信号检测的要求. 同时, 该过渡层应蒸镀在模板球排列之后, 才能获取更大面积的二维银纳米点阵结构. 在沉积角度对制备二维银纳米点阵的实验中, 基片没有旋转, 采用垂直镀膜方式更容易得到结构完整、结合较牢固、且面积较大、角部尖锐的二维银纳米点阵. 吸收光谱测量进一步验证了铬过渡层对二维银纳米点阵形貌结构的改善作用. 这些为下一步的生物修饰以及生物化学传感器的制备提供了先决条件.     

Field-dependent evolution of magnetic states in Co ring arrays

We present a systematic study of field-dependent evolution in the magnetization reversal process of elongated Co ring arrays using in-situ field magnetic force microscopy. We observed that, the rings typically undergo a uniform→onion→vortex→reverse onion→reverse uniform spin-state transition as the field is swept along the major axis of the rings. However, the switching field distribution in the arrays generally leads to each transition occupying a wide range of fields, which results in the observation of coexistence of different magnetization states at lower field. The magnetization reversal sequence has also been verified by micromagnetic simulations, which show good agreement with our experimental data.     

高温超导Josephson阵列体系中的磁通涡旋势能分布

本从二维Josephson弱连接网络模型出发，讨论了单个磁通涡旋的势能分布，并利用数值分析，得出势能分布表达式，其分布呈余弦曲线，在此基础上，进一步研究了外磁场下的磁通涡旋势能分布，从分布图可以看出，在磁场作用下，势能增加，并随着最小网格单元内的磁通量子数f的不同，能量变化也不一样，但也呈现周期性。     

Force localization in contracting cell layers

Epithelial cell layers on soft elastic substrates or pillar arrays are commonly used as model systems for investigating the role of force in tissue growth, maintenance, and repair. Here we show analytically that the experimentally observed localization of traction forces to the periphery of the cell layers does not necessarily imply increased local cell activity, but follows naturally from the elastic problem of a finite-sized contractile layer coupled to an elastic foundation. For homogeneous contractility, the force localization is determined by one dimensionless parameter interpolating between linear and exponential force profiles for the extreme cases of very soft and very stiff substrates, respectively. If contractility is sufficiently increased at the periphery, outward directed displacements can occur at intermediate positions. We also show that anisotropic extracellular stiffness can lead to force localization in the stiffer direction, as observed experimentally.     

Rapid dendritic growth and solute trapping within undercooled ternary Ni-5%Cu-5%Mo alloy

In this report, we present experimental results of transmittance through nanohole arrays created onto Au films on glass substrates. 110-nm-thick Au films with arrays of nanoholes were fabricated by using self-assembled polystyrene spheres, of which the diameters were reduced to designed values on site by dry etching, as a template. Transmission spectra of the nanostructured Au films show strong enhancement (more than 45%) in a wide range from 300 nm to 1600 nm, the measurement wavelength range. Besides a peak observed at around 500 nm in all spectra, a wider peak on the longer wavelength side was observed, which shifted to longer wavelength when periodicities of the hole arrays were increased.     

MBE and MOCVD growth and properties of self-assembling quantum dot arrays in III-V semiconductor structures

In this paper, we review our latest developments on the growth and properties of self-assembling quantum dot structures. The self-assembling growth technique which was initially developed using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), has now been extended to metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The paper first presents structural results based on atomic force and transmission electron microscopy studies of the quantum dot arrays which were obtained by MBE and MOCVD growth. From the detailed structural analysis we have observed that the formation of coherently strained dots of InAs, InAlAs, and InP dots on various cladding layer surfaces. MBE growth of InAs self-assembled dots has achieved the smallest size distribution, with dots as small as 12nm in diameter. For the MOCVD growth of InP dots we have found that the surface morphology and growth temperature of lower cladding layer growth has a profound influence on island size and density. Recent results on the optical and transport properties of the MBE grown self-assembling dot (SAD) arrays are also presented.     

Domain wall conductivity in La-doped BiFeO3

The transport physics of domain wall conductivity in La-doped bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) has been probed using variable temperature conducting atomic force microscopy and piezoresponse force microscopy in samples with arrays of domain walls in the as-grown state. Nanoscale current measurements are investigated as a function of bias and temperature and are shown to be consistent with distinct electronic properties at the domain walls leading to changes in the observed local conductivity. Our observation is well described within a band picture of the observed electronic conduction. Finally, we demonstrate an additional degree of control of the wall conductivity through chemical doping with oxygen vacancies, thus influencing the local conductive state.     

一次曝光法制备二维电调谐聚合物液晶光栅

采用四光束一次曝光法制备了二维电调谐聚合物分散液晶光栅,实验表明该方法制备的二维光栅具有非常好的电光特性,其衍射图样为空间点阵且衍射效率可以通过电场进行调节|偏光显微镜和原子力显微镜表明光栅中的液晶和聚合物在二维空间上呈周期性分布.同时利用二维衍射模型对二维光栅的电光特性进行了理论模拟,得到理论模拟的结果与实验结果相吻合.     

一次曝光法制备二维电调谐聚合物液晶光栅

采用四光束一次曝光法制备了二维电调谐聚合物分散液晶光栅,实验表明该方法制备的二维光栅具有非常好的电光特性,其衍射图样为空间点阵且衍射效率可以通过电场进行调节;偏光显微镜和原子力显微镜表明光栅中的液晶和聚合物在二维空间上呈周期性分布.同时利用二维衍射模型对二维光栅的电光特性进行了理论模拟,得到理论模拟的结果与实验结果相吻合.     

Fabrication of multilayered Co/Pd nano-dot array with an areal density of 1 tera-dot/in

Multilayered Co/Pd nano-dot arrays with pitches varying from 100 to 25 nm were obtained using an electron beam lithography and plasma etching process. The proximity effect in the lithography step and redeposition phenomenon in the etching step was minimized by modifying the resist development method and plasma etching parameters. For the array with a pitch of 100 nm, the ferromagnetic single domain behavior of each Co/Pd nano-dot was confirmed by magnetic force microscopy at room temperature. In addition, its magnetization, coercivity, and switching field distribution were also evaluated quantitatively using an alternating gradient magnetometer.     

Universal phenomenon of self-organized criticality in magnetic flux dynamics

Magnetization curves of square arrays of Josephson junctions of two basic types were investigated: superconductor–insulator–superconductor (SIS) and superconductor–normal metal–superconductor (SNS).

Magnetic flux avalanches were observed in SIS arrays. A statistical analysis of flux avalanches showed that their size distribution can be described by a power law with a crossover where the exponent n varies from −1.2 for small avalanches to −3.5 for the large ones. Such a behavior of avalanches is interpreted as the self-organized criticality (SOC) manifestation. In SNS arrays, the flux avalanches were not observed, but a considerable asymmetry of a hysteresis curve was revealed.